Reading the multiple lives of Pictish symbol stones

Medieval Archaeology

Volumn 51, Issue , 2007, Pages 19-40

  Clarke, D V ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 65849451590     PISSN: 00766097     EISSN: 1745817X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/174581707x224642     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. See particularly I. Kopytoff, 'The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process', 64-91 in A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, 1986).
2. Caroline Paterson, 'Insular belt-fittings from the Pagan Norse graves of Scotland: a reappraisal in the light of scientific and stylistic analysis', 125-32 in M. Redknap, N. Edwards, S. Youngs, A. Lane and J. Knight (eds.), Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art (Oxford, 2001), 125.
3. J. Romilly Allen and J. Anderson, The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland: Part II. Archaeological Survey and Descriptive List, with Illustrations of the Early Christian Monuments of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1903), 3-4.
4. The objections are presented in G. Henderson and I. Henderson, The Art of the Picts. Sculpture and Metalwork in Early Medieval Scotland (London, 2004), 10-11.
5. R. Cramp, 'Early Northumbrian sculpture at Hexham', 115-40 in D. P. Kirby (ed.), Saint Wilfrid at Hexham (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1974), 128.
6. R. B. K. Stevenson, 'Further thoughts on some well known problems', 16-26 in R. M. Spearman and J. Higgitt (eds.), The Age of Migrating Ideas. Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland (Edinburgh and Stroud, 1993), 24.
7. and A. Mack, Field Guide to the Pictish Symbol Stones (Balgavies, 1997).
8. The Inchyra stone is fully discussed in R. B. K. Stevenson, 'The Inchyra stone and other unpublished early Christian monuments', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 92 (1958-9), 33-55.
9. C. Thomas, 'The interpretation of the Pictish symbols', Archaeol. J., 120 (1963), 31-97, at p. 83, fig. 13, no. 132 and p. 84, fig. 14, no. 179.
10. K. S. Forsyth, The Ogham Inscriptions of Scotland: An Edited Corpus (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1996).
11. On which topic see, for example, R. Samson, 'The reinterpretation of the Pictish symbols', J. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 145 (1992), 29-65
12. and K. Forsyth, 'Some thoughts on Pictish symbols as a formal writing system', 85-98 in D. Henry (ed.), The Worm, the Germ and the Thorn: Pictish and Related Studies Presented to Isabel Henderson (Balgavies, 1997).
13. A. Ritchie, Picts. An Introduction to the Life of the Picts and the Carved Stones in the Care of the Secretary of State for Scotland (Edinburgh, 1989), 14;
14. M. Carver, Surviving in Symbols: A Visit to the Pictish Nation (Edinburgh, 1999), 29-31.
15. J. N. G. Ritchie, 'Pictish art in Orkney', 117-26 in J. Downes and A. Ritchie (eds.), Sea Change: Orkney and Northern Europe in the Later Iron Age AD 300-800 (Balgavies, 2003), 118, illus. 2 and 122, illus. 7;
16. L. Alcock and E. A. Alcock, 'Reconnaissance excavations on early historic fortifications and other royal sites in Scotland, 1974-84; 5: A, excavations and other fieldwork at Forteviot, Perthshire, 1981; B, excavations at Urquhart Castle, Inverness-shire, 1983; C, excavations at Dunottar, Kincardineshire, 1984', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 122 (1992), 215-87, at pp. 278-80.
17. J. Close-Brooks, Pictish Stones in Dunrobin Castle Museum (Derby, 1989), 13-14;
18. A. Ritchie, Meigle Museum: Pictish Carved Stones (Edinburgh, 1997), 22-4, 27-8.
19. J. Close-Brooks, 'Excavations in the Dairy Park, Dunrobin, Sutherland, 1977', Proc. Soc. Antiq, Scot., 110 (1978-80), 328-45.
20. A. J. H. Edwards, 'Excavation of a number of graves in a mound at Ackergill, Caithness', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 60 (1925-26), 160-82, at p. 179.
21. J. Anderson, 'Notices of some recently discovered inscribed and sculptured stones', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 31 (1896-97), 293-308, at p. 297.
22. R. Gourlay, 'A symbol stone and cairn at Watenan, Caithness', 131-3 in J. G. P. Friell and W. G. Watson (eds.), Pictish Studies: Settlement, Burial and Art in Dark Age Northern Britain (BAR British Series 125, Oxford, 1984);
23. J. Logan, 'Observations on several monumental stones in the north of Scotland', Archaeologia, 22 (1829), 55-8, at p. 56.
24. J. Stuart, Sculptured Stones of Scotland, 1 (Aberdeen, 1856), xxiv.
25. A. Mack, The Association of Pictish Symbol Stones with Ecclesiastical, Burial and 'Memorial' Areas (new ed., Balgavies, 2002).
26. In this context one might invoke the modified hogbacks from Govan but Lang quite clearly sees these modifications as undateable, so that they need not represent the re-use of tombstones within the same milieu: '. there is nothing diagnostic in the second phase of recutting. It is possible, for instance, that the "total animal" treatment could have been the whimsical expression of an antiquarian minister of the kirk at Govan at any time in the post-Reformation period .': J. Lang, 'The Govan hogbacks: a reappraisal', 123-31 in A. Ritchie (ed.), Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture (Stroud, 1994), 128.
27. The re-used coffin from York, a 19th-century find, is conveniently reviewed in R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain: I Inscriptions on Stone (Oxford, 1965), 229, n. 683.
28. A further possibility is a tombstone from Corbridge where lines 2-4 are in an erasure but this has been interpreted as the mason correcting an earlier error: E. Birley and I. A. Richmond, 'Excavations at Corbridge, 1936-1938', Archaeol. Aeliana, 4th ser, 15 (1938), 243-94, at pp. 289-90.
29. See, for example, C. Clay, 'Iconoclasm in Roman Chester: the significance of the mutilated tombstones from the North Wall', J. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 157 (2004), 1-16 where it is argued that the tombstones of Legio XX Valeria Victrix were mutilated, after the legion had been disbanded and before they were re-used as building material.
30. V. E. Nash-Williams, The Early Christian Monuments of Wales. (Cardiff, 1950), 81-2, no. 71 and pl. I; 161, no. 258 and pl. XII.
31. J. Lang, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Vol. III: York and Eastern Yorkshire (Oxford, 1991), 60.
32. N. Edwards, 'Monuments in a landscape: the early medieval sculpture of St David's', 53-77 in H. Hamerow and A. MacGregor (eds.), Image and Power in the Archaeology of Early Medieval Britain (Oxford, 2001), 67-8.
33. I. Richmond, 'The Roman city of Lincoln', Archaeol. J., 103 (1946), 26-56, at p. 49,
34. and B. Dickins, 'The dedication stone of St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln', Archaeol. J., 103 (1946), 163 and 165;
35. E. Roesdahl, J. Graham-Campbell, P. Connor and K. Pearson, The Vikings in England and in their Danish Homeland (London, 1981), 92, no. F16.
36. P. Lindley, '"Disrespect for the dead"? The destruction of tomb monuments in mid-sixteenth-century England', Church Monuments, 19 (2004), 53-79, at p. 68.
37. I. A. G. Shepherd, 'The Picts in Moray', 75-90 in W. D. H. Sellar (ed.), Moray: Province and People (Edinburgh, 1993), 81.
38. S. Youngs (ed.), 'The Work of Angels' Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-9th centuries AD (London, 1989), 27, no. 8b and c.
39. J. G. Clark, 'Notes on a gold lunette found at Auchentaggart, Dumfriesshire, and a massive silver chain found at Whitecleugh, Lanarkshire, exhibited by his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 14 (1879-80), 222-4, at p. 224, fig.
40. A. MacGregor, 'The Broch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 105 (1972-4), 63-118, at p. 89, fig. 16, no. 210.
41. J. A. Smith, 'Notice of a silver chain or girdle, the property of Thomas Simson, of Blainslie, Esq., Berwickshire; another, in the possession of the University of Aberdeen, and of other ancient Scottish chains', Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 10 (1872-4), 321-47, at pp. 330-2.
42. J. M. Joass, 'The brochs or "Pictish towers" of Cinn-Trolla, Carn-Liath, and Craig-Carril, in Sutherland, with notes on northern brochs', Archaeol. Scotica, 5 (1890), 95-130, at p. 106 and pl. XVI, r and Ritchie op.cit. in note 18, 51.
43. Ninian's work in the area of southern Pictland has engendered considerable debate and few would now see it described as easily as the journey suggested by J. MacQueen, St Nynia (new ed., Edinburgh, 2005), map on p. vi. Both Broun and Clancy have inclined to see assertions of Northumbrian rights and hegemony as the basis of claims that St Ninian undertook missionary activity in southern Pictland and have doubted the actuality of the events (D. Broun, 'The literary record of St Nynia: fact and fiction?', Innes Review, 42 (1991), 143-50;
44. T. O. Clancy, 'The real St Ninian', Innes Review, 52 (2001), 1-28).
45. But more recently, Macquarrie has reaffirmed a Ninianic mission to the southern Picts: A. Macquarrie, 'Early Christianity in Scotland: the Age of Saints', 15-41 in C. MacLean and K. Veitch (eds.), Scottish Life and Society, a Compendium of Scottish Ethnology: Religion (Edinburgh, 2006), 20-6.
46. M. Zetterholm, 'A struggle among brothers: an interpretation of the relations between Jews and Christians in Ostia', 101-13 in B. Olsson, D. Mitternacht and O. Brandt (eds.), The Synagogues of Ancient Ostia and the Jews of Rome. Interdisciplinary Studies (Stockholm, 2001).
47. See also, O. Brandt, 'Jews and Christians in late antique Rome and Ostia: some aspects of archaeological and documentary evidence', Opuscula Romana, 29 (2004), 7-27.
48. For a rather different view of Class I stones within a wider interpretation that acknowledges the importance of the past and its monuments in Pictish creation and manipulation of power, see S. T. Driscoll, 'Picts and prehistory: cultural resource management in early medieval Scotland', World Archaeol., 30:1 (1998), 142-58;
49. and for criticisms of his approach, see S. Halliday, 'Into the dim light of history: more of the same or all change?', 11-27 in A. Woolf (ed.), Landscape and Environment in Dark Age Scotland (St Andrews, 2006), 21-2.
50. Cf. J. Deetz, 'Material culture and worldview in colonial Anglo-America', 219-33 in M. P. Leone and P. B. Potter (eds.), The Recovery of Meaning. Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States (Washington DC and London, 1988), 227.
51. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, Pictish Symbol Stones: an Illustrated Gazetteer (Edinburgh, 1999), 23, no. 68.