Shysters or public servants? uncertified lawyers and legal aid for the poor in late imperial Russia

Russian History

Volumn 23, Issue 1-4, 1996, Pages 295-310

  Neuberger, Joan ^a,b  

^a University of Texas ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65849233388     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633196X00196     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. For a summary, see B. V. Vilenskii, Sudebnaia reforma i kontrreforma v Rossii (Saratov: Privolzhskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1969).
2. This minority also acknowledged that they faced an obstacle in that the only likely candidates for justices of the peace were local landowners, i.e., former serf masters, whose election would jeopardize popular trust in the new court system. D. A. Rovinskii (author of the statutes on the justice of the peace court), letter to S. M. Zhukovskii, 1862, Rossisskii Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv goroda Moskvy (RGIAg.M), fond 1650, opis' 1, delo 77;
3. M. G. Korotkikh, "Mirovaia iustitsiia v Rossii v sudebnoi reforme 1864 g.," Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 11 (1986): 135.
4. Gosudarstvennyi Sovet,. "Dopolnenie k zhurnalu soedinennykh departamentov Gos. Soveta. 1862 goda," Materialy po sudebnoi reforme v Rossii, vol. 19, pt. 2 (St. Petersburg: n.p., 1864 [unpublished collation of documents pertaining to the judicial reforms]), 300.
5. There was originally some resistance to establishing a bar association for lawyers to practice in the regular courts as well; see Samuel Kucherov, Courts, Lawyers, and Trials under the Last Three Tsars (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1953), 113-21.
6. Obzor desiatiletnei deiatel'nosti mirovykh sudebnykh ustanovlenii Kievskogo Mirovogo Okruga. 1872-1881 gg. (Kiev: Tip. S. V. Kul'zhenko, 1882), 52-53;
7. "Mcstnaia khronika: Podpol'nye advokaty," Volzhskii vestnik ([Kazan'I hereafter VV), 8 April 1886;
8. Beliaev, "Pis'mo v redaktsiiu," Sudebnaia gazeta (hereafter 50'), 8 Febr. 1887;
9. M. I., "Advokaty i ablakaty, Fel'e-ton," SG, 23 Oct. 1894;
10. Z., "Za mesiats (Iuridicheskaia khronika)," Zhumal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava (hereafter ZhGUP), kn. 8 (Oct. 1891): 193;
11. B., "O nashikh zashchitnikakh: Fel'cton," SG, 14 May 1895;
12. V. N. Nikitin, "Zametki o khodataiakh," in Obshchestvennye i zakonodatel'nye pogreshnosti (St. Petersburg: Izd. A. Buinitskago, 1872), 275-98;
13. A. Svirskii, "Podpol'nye advokaty: ocherki," lurist, 22 Aug. 1904;
14. "Mestnaia khronika: Proektirovannyia mery k presichesniiu vredoi deiatel'nosti poverennykh po krest'ianskim delam," VV, 3 Oct. 1886.
15. William E. Pomerantz, "Justice from the Underground: The History of the Underground Advokatura," The Russian Review 52 (1993): 321-40. This article provides a thorough survey of the legislation and contemporary opinion regarding uncertified lawyers.
16. For published examples, see Vot ona, nasha matushka Moskva, ed. Semen Kaftyrev (Moscow: Novago znakomago, 1869);
17. Poteshnik: Iumoristicheskii al'bom, ed. A. Nevskii (St. Petersburg: n.p., n.d. [submitted to censor, 1876]);
18. Novyi smekhotvor: iumoristicheskii al'bom s karrikaturami, ed. A. Nevskii (St. Petersburg: R. Golike, 1876);
19. Vesel'chak: Novyi iumoristicheskii al'bom s mnogimi karrikaturami (St. Petersburg: n.p., 1876);
20. "Sudebnye zametki: Fel'eton," SG, 14 Nov. 1893.
21. V. Kokhnov, "Advokatura i obshchestvo," Russkaia letopis', 14 Febr. 1871, 282-83.
22. E. 1. Kozlinina, Za polveka, 1862-1912: Vospominaniia, ocherki i kharakteristiki (Moscow: Tip. N. Berdonosov, 1913), 137-40. Kozlinina brought a number of suits before justices of the peace, acting as an uncertified lawyer, until 1876 when women were denied the right to represent clients in court;
23. "Bor'ba s podpol'noi ad-vokaturoi," Sudebnaia letopis', 18 Sept. 1909;
24. Svirskii, "Podpol'nye advokaty."
25. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii s 1649: Sobranie vtoroe, 1825-1881 (St. Petersburg: Gos. tip., 1830-84), 49, pt. 1: No. 53573.
26. This typical list is found in Nikitin, "Zametki," 277.
27. I found documented' cases of complaints and of disciplinary actions to be fairly evenly divided between sworn, private, and unlicensed lawyers, but I would argue that complaints are a poor indicator of behavior, in any case, given the multiple disincentives to complain; on this last point see Kozlinina, Za polveka, 137-38.
28. P. N. Obninskii, "Otkuda idet demoralizatsiia nashei advokatury," ZhGUP, kn. 9 (Nov. 1909): 25-50;
29. and "Mirovoi sud'ia ne znaiushchii zakonov," SG, 4 Jan. 1887;
30. G. Vol'tke, "Okolo sudov i zakonov: Novyi zakon o podpol'noi advokature," Zhizn' i sud, 3 Nov. 1913;
31. For example, "Pis'ma M. N. Durylina ot klientov s zaprosami o khode del," TsGIAgM, fond 1338, opts' 1, delo 69;
32. M. L, "Advokaty i ablakaty: Fel'eton," SG, 23 Oct. 1894;
33. Beliaev, "Pis'mo v redaktsiiu";
34. "Iuridicheskaia pomoshch'," Zhizn' i sud, 15 Sept. 1913: 16;
35. Idega. "Chastnaia advokatura," Sudebnyi vestnik, 2 Sept. 1870.
36. B., "O nashikh zashchitnikakh";
37. Z., "Za mesiats (Iuridicheskaia khronika)," ZhGUP, kn: 6 (June 1889): 147.
38. On preventing Jews (and other non-Christians) from becoming lawyers and private attorneys, see Kucherov, Courts, Lawyers, and Trials, 273-80; in a similar vein, efforts were made to prevent Jews from becoming justices of the peace;
39. For examples, see Vanich, Stseny v mirovom sude (Odessa: n.p.,'1876), 68ff;
40. "Zash-chitnik," in Novyi smekhotvor, 2;
41. Novye stseny iz russkikh, evreiskikh, malorusskikh, armian-skikh, tsyganskikh bytov i prochiia (Kiev: n.p., 1893), 9-10;
42. Vot ona, nasha matushka Moskva, 139-42.
43. "Mcstnaia khronika: Podpol'nye advokaty," VV, 8 April 1886;
44. Chastnyi poverennyi Volynskoi gubernii, "O poverennykh (Pis'mo v redaktsiiu)," Grazhdanin, 25 June 1887;
45. "O chisle prisiazhnykh poverennykh i pomoshchnikov'pri pov. i o chisle takovykh iudeiskogo veroispovedaniia," RGIA, fond 1405, opis' 69, delo 7056 (1889), listy 2-18;
46. A. P. Temovskii, Kovenskii Sudebno-mirovoi okrug za vremia s 1872-1893 god (Kovno: Tip. gub. pravl., 1894), 82 and 88;
47. see also Z., "Za mesiats," 149-50.
48. Tulub'ev, "Golos iz provintsii."
49. Temovskii, Kovenskii., 87;
50. Tulub'ev, "Golos iz provintsii"; untitled lead articles in SG, 8 Febr. and 22 March 1887;
51. M. I., "Advokaty i ablakaty: Fel'eton";
52. Vol'tke, "Okolo sudov i za-konov";
53. Nikitin, "Zametki o khodataiakh," 277.
54. also Vol'lke, "Okolo sudov i zakonov";
55. Iablonovskii, "Ad-vokatura." 28 May 1895;
56. D. T. V-ov. "'Ablakatstvo' i bor'ba s nim," SG, 8 Oct. 1895;
57. Ternovskii, Kovenskii., 88.
58. "Sokol'nicheskaia konsul'tatsiia," SL,15 June 1909;
59. Y. N. Deriagin, Olchet o deiatel'nosti konsul'tatsii pomoshchnikov prisiazhnykh poverennykh zn 1902 god (Moscow, n.p, 1903);
60. B., "O nashikh zashchitnikakh: Fel'eton";
61. D. F., "K voprosu o chastnci advokature";
62. See also Svod zamechanii o primenenii na praktike Sudebnykh ustavov (1869-1870) (n.p., n.d.), 30.
63. K. N. larosh, Chuvstvo zakonnosti i mirovaia iustitsiia (Khar'kov: tip. M. Zil'berberg, 1888),43-52;
64. N. M. "K voprosuo chastnoi advokature";
65. Iablonovskii, "Advokatura";
66. "Iuridicheskaia pomoshch',""Zhizn i sud,15 Sept. 1913:16.
67. Nikitin, "Zamctki o khodotaiakh," 277.
68. D. T. V-ov, "'Ablakatstvo' i bor'ba s nim."
69. For this argument see Pomerantz, "Justice from the Underground," 321 and throughout.
70. V. K. Vul'fert, Dvadtsatipiatiletie Moskovskikh stolichnykh sudebno-mirovykh uchrezh-denii, 1866-1891 (Moscow: Tip. T. D. Iakovleva, 1891), 23-24;
71. Pravo, no. 15 (1910).
72. Vanich, Stseny., 46-52;
73. A. E. Nos, Mirovoi sud v Moskve: Ocherki razbiratel'stva u mirovykh sudel.(Moscow: Izd. knizhnogo magazina Cherkesova, 1869), 81-85, 100-01, 125-29.
74. See for example, Joan Neuberger, "Popular Legal Cultures: The St. Petersburg Mirovoi Sud," in Russia's Great Reforms, 1855-1881, eds. Ben Eklof, John Bushnell, and Larissa Za-kharova (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1994), 231-46;
75. and "The Power of the Word: Workers' Cases in the Justice of the Peace Courts, 1864-1917," unpublished paper presented at the conference "Workers and Intelligentsia in Russia in the Late 19th and early 20th Centuries," St. Petersburg, June 1995;
76. Iakob Ludmer, "Bab'i stony," Iuridicheskii vestnik, nos. 11-12 (1884).