Control of speed during the double poling technique performed by elite cross-country skiers

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 210-220

  Lindinger, Stefan Josef ^a   Stoggl, Thomas ^a   Müller, Erich ^a   Holmberg, Hans Christer ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^b MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c Swedish Olympic Committee   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cycle length; Frequency; Joint angles; Performance; Plantar force; Pole force

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; ELBOW; FLEXOR REFLEX; HIP; HUMAN; KINEMATICS; KNEE; MALE; MUSCLE FORCE; NORMAL HUMAN; PERFORMANCE; PLANTARIS MUSCLE; RANGE OF MOTION; SKIING; VELOCITY; VOLUNTEER; ADULT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; EXERCISE TEST; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; EXERCISE TEST; HIP JOINT; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT; MALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; POSTURE; SKIING;

EID: 65849187333     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318184f436     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Buchthal F, Schmalbruch H. Contraction times and fibre types in intact human muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1970;79:435-52.
2. Eberstein A, Goodgold J. Slow and fast twitch fibres in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1968;7:215.
3. Garnett R, O'Donovan MJ, Stephens JA, Taylor A. Evidence for the existence of three motor unit types in normal human gastrocnemius. J Physiol. 1978;65:280.
4. Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC, Jaeger RJ. Response to sudden torques about ankle in man. IV. A functional role of alpha-gamma linkage. J Neurophysiol. 1981;46:179-90.
5. Hay JG. Cycle rate, length, and speed of progression in human locomotion. J Appl Biomech. 2002;18:257-70.
6. Hines, EW. Fitness Swimming. Hong Kong: Human Kinetics; 1998. p. 186.
7. Hoff J, Helgerud J, Wisloff U. Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:870-7.
8. Hoffman MD, Clifford PS, Bender F. Effect of velocity on cycle rate and length for three roller skiing techniques. J Appl Biomech. 1995;11:257-66.
9. Holmberg HC. Physiology of Cross-country Skiing - With Special Emphasis on the Role of the Upper Body (Dissertation). Stockholm: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; 2005. p. 331.
10. Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Bjorklund G, Müller E. Contribution of the legs to double-poling performance in elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(10):1853-60.
11. Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Eitzlmair E, Müller E. Biomechanical analysis of double poling in elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):807-18.
12. Kyröläinen H, Avela J, Komi PV. Changes in muscle activity with increasing running speed. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:1101-09.
13. Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Candau RB, Clifford PS. Poling forces during roller skiing: effects of technique and speed. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(11):1645-53.
14. Minetti AE. Passive tools for enhancing muscle-driven motion and locomotion. J Exp Biol. 2004;207:1265-72.
15. Nicol C, Komi PV. Significance of passively induced stretch reflexes on achilles tendon force enhancement. Muscle Nerve. 1998; 21:1546-48.
16. Nilsson J, Tveit P, Eikrehagen O. Effects of speed on temporal patterns in classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing. Sports Biomech. 2004;3:85-107.
17. Nilsson JE, Holmberg HC, Tveit P, Hallen J. Effects of 20-s and 180-s double poling interval training in cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;92:121-7.
18. Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Sharwood KA, Lambert MI, Noakes TD, Rusko HK. Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97:1-8.
19. Österås H, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Maximal strength-training effects on force-velocity and force-power relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;88: 255-63.
20. Paavolainen L, Hakkinen K, Hamalainen I, Nummela A, Rusko H. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1527-33.
21. Rusko H. Physiology of cross country skiing. In: Rusko H, editor. Cross Country Skiing: Olympic Handbook of Sports Medicine. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2002. pp. 1-31.
22. Rusko HK. Measurement of maximal and submaximal anaerobic power: an introduction. Int J Sports Med. 1996;17(suppl 2): 89-90.
23. Saltin B. The physiology of competitive c.c. skiing across a four decade perspective; with a note on training induced adaptations and role of training at medium altitude. In: Müller E, Kornexl H, Raschner C, editors. Science and Skiing. Cambridge: Chapman & Hall; 1997. pp. 435-69.
24. Seifert L, Chollet D, Rouard A. Swimming constraints and arm coordination. Hum Mov Sci. 2007;26:68-86.
25. Smith GA. Biomechanics of cross country skiing. In: Rusko H, editor. Cross Country Skiing: Olympic Handbook of Sports Medicine. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2002. pp. 32-61.
26. Stöggl T, Lindinger S, Müller E. Reliability and validity of test concepts for the cross-country skiing sprint. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(3):586-91.
27. Stöggl T, Lindinger S, Müller E. Evaluation of an upper-body strength test for the cross-country skiing sprint. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1160-9.
28. Svensson E. Ski Skating with Champions: How to Ski with Least Energy. Seattle (WA): Svensson; 1994. p. 272.
29. Thompson KG, MacLaren DP, Lees A, Atkinson G. The effects of changing pace on metabolism and stroke characteristics during high-speed breaststroke swimming. J Sports Sci. 2004;22: 149-57.
30. Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1990. p. 325.