Stereotactic neurosurgery in the United Kingdom: The hundred years from Horsley to Hariz

Neurosurgery

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 594-606

  Pereira, Erlick A C ^a,b   Green, Alexander L ^a,b   Nandi, Dipankar ^c   Aziz, Tipu Z ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atlas; Computed tomography; Functional neurosurgery; History; Radiosurgery; Stereotactic frame; Stereotactic neurosurgery

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CHLORPROMAZINE; LEVODOPA; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; YTTRIUM;

ANEURYSM SURGERY; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN RADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN VENTRICULOGRAPHY; CEREBRAL PALSY; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORDOTOMY; CRANIOTOMY; DEPRESSION; DIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS; DYSTONIA; ELECTROCOAGULATION; ELECTROLYSIS; GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY; HUMAN; MICTURITION; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; PALLIDOTOMY; PARKINSONISM; PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSURGERY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOSURGERY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STEREOTACTIC PROCEDURE; TUMOR BIOPSY; UNITED KINGDOM; WAR; ARTICLE; HISTORY; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; NEUROSURGERY; STEREOTAXIC TECHNIQUES;

EID: 65849395486     PISSN: 0148396X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000316854.29571.40     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Afshar F, Watkins ES, Yap JC: Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brainstem and Cerebellar Nuclei: A Variability Study. New York, Raven Press, 1978.
2. Ambrose J: CT scanning: A backward look. Semin Roentgenol 12:7-11, 1977.
3. Ambrose J, Hounsfield G: Computerized transverse axial tomography. Br J Radiol 46:148-149, 1973.
4. Ambrose J, Gooding MR, Richardson AE: The Lancet - Saturday 11 October 1975. Sodium iothalamate as an aid to diagnosis of intracranial lesions by computerised transverse axial scanning. Lancet 2:669-674, 1975.
5. Andrew J, Watkins ES: Stereotactic Surgery: A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Thalamus. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1969.
6. Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H: Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human peduncu-lopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage 37:694-705, 2007.
7. Aziz TZ, Adams CB: Neurosurgery at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford: A history. Neurosurgery 37:505-510, 1995.
8. Aziz T, Torrens M: CT-guided thalamotomy in the treatment of movement disorders. Br J Neurosurg 3:333-336, 1989.
9. Aziz TZ, Nandi D, Parkin S, Liu X, Giladi N, Bain P, Gregory RG, Joint C, Scott RB, Stein JF: Targeting the subthalamic nucleus. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77:87-90, 2002.
10. Aziz TZ, Peggs D, Agarwal E, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR: Subthalamic nucleotomy alleviates parkinsonism in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-exposed primate. Br J Neurosurg 6:575-582, 1992.
11. Aziz TZ, Peggs D, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR: Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate. Mov Disord 6:288-292, 1991.
12. Barrington FJ: The effect of lesions of the hind- and mid-brain on micturition in the cat. Quart J Exp Med 15:81-102, 1925.
13. Bell BA: Wylie McKissock - Reminiscences of a commanding figure in British neurosurgery. Br J Neurosurg 10:9-18, 1996.
14. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S, de Rougement J: Combined (thal-amotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol 50:344-346, 1987.
15. Bennett AM: A stereotaxic apparatus for use in cerebral surgery. Br J Radiol 33:343-351, 1960.
16. Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR: Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249:1436-1438, 1990.
17. Bertrand G: Stereotactic surgery at McGill: The early years. Neurosurgery 54:1244-1252, 2004.
18. Blandy JP, Greig CM, Gillam SJ, Williams DI: Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England: 1997-2002, vol. 9. London, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 2005.
19. Bliss M: Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005.
20. Bridges PK, Bartlett JR, Hale AS, Poynton AM, Malizia AL, Hodgkiss AD: Psychosurgery: Stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment. Br J Psychiatry 165:599-613, 1994.
21. Brierley JB, Beck E: The significance in human stereotactic brain surgery of individual variation in the diencephalon and globus pallidus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 22:287-298, 1959.
22. Christmas D, Matthews K, Eljamel MS: Neurosurgery for mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 185:173-174, 2004.
23. Clarke RH: Part I: Investigation of the Central Nervous System, Methods and Instruments. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1920.
24. Clarke RH: Part II: Atlas of the Frontal Sections of the Cranium and Brain of the Rhesus Monkey. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1920.
25. Clarke RH, Henderson EE: Atlas of photographs of sections of the frozen cranium and brain of the cat (Felis Domestica). J Psychol Neurol 18:391-409, 1911.
26. Clarke RH, Horsley V: On a method of investigating the deep ganglia and tracts of the central nervous system (cerebellum). Br Med J 1799-1800, 1906.
27. Cooper IS: Ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for involuntary movements: Parkinsonism. Psychiatr Q 27:317-319, 1953.
28. Corsellis JA: Individual variation in the size of the tentorial opening. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21:279-283, 1958.
29. Cotzias GC, Van WM, Schiffer LM: Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. N Engl J Med 276:374-379, 1967.
30. Davis RA: Victorian physician-scholar and pioneer physiologist (Robert Henry Clarke). Surg Gynecol Obstet 119:1333-1340, 1964.
31. Dervin JE, Miles JB: Development of an analogue method to link stereotac-tic surgery to computed tomography. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 27:162-165, 1984.
32. Dervin JE, Miles J: A simple system for image directed stereotaxis. Br J Neurosurg 3:569-574, 1989.
33. Dittmar C: About the lower so-called vascular centres of the medulla oblon-gata [in German]. Bersaechs Ges Wiss Leipzig (Math Phys) 25:449-469, 1873.
34. Dorward NL, Alberti O, Palmer JD, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG: Accuracy of true frameless stereotaxy: In vivo measurement and laboratory phantom studies. Technical note. J Neurosurg 90:160-168, 1999.
35. El-Hai J: The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness. Hoboken, Wiley, 2005.
36. Eljamel MS, Forster A, Tulley M, Matthews K: Staged functional neuro-surgery using image fusion: Electronic atlas and microelectrode recording at Dundee. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 73:140-142, 1999.
37. Feldman RP, Alterman RL, Goodrich JT: Contemporary psychosurgery and a look to the future. J Neurosurg 95:944-956, 2001.
38. Fenelon F, Thiebaut F: Results of the neurosurgical treatment of the parkin-sonian syndrome by direct intervention upon the intra-pallidostriatal extrapyramidal tracts (ansa lenticularis) [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 83:437-440, 1950.
39. Fodstad H, Hariz M, Ljunggren B: History of Clarke's stereotactic instrument. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 57:130-140, 1991.
40. Fraenkel GJ: Hugh Cairns: First Nuffield Professor of Surgery, University of Oxford. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.
41. Freeman W, Watts JW: Psychosurgery in the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1950.
42. Gaze RM, Gillingham FJ, Kalyanaraman S, Porter RW, Donaldson AA, Donaldson IM: Microelectrode recordings from the human thalamus. Brain 87:691-706, 1964.
43. Gildenberg PL: The history of stereotactic neurosurgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1:765-780, 1990.
44. Gildenberg PL: Stereotactic surgery: The early years. Neurosurgery 55:1210- 1214, 2004 (comment).
45. Gill SS, Patel NK, Hotton GR, O'Sullivan K, McCarter R, Bunnage M, Brooks DJ, Svendsen CN, Heywood P: Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease. Nat Med 9:589-595, 2003.
46. Gillingham FJ: Neurosurgery. Br J Surg 53:833-836, 1966.
47. Gillingham J: Introduction to the scientific sessions. Accidents in stereo-taxy - Side-effects or bonus? Acta Neurochir (Wien) Suppl 21:5-12, 1974.
48. Gillingham J: Proceedings: Twenty-five years' experience with middle cerebral aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38:405, 1975.
49. Gillingham FJ: Surgical training in the EEC - The training of a specialist. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 61:17-24, 1982.
50. Gillingham J: The Guiot-Gillingham apparatus, in Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds): Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp 139-144.
51. Gillingham J: Forty-five years of stereotactic surgery for Parkinson's disease: A review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 74:95-98, 2000.
52. Gillingham FJ, Campbell D: Surgical interruption of the conduction pathways for the control of intractable epilepsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 30:67-74, 1980.
53. Gillingham FJ, Watson WS, Donaldson AA, Naughton JA: The surgical treatment of parkinsonism. Br Med J 2:1395-1402, 1960.
54. Gornall P, Hitchcock E, Kirkland IS: Stereotaxic neurosurgery in the management of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 17:279-286, 1975.
55. Green AL, Wang S, Owen SL, Paterson DJ, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Controlling the heart via the brain: A potential new therapy for orthostatic hypotension. Neurosurgery 58:1176-1183, 2006.
56. Green AL, Wang S, Owen SL, Xie K, Bittar RG, Stein JF, Paterson DJ, Aziz TZ: Stimulating the human midbrain to reveal the link between pain and blood pressure. Pain 124:349-359, 2006.
57. Guiot G: The treatment of parkinsonian syndromes by destruction of the internal pallidum [in French]. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1:94-98, 1958.
58. Guiot G, Brion S: Treatment of abnormal movements by pallidal coagulation; technique and results [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 89:578-580, 1953.
59. Guiot G, Hardy J, Albe-Fessard D: Deliniation of precise subcortical structures and identification of thalamic nuclei in man by stereotactic electrophysiology [in French]. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 5:1-18, 1962.
60. Hardy DG, Gurusinghe NT, Van Hille P, Cowie RA, Crockard HA, Foy PM, Steers AJ, Burn S, Sparrow O: New proposals for training in neurosurgery. Br J Neurosurg 18:453-461, 2004.
61. Hassler R, Riechert T: Indications and localizations: Methods of neurosurgi-cal targeting [in German]. Nervenarzt 25:441-447, 1954.
62. Hitchcock E: An apparatus for stereotactic spinal surgery. Lancet 1:705-706, 1969.
63. Hitchcock E: Stereotaxic spinal surgery. A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 31:386-392, 1969.
64. Hitchcock E: Stereotactic trigeminal tractotomy. Farmatsiia 19:131-135, 1970.
65. Hitchcock ER: Stereotaxic pontine spinothalamic tractotomy. J Neurosurg 39:746-752, 1973.
66. Hitchcock E: Stereotactic myelotomy. Proc R Soc Med 67:771-772, 1974.
67. Hitchcock E: Stereotactic-computerized tomography interface device. Appl Neurophysiol 50:63-67, 1987.
68. Hitchcock E: Open stereotactic surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 52:9-12, 1991.
69. Hitchcock E: Stereotactic neural transplantation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62:120-133, 1994.
70. Hitchcock E, Cowie R: Stereotactic removal of intracranial foreign bodies: Review and case report. Injury 14:471-475, 1983.
71. Hitchcock E, Kenny BG: Stereotaxy of third ventricular masses. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 46:82-85, 1989.
72. Hitchcock E, Lewin M: Stereotactic recording from the spinal cord of man. Br Med J 4:44-45, 1969.
73. Hitchcock E, Morris CS: Immunocytochemical techniques in stereotactic biopsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 53:21-28, 1989.
74. Hitchcock E, Teixeira MJ: Pontine stereotactic surgery and facial nociception. Neurol Res 9:113-117, 1987.
75. Hitchcock ER, Clough CG, Hughes RC, Kenny BG: Transplantation in Parkinson's disease: Stereotactic implantation of adrenal medulla and foetal mesencephalon. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 46:48-50, 1989.
76. Hitchcock ER, Issa AM, Sotelo MG: Stereotactic excision of deeply seated intracranial mass lesions. Br J Neurosurg 3:313-320, 1989.
77. Hitchcock ER, Kenny BG, Clough CG, Hughes RC, Henderson BT, Detta A: Stereotactic implantation of foetal mesencephalon (STIM): The UK experience. Prog Brain Res 82:723-728, 1990.
78. Hitchcock E, Kim MC, Sotelo M: Further experience in stereotactic pontine tractotomy. Appl Neurophysiol 48:242-246, 1985.
79. Hitchcock E, Kitchen G, Dalton E, Pope B: Stereotactic LINAC radiosurgery. Br J Neurosurg 3:305-312, 1989.
80. Hitchcock E, Sotelo MG, Kim MC: Analgesic levels and technical method in stereotactic pontine spinothalamic tractotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 77:29-36, 1985.
81. Hodgkiss AD, Malizia AL, Bartlett JR, Bridges PK: Outcome after the psy-chosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, 1979-1991. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7:230-234, 1995.
82. Horsley V, Clarke RH: The structure and functions of the cerebellum examined by a new method. Brain 31:45-124, 1908.
83. Hounsfield GN: Historical notes on computerized axial tomography. J Can Assoc Radiol 27:135-142, 1976.
84. Hounsfield GN: Computed medical imaging. Science 210:22-28, 1980.
85. Housepian EM: Stereotactic surgery: The early years. Neurosurgery 55:1210-1214, 2004.
86. Hughes B: Involuntary movements following stereotactic operations for parkinsonism with special reference to hemi-chorea (ballismus). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:291-303, 1965.
87. Hughes J: Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916) and the birth of English neuro-surgery. J Med Biogr 15:45-52, 2007.
88. Jenkinson N, Nandi D, Miall RC, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation improves akinesia in a parkinsonian monkey. Neuroreport 15:2621-2624, 2004.
89. Jennett B: Sir William Macewen 1848-1924. Pioneer Scottish neurosurgeon. Surg Neurol 6:57-60, 1976.
90. Jensen RL, Stone JL, Hayne R: Use of the Horsley-Clarke stereotactic frame in humans. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 65:194-197, 1995.
91. Kalyanaraman S, Gillingham FJ: Stereotaxic biopsy. J Neurosurg 21:854-858, 1964.
92. Kelly D, Richardson A, Mitchell-Heggs N: Stereotactic limbic leucotomy: Neurophysiological aspects and operative technique. Br J Psychiatry 123:133-140, 1973.
93. Kelly D, Richardson A, Mitchell-Heggs N, Greenup J, Chen C, Hafner RJ: Stereotactic limbic leucotomy: A preliminary report on forty patients. Br J Psychiatry 123:141-148, 1973.
94. Kelly PJ, Gillingham FJ: The long-term results of stereotaxic surgery and L-dopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. A 10-year follow-up study. J Neurosurg 53:332-337, 1980.
95. Kirkpatrick DB: The first primary brain-tumor operation. J Neurosurg 61:809-813, 1984.
96. Kitchen N: Neurosurgery for affective disorders at Atkinson Morley's Hospital 1948-1994. Acta Neurochir Suppl 64:64-68, 1995.
97. Kitchen ND, Thomas DG: Minimally invasive stereotaxy: Clinical use of the Gill-Thomas-Cosman (GTC) repeat stereotactic localiser. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 37:61-63, 1994.
98. Kitchen ND, Lemieux L, Thomas DG: Accuracy in frame-based and frame-less stereotaxy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 61:195-206, 1993.
99. Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, Tamma F, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Lang AE, Deuschl G: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: Summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord 21[Suppl 14]:S290-S304, 2006.
100. Knight GC: Discussion on psychosurgery. Proc R Soc Med 52:209-210, 1959.
101. Knight G: The orbital cortex as an objective in the surgical treatment of mental illness. The results of 450 cases of open operation and the development of the stereotactic approach. Br J Surg 51:114-124, 1964.
102. Knight G: Stereotactic tractotomy in the surgical treatment of mental illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:304-310, 1965.
103. Knight GC: Bi-frontal stereotactic tractotomy: An atraumatic operation of value in the treatment of intractable psychoneurosis. Br J Psychiatry 115: 257-266, 1969.
104. Knight G: Neurosurgical aspects of psychosurgery. Proc R Soc Med 65:1099- 1104, 1972.
105. Knight G: Further observations from an experience of 660 cases of stereotac-tic tractotomy. Postgrad Med J 49:845-854, 1973.
106. Knight GC, Tredgold RF: Orbital leucotomy; A review of 52 cases. Lancet 268:981-986, 1955.
107. Kopell BH, Machado AG, Rezai AR: Not your father's lobotomy: Psychiatric surgery revisited. Clin Neurosurg 52:315-330, 2005.
108. Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Green AL, Owen SL, Hansen PC, Cornelissen PL, Holliday IE, Stein J, Aziz TZ: Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain investigated with magnetoencephalography. Neuroreport 18:223-228, 2007.
109. Kudoh C, Detta A, Meyer C, Byrne P, Hitchcock E: Bilateral intracaudate cografting of fetal ventral mesencephalon and striatum in advanced Parkinson's disease. Transplant Proc 31:3397-3402, 1999.
110. Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI: Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 76:53-61, 1992.
111. Leksell L: A stereotaxic apparatus for intracerebral surgery. Acta Chir Scand 99:229-233, 1949.
112. Leksell L: The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand 102:316-319, 1951.
113. Lindsay KW: Neurosurgical training in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Assessing progress and attainment. Neurosurgery 50:1103-1113, 2002.
114. Lindsay KW: Reduced work hours: Who benefits? Clin Neurosurg 53:252-256, 2006.
115. Liu X, Miall RC, Aziz TZ, Palace JA, Stein JF: Distal versus proximal arm tremor in multiple sclerosis assessed by visually guided tracking tasks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:43-47, 1999.
116. Liu X, Rowe J, Nandi D, Hayward G, Parkin S, Stein J, Aziz T: Localisation of the subthalamic nucleus using Radionics Image Fusion and Stereoplan combined with field potential recording: A technical note. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 76:63-73, 2001.
117. Liu X, Yianni J, Wang S, Bain PG, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Different mechanisms may generate sustained hypertonic and rhythmic bursting muscle activity in idiopathic dystonia. Exp Neurol 198:204-213, 2006.
118. Love S, Plaha P, Patel NK, Hotton GR, Brooks DJ, Gill SS: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces neuronal sprouting in human brain. Nat Med 11:703-704, 2005.
119. Lyle I, Taylor S: Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England: 1983-1990. London, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1995.
120. Macmillan M: Localisation and William Macewen's early brain surgery. Part I: The controversy. J Hist Neurosci 13:297-325, 2004.
121. Magoun HW, Fisher C: Walter R Ingram at Ranson's Institute of Neurology, 1930-1936. Perspect Biol Med 24:31-56, 1980.
122. Malhi GS, Bartlett JR: A new lesion for the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy (SST). Br J Neurosurg 12:335-339, 1998.
123. Malhi GS, Bartlett JR: Depression: A role for neurosurgery? Br J Neurosurg 14:415-423, 2000.
124. Marks P V, Wild AM, Gleave JR: The 'Cambridge' stereotactic biopsy instrument. Br J Neurosurg 4:127-128, 1990.
125. Mazzone P, Insola A, Lozano AM, Galati S, Scarnati E, Peppe A, Stanzione P, Stefani A: Peripeduncular and pedunculopontine nuclei: A dispute on a clinically relevant target. Neuroreport 18:1407-1408, 2007.
126. McCaul IR: Stereotaxic surgery and involuntary movement. Proc R Soc Med 54:378-380, 1961.
127. McKissock W: Rostral leucotomy. Lancet 258:91-94, 1951.
128. McKissock W: Discussion on psychosurgery. Proc R Soc Med 52:206-209, 1959.
129. Miller JD, Steers AJ: Surgical neurology and clinical neurosciences in Ediburgh, Scotland. Neurosurgery 39:151-159, 1996.
130. Moniz E: Tentative Methods in the Treatment of Certain Psychoses [in French]. Paris, Masson, 1936.
131. Munro-Davies LE, Winter J, Aziz TZ, Stein JF: The role of the pedunculo-pontine region in basal-ganglia mechanisms of akinesia. Exp Brain Res 129:511-517, 1999.
132. Mussen AT: Notes on the movements of the tongue from stimulation of the twelfth nucleus, root and nerve. Brain 32:206, 1909.
133. Mussen AT: Experimental investigations on the cerebellum. Brain 50:313-349, 1927.
134. Muthusamy KA, Aravamuthan BR, Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Voets NL, Johansen-Berg H, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Connectivity of the human pedun-culopontine nucleus region and diffusion tensor imaging in surgical targeting. J Neurosurg 107:814-820, 2007.
135. Nandi D, Aziz TZ, Giladi N, Winter J, Stein JF: Reversal of akinesia in experimental parkinsonism by GABA antagonist microinjections in the pedunculopontine nucleus. Brain 125:2418-2430, 2002.
136. Nandi D, Jenkinson E, Miall C, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Pedunculopontine nucleus. J Neurosurg 100:978-979, 2004.
137. Nelson RJ: The future for British neurosurgical training. Br J Neurosurg 21:249-252, 2007.
138. Newton I: Letter to Robert Hooke, 1676.
139. Northfield WC: Sir Victor Horsley, his contributions to neurological surgery. Surg Neurol 1:131-134, 1973.
140. Owen SL, Green AL, Nandi DD, Bittar RG, Wang S, Aziz TZ: Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 97:111-116, 2007.
141. Page RD, Miles JB: Validation of CT targeting for functional stereotaxis with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Neurosurg 8:461-467, 1994.
142. Paget S: Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920.
143. Parkin SG, Gregory RP, Scott R, Bain P, Silburn P, Hall B, Boyle R, Joint C, Aziz TZ: Unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy for idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A case series of 115 patients. Mov Disord 17:682-692, 2002.
144. Parkin S, Nandi D, Giladi N, Joint C, Gregory R, Bain P, Scott R, Aziz TZ: Lesioning the subthalamic nucleus in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77:68-72, 2002.
145. Patel NK, Bunnage M, Plaha P, Svendsen CN, Heywood P, Gill SS: Intraputamenal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in PD: A two-year outcome study. Ann Neurol 57:298-302, 2005.
146. Pell MF, Thomas DG: The initial experience with the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic system. Br J Neurosurg 5:123-128, 1991.
147. Pereira EA, Green AL, Bradley KM, Soper N, Moir L, Stein JF, Aziz TZ: Regional cerebral perfusion differences between periventricular grey, thal-amic and dual target deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 85:175-183, 2007.
148. Pereira EA, Green AL, Nandi D, Aziz TZ: Deep brain stimulation: Indications and evidence. Expert Rev Med Devices 4:591-603, 2007.
149. Petrik V, Apok V, Britton JA, Bell BA, Papadopoulos MC: Godfrey Houn-sfield and the dawn of computed tomography. Neurosurgery 58:780-787, 2006.
150. Picard C, Olivier A, Bertrand G: The first human stereotaxic apparatus. The contribution of Aubrey Mussen to the field of stereotaxis. J Neurosurg 59:673-676, 1983.
151. Plaha P, Gill SS: Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 16:1883-1887, 2005.
152. Richardson AE: Sir Wylie McKissock. Surg Neurol 30:173-174, 1988.
153. Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA, Lang AE, Houeto JL, Pollak P, Rehncrona S, Kulisevsky J, Albanese A, Volkmann J, Hariz MI, Quinn NP, Speelman JD, Guridi J, Zamarbide I, Gironell A, Molet J, Pascual-Sedano B, Pidoux B, Bonnet AM, Agid Y, Xie J, Benabid AL, Lozano AM, Saint-Cyr J, Romito L, Contarino MF, Scerrati M, Fraix V, Van Blercom N: Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain 128:2240-2249, 2005.
154. Rowe JG, Radatz MW, Walton L, Kemeny AA: Changing utilization of stereotactic radiosurgery in the UK: The Sheffield experience. Br J Neurosurg 16:477-482, 2002.
155. Rush C, Shaw JF: With Sharp Compassion: Norman Dott Freeman Surgeon of Edinburgh. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press, 1990.
156. Sachs E: On the structure and functional relations of the optic thalamus. Brain 32:95-186, 1909.
157. Sachs E: Victor Horsley. J Neurosurg 15:240-244, 1958.
158. Sachs E, Fincher EF: Anatomical and physiological observations on lesions in the cerebellar nuclei in Macacus rhesus (preliminary report). Brain 50:350-356, 1927.
159. Schaltenbrand G, Bailey P: Introduction to Stereotaxis with an Atlas of the Human Brain. Stuttgart, Thieme, 1959.
160. Schüpbach WM, Chastan N, Welter ML, Houeto JL, Mesnage V, Bonnet AM, Czernecki V, Maltete D, Hartmann A, Mallet L, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Navarro S, Cornu P, Mallet A, Agid Y: Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: A 5 year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1640-1644, 2005.
161. Schurr PH, Merrington WR: The Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic apparatus. Br J Surg 65:33-36, 1978.
162. Schurr PH, Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain): So That Was Life: A Biography of Sir Geoffrey Jefferson, Kt CBE FRS MS FRCS (1886-1961): Master of the Neurosciences and Man of Letters. London, Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1997.
163. Shieff C: The Hitchcock apparatus, in Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds): Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp 101-104.
164. Sofat A, Kratimenos G, Thomas DG: Early experience with the Gill Thomas Locator for computed tomography-directed stereotactic biopsy of intracra-nial lesions. Neurosurgery 31:972-974, 1992.
165. Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Baird HW: Studies in stereoencephalotomy. I. Topical relationships of subcortical structures to the posterior commissure. Confin Neurol 12:121-133, 1952.
166. Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Marks M, Lee AJ: Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on human brain. Science 106:349-350, 1947.
167. Stefani A, Lozano AM, Peppe A, Stanzione P, Galati S, Tropepi D, Pierantozzi M, Brusa L, Scarnati E, Mazzone P: Bilateral deep brain stimu-lation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson's disease. Brain 130:1569-1607, 2007.
168. Talairach J, David M, Tournoux P, Corredor H, Krasina T: Atlas of Stereotactical Anatomy [in French]. Paris, Masson, 1957.
169. Tan TC, Black PM: Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916): Pioneer of neurological surgery. Neurosurgery 50:607-612, 2002.
170. Thomas DG, Kitchen ND: Stereotactic techniques for brain biopsies. Arch Dis Child 69:621-622, 1993.
171. Thomas DG, Nouby RM: Experience in 300 cases of CT-directed stereotac-tic surgery for lesion biopsy and aspiration of haematoma. Br J Neurosurg 3:321-325, 1989.
172. Thomas DG, Anderson RE, du Boulay GH: CT-guided stereotactic neuro-surgery: Experience in 24 cases with a new stereotactic system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47:9-16, 1984.
173. Todd NV, Howie JE, Miller JD: Norman Dott's contribution to aneurysm surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:455-458, 1990.
174. Tooth J, Newton M: Leucotomy in England and Wales 1942-1954: Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 104. London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961.
175. Torrens M, Stranjalis G: Academic productivity in neurosurgery. Br J Neurosurg 8:633-634, 1994.
176. Wang S, Liu X, Yianni J, Green AL, Joint C, Stein JF, Bain PG, Gregory R, Aziz TZ: Use of surface electromyography to assess and select patients with idiopathic dystonia for bilateral pallidal stimulation. J Neurosurg 105:21-25, 2006.
177. Watkins ES: On making stereotactic atlases, in Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds): Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp 235-236.
178. Watkins S: Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One. London, Macmillan, 1996.
179. Wells PNT: Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield KTCBE. Biogr Mem Fellows R Soc 51:221-235, 2005.
180. Wild AM, Xuereb JH, Marks PV, Gleave JR: Computerized tomographic stereotaxy in the management of 200 consecutive intracranial mass lesions. Analysis of indications, benefits and outcome. Br J Neurosurg 4:407-415, 1990.
181. Williams LM, Philips ML, Brammer MJ, Skerrett D, Lagopoulos J, Bahramali H, Olivieri G, David AS, Peduto A, Gordon E: Arousal dissociates amygdala and hippocampal fear responses: Evidence from simultaneous fMRI and skin conductance recording. Neuroimage 14:1070-1079, 2001.
182. Wilson SAK: An experimental research into the anatomy and physiology of the corpus striatum. Brain 36:427-492, 1914.
183. Yianni J, Bain P, Giladi N, Auca M, Gregory R, Joint C, Nandi D, Stein J, Scott R, Aziz T: Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for dys-tonic conditions: A prospective audit. Mov Disord 18:436-442, 2003.
184. Zernov DN: Encephalometer: Device for estimation of parts of brain in human [in Russian]. Proc Soc Physicomed Moscow Univ 2:70-80, 1889.