Environmental ingredients for supercells and tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan

Weather and Forecasting

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 223-244

  Baker, Adam K ^a   Parker, Matthew D ^a   Eastin, Matthew D ^b  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE INDEX; DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS; DOPPLER ANALYSIS; DRY-AIR INTRUSIONS; EMBEDDED CELLS; GULF COAST; GULF OF MEXICO; HURRICANE JEANNE; LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; MESOCYCLONES; MIDLATITUDE; OPERATIONAL FORECASTING; OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENT; RAINBANDS; SEVERE WEATHER; STORM INTENSITY; SUPER CELL; THERMODYNAMIC PROFILES; TORNADOGENESIS; TROPICAL CYCLONE; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; WIND PROFILES;

CELL MEMBRANES; HURRICANES; LANDFORMS; STORMS; VORTICITY;

TORNADOES;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CYCLONE; DOPPLER EFFECT; HURRICANE IVAN 2004; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; SUPERCELL; THERMODYNAMICS; TORNADO; VORTICITY; WEATHER FORECASTING; WIND PROFILE; WIND SHEAR;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MEXICO;

EID: 65849463027     PISSN: 08828156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008WAF2222146.1     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Bogner, P. B., G. M. Barnes, and J. L. Franklin, 2000: Conditional instability and shear for six hurricanes over the Atlantic Ocean. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 192-207.
2. Bosart, B. N., W.-C. Lee, and R. M. Wakimoto, 2002: Procedures to improve the accuracy of airborne Doppler radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 322-339.
3. Brandes, E. A., 1984: Relationships between radar-derived thermodynamic variables and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1033-1052.
4. Bunkers, M. J., B. A. Klimowski, J. W. Zeitler, R. L. Thompson, and M. L. Weisman, 2000: Predicting supercell motion using a new hodograph technique. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 61-79.
5. Curtis, L., 2004: Midlevel dry intrusions as a factor in tornado outbreaks associated with land-falling tropical cyclones from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 411-427.
6. Davies, J. M., 1990: Midget supercell spawns tornadoes. Weatherwise, 43 (10), 260-261.
7. Davies, J. M., 2006: Hurricane and tropical cyclone tornado environments from RUC proximity soundings. Preprints, 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 12.6A. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/115483.pdf.]
8. Davies-Jones, R., 1984: Streamwise vorticity: The origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2991-3006.
9. Davies-Jones, R., R. J. Trapp, and H. B. Bluestein, 2001: Tornadoes and tornadic storms. Severe Convective Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 50, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-221.
10. Doswell, C. A., III, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Tornadoes and tornadic storms: A review of conceptual models. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 161-172.
11. Droegemeier, K. K., S. M. Lazarus, and R. Davies-Jones, 1993: The influence of helicity on numerically simulated convective storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2005-2029.
12. Edwards, R., and A. E. Pietrycha, 2006: Archetypes for surface baroclinic boundaries influencing tropical cyclone tornado occurrences. Preprints, 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.2.
13. Franklin, J. L., R. J. Pasch, L. A. Avila, J. L. Beven II, M. B. Lawrence, S. R. Stewart, and E. S. Blake, 2006: Atlantic hurricane season of 2004. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 981-1025.
14. Fujita, T. T., K. Watanabe, K. Tsuchiya, and M. Shimada, 1972: Typhoon-associated tornadoes in Japan and new evidence of suction vortices in a tornado near Tokyo. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 50, 431-453.
15. Gamache, J. F., 1997: Evaluation of a fully three-dimensional variational Doppler analysis technique. Preprints, 28th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Austin, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 422-423.
16. Gamache, J. F., F. D. Marks Jr., and F. Roux, 1995: Comparison of three airborne Doppler sampling techniques with airborne in situ wind observations in Hurricane Gustav (1990). J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 171-181.
17. Gentry, R. C., 1983: Genesis of tornadoes associated with hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., III, 1793-1805.
18. Greene, D. R., and R. A. Clark, 1972: Vertically integrated liquid water - A new analysis tool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 548-552.
19. Hagemeyer, B. C., 1998: Significant tornado events associated with tropical and hybrid cyclones in Florida. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4-6.
20. Hill, E. L., W. Malkin, and W. A. Shulz Jr., 1966: Tornadoes associated with cyclones of tropical origin-Practical features. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 745-763..
21. Jorgensen, D. P., 1984: Mesoscale and convective-scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part I: General observations by research aircraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1268-1285.
22. Jorgensen, D. P., P. H. Hildebrand, and C. L. Frusch, 1983: Feasibility test of an airborne pulse-Doppler meteorological radar. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 744-757.
23. Kennedy, P. C., N. E. Westcott, and R. W. Scott, 1993: Single-Doppler radar observations of a minisupercell tornadic thunderstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1860-1870.
24. Klemp, J. B., 1987: Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 19, 369-402.
25. Klemp, J. B., R. B. Wilhelmson, and P. S. Ray, 1981: Observed and numerically simulated structure of a mature supcrcell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1558-1580.
26. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and J. M. Straka, 1998a: The occurrence of tornadoes in supcrcells interacting with boundaries during VORTEX-95. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 852-859.
27. Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, E. N. Rasmussen, and D. O. Blanchard, 1998b: Variability of storm-relative helicity during VORTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2959-2971.
28. Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721.
29. Markowski, P. M., C. Hannon, J. Frame, E. Lancaster, A. Pietrycha, R. Edwards, and R. L. Thompson, 2003: Characteristics of vertical wind profiles near supercells obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1262-1272.
30. Marks, F. D., Jr., R. A. Houze Jr., and J. F. Gamache, 1992: Dual-aircraft investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 919-942.
31. McCaul, E. W., Jr., 1987: Observations of the hurricane "Danny" tornado outbreak of 16 August 1985. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1206-1223.
32. McCaul, E. W., Jr., 1991: Buoyancy and shear characteristics of hurricane-tornado environments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1954-1978.
33. McCaul, E. W., Jr., 1993: Observations and simulations of hurricane-spawned tornadic storms. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 119-142.
34. McCaul, E. W., Jr., and M. L. Weisman, 1996: Simulation of shallow supercell storms in landfalling hurricane environments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 408-429.
35. McCaul, E. W., Jr., and M. L. Weisman, 2001: The sensitivity of simulated supercell structure and intensity to variations in the shapes of environmental buoyancy and shear profiles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 664-687.
36. McCaul, E. W., Jr., D. E. Buechler, S. J. Goodman, and M. Cammarata, 2004: Doppler radar and lightning network observations of a severe outbreak of tropical cyclone tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1747-1763.
37. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 2008: Extreme helicity and intense convective towers in Hurricane Bonnie. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 4355-4372.
38. NCDC, 2004: Storm Data. Vol. 46, No. 9,262 pp. [Available from National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton Ave., Asheville, NC 28801-5001.1
39. Novlan, D. J., and W. M. Gray, 1974: Hurricane-spawned tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 476-488.
40. Pearson, A. D., and A. F. Sadowski, 1965: Hurricane-induced tornadoes and their distribution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 461-464.
41. Powell, M. D., and S. H. Houston, 1998: Surface wind fields of 1995 Hurricanes Erin, Opal, Luis, Marilyn, and Roxanne at landfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1259-1273.
42. Rao, G. V., J. W. Scheck, R. Edwards, and J. T. Schaefer, 2005: Structures of mesocirculations producing tornadoes associated with Tropical Cyclone Francis (1998). Pure Appl. Geophys., 162, 1627-1641.
43. Rasmussen, E. N., and D. O. Blanchard, 1998: A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1148-1164.
44. Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, F. D. Marks Jr., and J. F. Gamache, 2000: Low-wavenumber structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne dual-Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1653-1680.
45. Reasor, P. D., M. D. Eastin, and J. F. Gamache, 2009: Rapidly intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part 1: Low-wavenumber structure and evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 603-631.
46. Schneider, D., and S. Sharp, 2007: Radar signatures of tropical cyclone tornadoes in central North Carolina. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 278-286.
47. Smith, J. S., 1965: The hurricane-tornado. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 453-459.
48. Spratt, S. M., D. W. Sharp, P. Welsh, A. Sandrik, F. Alsheimer, and C. Paxton, 1997: A WSR-88D assessment of tropical cyclone outer rainband tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 479-501.
49. Suzuki, O., H. Niino, H. Ohno, and H. Nirasawa, 2000: Tornado-producing minisupercells associated with Typhoon 9019. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1868-1882.
50. Testud, J., P. H. Hildebrand, and W.-C. Lee, 1995: A procedure to correct airborne Doppler radar data for navigation errors using the echo returned from the earth's surface. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 800-820.
51. Thompson, R. L., R. Edwards, J. A. Hart, K. L. Elmore, and P. Markowski, 2003: Close proximity soundings with supercell environments obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1243-1261.
52. Thompson, R. L., R. Edwards, and C. M. Mead, 2004: An update to the supercell composite and significant tornado parameters. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.1, [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/ 82100.pdf.]
53. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
54. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1984: The structure and classification of numerically simulated convective storms in directionally varying wind shears. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2479-2498.