Regional political ecology and intensive cultivation in pre-colonial and colonial South Pare, Tanzania

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 433-459

  Håkansson, N Thomas ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

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Indexed keywords

EID: 65849359866     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Paul Robbins, Political Ecology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005)
2. N. Thomas Håkansson and Mats Widgren "Labour and Landscapes: The Political Economy of Landesque Capita] in 19th Century Tanganyika, " Geografiska Annaler, Ser B, 89, 3 (2007), 233-248
3. Keith Hart, The Political Economy of West African Agriculture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
4. B.L. Turner II, Göran Hydén, and Robert W. Kates, eds., Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1993)
5. Sara Berry, No Condition is Permanent (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993)
6. James C. McCann, Green Land, Brown Land, Black Land (Oxford: James Curry, 1999)
7. Helge Kjekshus, Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977)
8. Thomas Spear, Mountain Farmers (Oxford: James Currey, 1997)
9. Mattias Tagseth, "The Expansion of Traditional Irrigation in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, " The International Journal of African Historical Studies 41, 3 (2008), 461-490
10. Stephen Feierman, "Defending the Promise of Subsistence: Population Growth and Agriculture in the West Usambara Mountains, 1920-1980, in Turner II, Hydén, and Kates, eds., Population Growth, 114-44
11. Spear, Mountain Farmers
12. In a similar vein Polly Hill applied a "balance of payment approach" to analyze the economic deterioration in Nigerian and Indian rural areas during the twentieth century. Polly Hill, Dry Grain Farming Families (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 209
13. Berry, No Condition, 183-85
14. See also Michael Sheridan, "Tanzanian Ritual Perimetrics and African Landscapes: The Case of Dracaena, " International Journal of African Historical Studies, 41, 3 (2008), 491-521
15. E.g., Carol Smith, ed., Regional Analysis, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1976)
16. Peter Little, The Elusive Granary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
17. Kajsa Ekholm-Friedman, Catastrophe and Creation (Philadelphia, PA: Harwood, 1991)
18. Smith, Regional Analysis, 1, 43
19. Robbins, Political Ecology, 77-79
20. N. Thomas Håkansson, 'The Decentralized Landscape: Regional Wealth and the Expansion of Production in Northern Tanzania Before the Eve of Colonialism, " in Lisa Cligget and Christopher Pool, eds., Economies and the Transformation of Landscape (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2008)
21. Mats Widgren, "Towards a Historical Geography of Intensive Farming in East Africa, " in Mats Widgren and John E.G. Sutton, eds., Islands of Intensive Agriculture in Eastern Africa (London: James Currey, 2004)
22. Roderick Mcintosh, Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
23. Michael Watts, Silent Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)
24. Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, and Camilla Toulmin, Sustaining the Soil (London: Earthscan, 1996)
25. Simon Batterbury, "Landscapes of Diversity: A Local Political Ecology of Livelihood Diversification in Southwest Niger, " Eucumene 8 (2001), 437-64
26. Yoshida, Masao "Traditional Furrow Irrigation Systems in the South Pare Area, " in Adolfo Mascarenhas, James Ngana, and Masao Yoshida, eds., Opportunities for Irrigation Development in Tanzania (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies. IRP Series 52, 1985)
27. Dan Brockington, Fortress Conservation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 17, 66
28. Isaria N. Kimambo, Penetration and Protest (London: James Currey, 1991), 145
29. Tanzania National Archives [hereafter TNA], A 3/11 Lake Kalimawe Scheme, April 06, 1956
30. Else Oldewage, Unser Aseri (Leipzig: Evangelisch Lutherisches Mission, 1921)
31. Ernst Kotz, Im Banne der Furcht (Leipzig: Advent Verlag, 1922), 152
32. The chiefs' control of land prior to colonialism is not completely clear. Many twentieth-century informants and ethnographic sources claim that such authority also existed in the nineteenth century. See Sheridan, this volume; N. Thomas Håkansson, "Rulers and Rainmakers in Pre-Colonial South Pare, Tanzania: The Role of Exchange and Ritual Experts in Political Fragmentation, " Ethnology 37 (1998) 263-83
33. Oscar Baumann, Usambara und Seine Nachbargebiete (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1891), 228
34. Richard Waller, "Economic Relations in the Central Rift Valley: The Maa-Speakers and Their Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century, " in Bethwell A. Ogot, ed., Kenya in the Nineteenth Century (Nairobi, 1985) 83-151
35. Håkansson, "The Decentralized."
36. Waller, "Economic Relations."
37. Brockington, Fortress Conservation, 28
38. N. Thomas Håkansson, "Irrigation, Population Pressure, and Exchange in Precolonial Pare, Tanzania, " Research in Economic Anthropology 16 (1995) 297-323
39. Isaria Kimambo, A Political History of the Pare of Tanzania c 1500-1900 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969), 21
40. "Environmental Control and Hunger, " in Gregory Maddox, James Giblin, and Isaria N. Kimambo, eds., Custodians of the Land (London: James Currey, 1996), 71-95
41. Oscar Baumann, Usambara, loose leaf map
42. Kurt Weiss, Meine Reise nach dem Kilima-Njarogebiet (Berlin: Friedrich L. Kuckhardt, 1886)
43. J. P. Farler, "Native Routes in East Africa from Pangani to the Masai Country and the Victoria Nyanza, " Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 4 (1882), 730-53
44. Baumann, Usambara, 245
45. G. Sommer and R. Vossen, "Dialects, Sectiolects, or Simply Lects?, " in T. Spear and R. Waller, eds, Being Maasai (London: James Currey, 1993), 25-37
46. Brockington, Fortress, 28
47. A. Le Roy, Au Kilima Ndjaro (Paris, Les editions de l'oeuvre d'auteil, n.d.)
48. Baumann, Usambara, 206, 211
49. Kimambo, A Political History, 185
50. Kotz, Im Banne, 151
51. Interview by author with Namseomba Ngereza and Enighenja Kadogolo, Vunta, July 10, 1995
52. Kimambo, A Political History, 152, 184
53. Kimambo, Penetration, 52
54. TNA, Acc 19 2/9, Report on Tanganyika Territory to the General Assembly United Nations for the year 1949. Annual Report 1967, Kilimanjaro Region Agricultural Division
55. Juhani Koponen, Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914 (Munster: LIT Verlag, 1994), 611
56. See also Frans Huizenfeld, "Changes in Political Economy and Ecology in West-Usambara, Tanzania: ca. 1850-1950, " The International Journal of African Historical Studies 41, 3 (2008), 383-409
57. and Hanan Sabea, "Mastering the Landscape? Sisal Plantations, Land, and Labor in Tanga Region, 1893-1980s, " The International Journal of African Historical Studies 41, 3 (2008), 411-432
58. E.C. Baker, Report on Social and Economic Conditions in the Tanga Province (Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1934)
59. Deborah Bryceson, Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade (London: James Currey, 1993), 40
60. Bryceson, Liberalizing, 35-37
61. Tanganyika Territory Blue Books 1921-1948
62. Deborah Bryceson, Liberalizing; TNA, Ace 69 242, 1926-1939
63. Produce and retail prices, Arusha, TNA, 6/1/vol III. Annual Reports, Same District, 1952, 53, 54
64. H.A. Fosbrooke, "Further Light on Rock Engravings in Northern Tanganyika, " Man, no. 157 (1954) 101-102
65. Produce and retail prices, Arusha, TNA, 6/1/vol III, Annual Reports, Same District, 1952, 53, 54
66. John Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 158
67. Dorothy Hodgson, Once Intrepid Warriors (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 51
68. Watts, Silent Violence, 22-23
69. N. Thomas Håkansson, "The Detachabiliry of Women: Gender and Kinship in Processes of Socio-Economic Change among the Gusii of Kenya, " American Ethnologist 21 (1994), 516-38
70. Kotz, In Banne, 151
71. Hans Ruthenberg, Farming Systems in the Tropics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 204
72. Deborah Bryceson, "A Century of Food Supply in Dar es Salaam, " in Jane Guyer, ed., Feeding African Cities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 155-202
73. Ian Scoones, Chris Reij, and Camilla Toulmin, "Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa, " in Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, and Camilla Toulmin, eds., Sustaining the Soil: Traditional Soil and Water Conservation in Africa (London: Earthscan, 1996), 1-27
74. Little, The Elusive Granary, 70
75. N. Thomas Håkansson "Rain and Cattle: Gendered Structures and Political Economy in Precolonial Pare, Tanzania, " in Gracia Clark, ed., Gender at Work in Economic Life (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2003), 19-40
76. Yusuf Saidi, Kisiwani, February 14, 2006
77. Hans Fuchs, "Hindernisse der Arbeit in Shigatini, " Evangelish Lutherisches Missionsblatt (1902, pg. 371)
78. Stefan Dercon, "Risk, Crop Choice, and Savings: Evidence from Tanzania, " Economic Development and Cultural Change 44, 3 (1996), 485-513
79. Koponen, Development, 648
80. Brockington, Fortress, 29, 33
81. Kimambo, Penetration and Protest, 125, 133
82. Kimambo, Penetration and Protest, 81-82
83. Smith, Regional Analysis, vol. II, 347
84. For another example in northern Tanzania, see Vesa-Matti Loiske, "Institutionalized Exchange as a Driving Force in Intensive Agriculture, " in Mats Widgren and John Sutton, eds., Islands of Intensive Agriculture in Eastern Africa (London: James Currey, 2004)
85. Scoones et al., 1996; Håkansson and Widgren, "Labor and Landscapes."