Environment, c. 1973

Grey Room

Volumn , Issue 14, 2004, Pages 79-101

  Martin, Reinhold ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 65849200480     PISSN: 15263819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/152638104322894912     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Richard M. Nixon, "Statement about the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969," 1 January 1970, The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Archives (RNLBA). Available from http://www.nixonfoundation.org/Research-Center/ 1970-pdf-files/1970-0002.pdf
2. Richard M. Nixon, "Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality," 10 February 1970, RNLBA. Available from: http://www. nixonfoundation.org/Research-Center/1970-pdf-files/1970-0038.pdf
3. Nixon, "Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality."
4. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity, trans. Mark Ritter (London: Sage Publications, 1992)
5. Beck, 21. On the biological notion of the milieu, see Georges Canguilhem, "The Living and Its Milieu," trans. John Savage, Grey Room 03 (Spring 2001): 7-31
6. On the representation of the mileu, see also Edward Eigen, "Dark Space and the Early Days of Photography as a Medium," Grey Room 03 (Spring 2001): 90-111
7. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Random House, 1970), 382
8. Beck, 74
9. Leo Marx, "American Institutions and the Ecological Ideal," in Kepes, ed., Arts of the Environment, 78-97. What was unique about the entry of "environment" into this arena - in the American context in particular - was that it coincided with resistance to government intervention in the wake of the New Deal and Johnson's Great Society. Indeed, Marx considered the limited capacity of government to respond to what he called the "ecological ideal" and was skeptical of the willingness of the Nixon administration actually to allocate funds to support its rhetoric
10. Marx, "American Institutions and the Ecological Ideal," 93
11. Tomás Maldonado, Design, Nature, and Revolution: Toward a Critical Ecology, trans. Mario Domandi (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 133-134 n. 3
12. Maldonado, 76
13. Maldonado, 133-134 n. 3. And as did Leo Marx, Maldonado observed the determinate role of history: "The ferocious sack of nature carried out in the last two centuries would be incomprehensible without a careful examination of the operative modalities of these historical factors. In practice that means that the question concerning the scandal of society must precede the question concerning the scandal of nature" (76). That this notion presupposes the internal consistency of the system and does not see the production of that consistency (or normalcy) as itself a political process is not surprising, because it derives in part from the conservative and specifically antirevolutionary (i.e., anti-Marxist) sociology of Vilfedo Pareto, whose thought informed the sociobiological hypotheses of L.J. Henderson, Parsons's mentor at Harvard. Maldonado's effort, then, to clarify the popular use of the term system by referring to von Bertalanffy's distinction between closed systems (for Maldonado, authoritarian ones) and properly open ones, is limited by this assumption. Because within his discourse, a discourse of the integrated ecosystem, nothing is outside "the system" as such. There are only choices between open and closed systems. In other words, environmental degradation marked a scandal of the system of systems, in which humanity's balance sheet showed two accounts, one with nature and one with society, in mutual interdependence and mutual crisis
14. Maldonado, 119-120 n. 2
15. Gyorgy Kepes, Language of Vision (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944). Kepes thanks Morris for his comments on the manuscript in the book's Acknowledgments, 4
16. Whereas, Venturi had also cited Kepes on the interplay of organism and environment, in the context of his own Gestalt-psychological reading of figural ambiguity in Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
17. See Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966), 85
18. Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960)
19. Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky, "Transparency, Literal and Phenomenal," Perspecta 8 (1963): 45
20. Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky, "Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal ... Part II," Perspecta 13/14 (1971): 389
21. Peter Eisenman, in "Contrasting Concepts of Harmony in Architecture: Debate between Christopher Alexander and Peter Eisenman," Lotus 40 (1984): 60
22. Peter Eisenman, "From Object to Relationship: The Casa del Fascio by Terragni," Casabella 34 (January 1970): 38
23. Eisenman, "From Object to Relationship," 38
24. Kepes, Language of Vision, 13
25. S.I. Hayakawa, "The Revision of Vision," preface to Kepes, Language of Vision, 9-10
26. Peter Eisenman, "Notes on Conceptual Architecture: Toward a Definition," Casabella 35 (December 1971): 57 n. 26
27. Charles W. Morris, Foundations of the Theory of Signs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938), 8
28. Eisenman, "Notes on Conceptual Architecture," 51
29. Noam Chomsky, Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 33
30. Eisenman, "Notes on Conceptual Architecture," 49
31. Peter Eisenman, "From Object to Relationship II: Giuseppe Terragni Casa Giulani Frigerio," Perspecta 13/14 (1971): 39
32. Eisenman, "From Object to Relationship II," 39
33. Peter Eisenman, "The Big Little Magazine: Perspecta 12 and the Future of the Architectural Past," Architectural Forum 131, no. 3 (October 1969): 74-75, 104
34. Marshall McLuhan, "The Invisible Environment: The Future of an Erosion," Perspecta 11 (1967): 167
35. McLuhan, "The Invisible Environment," 167
36. Peter Eisenman, "Cardboard Architecture," Casabella 37 (February 1973): 24
37. Eisenman, "Cardboard Architecture," 24
38. Manfredo Tafuri, "'European Graffitti.' Five × Five = Twenty-five," trans. Victor Caliandro, Oppositions 5 (Summer 1976): 47
39. Tafuri, "'European Graffitti,'" 71
40. Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965), 3-9
41. Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault, "Human Nature: Justice versus Power," in Arnold I. Davidson, ed., Foucault and His Interlocutors (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1997), 131-132
42. Chomsky and Foucault, "Human Nature," 136
43. See also Reinhold Martin, "Atrociities. Or, Curtain Wall as Mass Medium," Perspecta 32 (2001): 66-75
44. Richard M. Nixon, "Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: 'The Challenge of Peace,'" 15 August 1971, RNLBA. Available from: http://www.nixonfoundation.org/Research-Center/1971-pdf-files/1971-0264.pdf
45. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 82
46. Deleuze and Guattari, 76, 82, 101
47. See Benjamin Lee and Edward LiPuma, "Cultures of Circulation: The Imaginations of Modernity," Public Culture 14, no. 1 (Winter 2002): 191-213
48. Richard M. Nixon, "Statement about Signing the United Nations Environment Program Participation Act of 1973," 17 December 1973, RNLBA. Available from: http://www.nixonfoundation.org/Research-Center/1973-pdf-files/ 1973-0360.pdf
49. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 269-272