Taming the "wild steppe": Muscovy's Southern Frontier, 1480-1600

Russian History

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 241-297

  Khodarkovsky, Michael ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 65849155972     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633199X00094     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Such a frontier, separating the lands of the Russian princes from the lands of the Golden Horde, existed already in the thirteenth century; see V. L. Egorov, Istoricheskaia geografiia Zolotoi Ordy v XIII-XIV vv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1985), 232-33
2. SIRIO 41: 11 (no. 2)
3. Such is the standard postulate in Russian and Soviet historiography (K. B. Bazilevich, Vneshniaia politika Russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva. Vtoroia polovina XV veka [Moscow: Moskovskii universitet, 1952], 168-69
4. A. L. Khoroshkevich, Russkoe gosudarstvo v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii kontsa XV-nachala XVI v. [Moscow: Nauka, 1980], 171)
5. Historians of Russia in the West correctly questioned such an interpretation, but did not show why it was wrong (George Vemadsky, Russia at the Dawn of the Modern Age [New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1959], p. 77
6. Edward L. Keenan, "Muscovy and Kazan, 1445-1552. A Study in Steppe Politics" [Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1965], 549
7. Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde [Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1985], 70-72
8. Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980-1584 [Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995], 317-18, 386-87)
9. Most recently, Ostrowski argued convincingly that "the stand on the Ugra" was fashioned into a pivotal event in Russian history by church ideologues (Donald Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols. CrossCultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 [Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998], 164-68)
10. S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen, 15 vols. (Moscow: Izd. sotsial'noekonomicheskoi literatury, 1959-66), 381-82
11. SIRIO 41: 25 (no. 6)
12. Bazilevich, Vneshniaia politika, 165. More convincingly, Safargaliev dates this document to 1476 (M. G. Safargaliev, Raspad Zolotoi Ordy [=Uchenye zapiski Mordovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 11] [Saransk: Mordovskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1960], 270-71). Yet the unusual history of this document and its style continue to leave doubts about its authenticity
13. Solov'ev, Istoriia, 3: 77
14. SIRIO 41: 199 (no. 44)
15. V. M. Zhirmunskii, Tiurkskii geroicheskii epos (Leningrad: Nauka, 1974), 438
16. Prodolzhenie drevnei rossiiskoi vivliofiki (hereafter cited as PDRV), 11 vols (St. Petersburg: Imper. Akademiia Nauk, 1786-1801; repr., Slavic printings and reprintings, 251, ed. C. H. van Schooneveld [The Hague-Paris: Mouton, 1970]), 8: 178
17. SIRIO 41: 51 (no. 13), 52 (no. 14)
18. V. V. Vel'iaminov-Zernov, Issledovanie o Kasimovskikh tsariakh i tsarevichakh, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg: Imp Akademiia nauk, 1863-87), 1: 97-126
19. Bazilevich, Vneshniaia politika, 108-12
20. B. D. Grekov and A. Iu. Iakubovskii, Zolotaia Orda i ee padenie (Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 423-25
21. In 1486 it was reported that the sons of Ahmad khan were going to attack Mengli Giray, only if they were convinced that the Ottomans would not help him (SIRIO 41: 53 [no. 14])
22. G. A. Fedorov-Davydov, Obshchestvennyi stroi Zolotoi Ordy (Moscow: Moskovskii Universitet, 1973), 166-67
23. B.-A. B. Kochekaev, Nogaisko-russkie otnosheniia v XV-XVIII vv. (Alma-Ata: Nauka Kazakhskoi SSR, 1988), 50-52
24. SIRIO 41: 14 (no. 3)
25. Vel' iaminov-Zemov, Issledovanie, 1: 13-28
26. Vel'iaminov-Zernov incorrectly believed that Nur Devlet became the Kasimov khan only in 1486. In fact, this happened in 1478 or 1479 (Vel'iaminov-Zemov, Issledovanie, 1:90
27. SIRIO 41: 17 [no. 5])
28. SIRIO 41: 151 (no. 35)
29. M. Khudiakov, Ocherki po istorii Kazanskogo khanstva (Kazan': Gos. izd-vo, 1923, reprinted in 1990), 25-43
30. Khudiakov, Ocherki, 45-48
31. SIRIO 41: 69 (no. 19)
32. Vel'iaminov-Zernov, Issledovanie, 1: 144
33. SIRIO 41: 81-82, 85 (no. 23)
34. Kashtanov believes that the choice of Zvenigorod was prompted by Ivan's intention to secure his hold on this region and neutralize similar claims by other princes (S. M. Kashtanov, Sotsial'no-politicheskaia istoriia Rossii kontsa XV-pervoi poloviny XVI v. [Moscow: Nauka, 1967], 73)
35. Khudiakov, Ocherki, 52-53, 59
36. Janet Martin, "The Tiumen' Khanates' Encounters with Muscovy, 1481-1505, " in Passé Turco-Tatar, Présent Soviétique, ed. Ch. Lemercier-Quelguejay et al. (Paris: Éditions Peeters, 1986), 82-86
37. SIRIO 41: 255 (no. 56), 263 (no. 58), 277-79 (no. 59), 321-24 (no. 64)
38. The documents for the years 1505-08 are unavailable. SIRIO 95 [Pamiatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Krymskom, Nagaiami i Turtsieiu, t. 2, 1508-1521 gg.]: 19-21 (no. 2)
39. Peace with Poland was concluded on October 8, 1508 (The Cambridge History of Poland to 1696, ed. W. F. Reddaway et al. [Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1950], 302)
40. SIRIO 41: 390 (no. 79), 468 (no. 89), 474-76 (no. 90), 490, 495 (no. 93)
41. SIRIO 41. 412-13 (no. 81), 461, 463 (no. 88)
42. SIRIO 95: 42 (no. 2)
43. Kashtanov, Sotsial'no-politicheskaia istoriia, 246-47
44. SIRIO 95: 54-59, 68 (no. 3), 74-75, 81-82 (no. 4)
45. Cambridge History of Poland, 303-4
46. Jaroslaw Pelenski, "The Emergence of the Muscovite Claims to the Byzantine-Kievan 'Imperial Inheritance, '" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 7 (1983): 531. A recent visit to Moscow of an embassy of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian and the emperor's acknowledgment of Vasilii's title of tsar', further confirmed the rising status of Moscow
47. SIRIO 95: 153-55, 158, 160 (no. 10)
48. Solov'ev wrongly believed that Muhammad Giray used this title only when addressing the Riazan' prince (Solov'ev, Istoriia, 3: 248)
49. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei, vol. 13, Patriarshaia ili Nikonovskaia letopis' (Moscow: Nauka, 1965) (hereafter cited as Nikonovskaia letopis'), 15
50. On the distinction between arquebusiers and musketeers, see Richard Hellie, Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971), 160-63. 63.
51. SIRIO 95: 316-33 (no. 17), 358-65 (no. 21)
52. Also see Vel'iaminovZemov, Issledovanie, 1: 217-46
53. V. E. Syroechkovskii, "MuhammedGerai i ego vassaly, " Uchenye zapiski MGU, no. 61 (1940): 53-57
54. Syroechkovskii, "Muhammed-Gerai, " 53)
55. An English translation of this letter is in Jaroslaw Pelenski, Russia and Kazan: Conquest and Imperial Ideology (1438-1560s) (The Hague: Mouton, 1974), 70. Shortly thereafter, Vasilii would claim Kazan' as his patrimony (ibid., 76)
56. In 1521, it was reported that Suleyman sent the Crimean khan no annuity (ulufe) and no standard investiture (sancak) (SIRIO 95: 678 [no. 38])
57. Pelenski, Russia and Kazan, 34-35
58. Sigizmund Herberstein, Zapiski o Moskovitskikh delakh (St. Petersburg: Tip. A. S. Suvorin, 1908), 163
59. Zhirmunskii, Tiurkskii geroicheskii epos, 442-43
60. Pelenskii, Russia and Kazan, 35
61. At the same time, his brother Mamai continued to support his deposed son-in-law, Safa Giray, and in 1533 the Nogays, led by Safa Giray, together with the Crimean troops plundered Riazan' province (PDRV 7: 225-32
62. Nikonovskaia letopis', 65, 69-71
63. PDRV 7: 238-42, 250
64. Prince Mikhail Shcherbatov, Istoriia Rossiiskaia, 11 vols. (St. Petersburg: Imp. Akademiia Nauk, 1771), 5, pt. 1, supplements, 489
65. V. D. Smirnov, Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Ottomanskoi Porty do nachala XVIII veka (St. Petersburg: Tip. A. S. Suvorina, 1887), 416
66. Özalp Gökbilgin, 1532-77 Yillari Arasinda Kirim Hanligi'nin Siyasi Durumu (Ankara: Sevinc Matbaasi, 1973), 19-29
67. An account of the same event in contemporary Russian sources emphasized the piety and the strength of the Muscovite troops (Solov'ev, Istoriia, 3: 444-47
68. Nikonovskaia letopis', 128-49
69. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossii XVI stoletiia. Opyt rekonstruktsii, prepared by A. A. Zimin (Moscow, Insititut istorii AN SSSR, 1978), 299-300
70. PDRV 8: 86-93
71. Halil Inalcik, "The Khan and the Tribal Aristocracy: The Crimean Khanate under Sahib Giray I, " Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3/4 (1979-80), pt. 1 [Eucha-risterion: Essays presented to Omeljan Pritsak]: 464-66
72. PDRV8: 170, 172, 201, 264-65
73. PDRV 9: 1-3, 37-39
74. According to Richard Hellie's calculations ten kad' of honey amounted to almost one ton. See appendix 1, "Units, " in The Economic and Material Culture of Russia 1600-1725 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1999), 647
75. E. I. Kusheva, "Politika russkogo gosudarstva na Severnom Kavkaza v 1552-1572 gg., " Istoricheskie zapiski 34 (1950); 279-80
76. A. A. Novosel'skii, Bor'ba Moskovskogo gosudarstva s tatarami v pervoi polovine XVII veka (Moscow-Leningrad; AN SSSR), 23-27
77. P. A. Sadikov, "Pokhod tatar i turok na Astrakhan' v 1569 g., " Istoricheskie zapiski 22 (1947): 143-50
78. While Tin Ahmad beg was ready to assist the Crimea, some of the mirzas chose to help Astrakhan' (PDRV 11: 203)
79. Halil Inalcik, "Osmanli-Rus Rekabetinin Menshei ve DonVolga Kanali Teshebbüsü (1569), " Turk Tarih Kurumu, Belleten, no. 46 (1948): 342-402
80. A. N. Kurat, "The Turkish Expedition to Astrakhan' in 1569 and the Problem of the Don-Volga Canal, " Slavonic and East European Review 40 (1961): 7-23
81. Alexander Bennigsen, "L'Expédetion Turque contre Astrakhan' en 1569, d'après les Registres des 'Affaires importantes' des Archives ottomanes, " Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 8 (1967): 427-46
82. Kabardino-russkie otnosheniia. Dokumenty' i materialy, 2 vols. (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1957), 1: 20 (no. 10), 26 (no. 13), 27-29 (no. 16)
83. Puteshestviia russkikh poslov 16-17 vv. Stateinye spiski, ed. D. S. Likhachev (Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1954), 76
84. PDRV 11: 77-78, 86-119
85. RGADA, Nogaiskie dela, no. 9, pp. 24-25, 50-54
86. Novosel'skii, Bor'ba, 31-32
87. RGADA, Nogaiskie dela, no. 10, pp. 87, 88, 93
88. The Nogay embassy was indeed reported to have visited Bukhara, where the Nogays' "pledge of allegiance" was welcomed (Audrey Bruton, The Bukharans. A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History, 1550-1702 [New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997], 39, 41)
89. RGADA, Nogaiskie dela, no. 10, pp. 87, 88, 93, 120-21, 140
90. Novosel'skii, Bor'ba, 34-35, 44
91. V. D. Smirnov, Krymskoe khanstvo, 441-43
92. "Akty vremeni Lzhedmitriia 1-go, " ed. N. V. Rozhdestvenskii, Chteniia v Obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh pri Moskovskom universitete 264 (1918, no. 1): 110
93. Solov'ev, Istoriia, 4: 265-66
94. For a summary of the frontier defense in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, see Hellie, Enserfment, 175-80