Non-destructive testing of hardened cement specimens at microwave frequencies using a simple free-space method

NDT and E International

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 550-557

  Hasar, U C ^a,b  

^a ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b State University of New York   (United States)

Author keywords

Concrete; Microwave NDT; Mortar; Reflection coefficient; Transmission coefficient

Indexed keywords

CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES; CEMENT BASED MATERIAL; CHANNEL PROPERTY; CONCRETE SPECIMENS; DEGREE OF HYDRATION; ELECTRICAL PROPERTY; FREE SPACE; FREE SPACE METHODS; HEAVY AGGREGATES; MEASUREMENT RESULTS; MICROWAVE REFLECTION; MORTAR SPECIMENS; NEW APPROACHES; NON DESTRUCTIVE; NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING; PUBLIC SAFETY; REFLECTION COEFFICIENT; RESEARCH PAPERS; SAND PARTICLES; TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT; TRANSMISSION PROPERTY; W/C RATIO; WATER-TO-CEMENT RATIOS;

CEMENTS; CONCRETE AGGREGATES; ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; HARDENING; HEAVY WATER; HYDRATION; MICROWAVES; MORTAR; NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION; PLASTER; REFLECTION; RESEARCH; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING;

CONCRETES;

EID: 65649146062     PISSN: 09638695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.04.004     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. In: Malhotra V.M., and Carino N.J. (Eds). Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete. 2nd ed. (2004), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
2. Carriveau GW, Zoughi R. Nondestructive evaluation and characterization of complex composite structures. In: Proceedings of the 11th International symposium on nondestructive characterization of materials, Berlin, Germany, 2002, p. 273-80.
3. Arunachalam K., Melapudi V.R., Udpa L., and Udpa S.S. Microwave NDT of cement-based materials using far-field reflection coefficients. NDT&E Int 39 (2006) 585-593
4. Pavlik J., Tydlitat V., Cerny R., Klecka T., Bouska P., and Rovnanikova P. Application of a microwave impulse technique to the measurement of free water content in early hydration stages of cement paste. Cem Concr Res 33 (2003) 93-102
5. Zoughi R., Cone G.L., and Nowak P.S. Microwave nondestructive detection of rebars in concrete slabs. Mater Eval 49 (1991) 1385-1386
6. Ganchev S.I., Bakhtiari S., and Zoughi R. A novel numerical technique for dielectric measurement of generally lossy dielectrics. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 41 3 (1992) 361-365
7. Zoughi R. Microwave non-destructive testing and evaluation (2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands
8. Bois K.J., Benally A.D., and Zoughi R. Microwave near-field reflection property analysis of concrete for material content determination. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 49 1 (2000) 49-55
9. Bois K.J., Benally A.D., Nowak P.S., and Zoughi R. Cure-state monitoring and water-to-cement ratio determination of fresh Portland cement-based materials using near-field microwave techniques. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 47 3 (1998) 628-637
10. Kim Y.J., Jofre L., De Flaviis F., and Feng M.Q. Microwave reflection tomographic array for damage detection of civil structures. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 51 (2003) 3022-3032
11. Arunachalam K, Melapudi VR, Rothwell EJ, Udpa L, Udpa SS. Microwave NDE for reinforced concrete. In: 25th Review of progress in QNDE 2006, p. 455-60.
12. Pieraccini M., Luzi G., Mecatti D., Noferini L., and Atzeni C. A microwave radar technique for dynamic testing of large structures. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 51 (2003) 1603-1609
13. Al-Qadi I.L., Ghodgaonkar D.K., Varadan V.K., and Varadan V.V. Effect of moisture on asphaltic concrete at microwave frequencies. IEEE Tran Geosci Remote Sensing 29 (1991) 710-717
14. Kharkovsky S.N., Akay M.F., Hasar U.C., and Atis C.D. Measaurement and monitoring of microwave reflection and transmission properties of cement-based materials. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 51 6 (2002) 1210-1218
15. Kharkovsky S.N., and Atis C.D. Nondestructive testing of mortar specimen by using the microwave free-space method. J Mater Civ Eng 15 2 (2003) 200-204
16. Hasar U.C. Free-space nondestructive characterization of young mortar samples. J Mater Civ Eng 19 8 (2007) 674-682
17. Sato K., Manabe T., Povilka J., Ihara T., Kasashima Y., and Yamaki K. Measurement of the complex refractive index of concrete at 57.5 GHz. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 44 1 (1996) 35-40
18. Chen L.F., Ong C.K., Neo C.P., Varadan V.V., and Varadan V.K. Microwave electronics: measurement and materials characterization (2004), Wiley, West Sussex, England
19. Lasri T., Glay D., Achrait L., Mamoni A., and Leriy Y. Microwave methods and systems for nondestructive control. Subsurface Sensing Technol Appl 1 1 (2000) 141-160
20. Ma Z., and Okamura S. Permittivity determination using amplitudes of transmission and reflection coefficients at microwave frequency. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 47 5 (1999) 546-550
21. Hasar U.C. Two novel amplitude-only methods for complex permittivity determination of medium- and low-loss materials. Meas Sci Technol 19 (2008) 055706-055715
22. Hasar U.C. A fast and accurate amplitude-only transmission-reflection method for complex permittivity determination of lossy materials. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 56 9 (2008) 2129-2135
23. Hasar U.C., Westgate C.R., and Ertugrul M. Noniterative permittivity extraction of lossy liquid materials from reflection asymmetric amplitude-only microwave measurements. IEEE Microw Wireless Components Lett (2009) 10.1109/LMWC.2009.2020027 (June)
24. Hasar UC. Simple calibration plane-invariant method for complex permittivity determination of dispersive and non-dispersive materials. ET Microw Antennas Propagation (DOI:10.1049/IET-MAP.20080087) April 2009.
25. Baker-Jarvis J., Janezic M.D., Domich P.D., and Geyer R.G. Analysis of an open-ended coaxial probe with lift-off for nondestructive testing. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 43 5 (1994) 711-718
26. Pakulis I.E. Moisture detector apparatus and method (1987), Advanced Moisture Technology, Inc., Wauconda, Ill (Patent No: 4716360)
27. Trabelsi S., and Nelson S.O. Free-space measurement of dielectric properties of cereal grain and oilseed at microwave frequencies. Meas Sci Technol 14 (2003) 589-600
28. Cuinas I., and Snachez M.G. Building material characterization from complex transmittivity measurements at 5.8 GHz. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 48 8 (2000) 1269-1271
29. Landron O., Feuerstein M.J., and Rappaport T.S. A comparison of theoretical and empirical reflection coefficients for typical exterior wall surfaces in a mobile radio environment. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 44 3 (1996) 341-351
30. Zhang YP, Hwang Y. Measurements of the characteristics of indoor penetration loss. In: Proceedings of 44th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Vol. 3, 1994, p. 1741-44.
31. Constantine A B. Advanced engineering electromagnetics (1989), Wiley, New York
32. Hasar U.C., and Westgate C.R. A broadband and stable method for unique complex permittivity determination of low-loss materials. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Technol 57 2 (2009) 471-477
33. Muqaibel A., Safaai-Jazi A., Bayram A., Attiya A.M., and Riad S.M. Ultrawideband through-the-wall propagation. IEE Proc Microw Antennas Propag 152 6 (2005) 581-588
34. Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical recipes in C: the art of scientific computing (1992), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY
35. ASTM. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. Annual book of ASTM standarts, ASTM C-33, West Conshohocken, Pa; 1990
36. Ida N. Microwave NDT (1992), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherland
37. Bahr A.J. Microwave nondestructive testing methods (1982), Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, New York
38. Hasar UC. A microcontroller-based microwave measurement system for permittivity determination of fresh cement-based materials. In: Proceedings of IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technologies Conference. Warsaw, Poland, 2007.
39. Engen G.F., and Hoer C.A. TRL: an improved technique for calibrating the dual six-port automatic network analyser. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol MTT-27 12 (1979) 987-993
40. Mehta P.K. Concrete: structure, properties, and materials (1986), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
41. Postacioglu B. Concrete (1986), Press Technicians, Istanbul (in Turkish)
42. Popovics S. Concrete materials: properties, specifications, and testing (1992), Noyes Publications, New Jersey
43. Neville A.M., and Brooks J.J. Concrete technology (1993), Longman Group, London
44. Pozar D.M. Microwave engineering (2005), Wiley, New Jersey