Neurocognitive Abnormalities During Comprehension of Real-World Goal-Directed Behaviors in Schizophrenia

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 118, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 256-277

  Sitnikova, Tatiana ^a,b   Goff, Donald ^a,b   Kuperberg, Gina R ^b,c  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

behavior abnormalities; comprehension of goal directed actions; ERPs; real world knowledge; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOZAPINE; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPREHENSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEMANTIC MEMORY; VIDEORECORDING;

EID: 65649131194     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0015619     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Aloia M.S., Gourovitch M.L., Weinberger D.R., and Goldberg T.E. An investigation of semantic space in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2 (1996) 267-273
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (1994), Author, Washington, DC
3. Andreasen N.C. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (1984), University of Iowa, Iowa City
4. Andreasen N.C. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) (1984), University of Iowa, Iowa City
5. Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Alliger R., Miller D., and Flaum M. Symptoms of schizophrenia: Methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (1995) 341-351
6. Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Miller D., Flaum M., and Nopoulos P. Correlational studies of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms: An overview and update. Psychopathology 28 (1995) 7-17
7. Andrews S., Shelley A.M., Ward P.B., Fox A., Catts S.V., and McConaghy N. Event-related potential indices of semantic processing in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 34 (1993) 443-458
8. Barch D.M. The cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 1 (2005) 321-353
9. Barch D.M., Carter C.S., Braver T.S., Sabb F.W., MacDonald III A., Noll D.C., and Cohen J.D. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001) 280-288
10. Barch D.M., Carter C.S., MacDonald III A.W., Braver T.S., and Cohen J.D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 (2003) 132-143
11. Barch D.M., Cohen J.D., Servan-Schreiber D., Steingard S., Steinhauer S.S., and van Kammen D.P. Semantic priming in schizophrenia: An examination of spreading activation using word pronunciation and multiple SOAs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 592-601
12. Barrett S.E., and Rugg M.D. Event-related potentials and the semantic matching of pictures. Brain and Cognition 14 (1990) 201-212
13. Bedny M., and Thompson-Schill S.L. Neuroanatomically separable effects of imageability and grammatical class during single-word comprehension. Brain and Language 98 (2006) 127-139
14. Bentin S., Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. Electrophysiological evidence for task effects on semantic priming in auditory word processing. Psychophysiology 30 (1993) 161-169
15. Blair J.R., and Spreen O. Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist 3 (1989) 129-136
16. Blanchard J.J., and Neale J.M. Medication effects: Conceptual and methodological issues in schizophrenia research. Clinical Psychology Review 12 (1992) 345-361
17. Blondin F., and Lepage M. Decrease and increase in brain activity during visual perceptual priming: An fMRI study on similar but perceptually different complex visual scenes. Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 1887-1900
18. Bobker L.R., and Marinis L. Making movies: From script to screen (1973), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York
19. Bornkessel I., Schlesewsky M., and Friederici A.D. Beyond syntax: Language-related positivities reflect the revision of hierarchies. NeuroReport 13 (2002) 361-364
20. Bornkessel I., Schlesewsky M., and Friederici A.D. Eliciting thematic reanalysis effects: The role of syntax-independent information during parsing. Language and Cognitive Processes 18 (2003) 269-298
21. Bower G.H., Black J.B., and Turner T.J. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology 11 (1979) 177-220
22. Braver T.S., Barch D.M., and Cohen J.D. Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 312-328
23. Brekke J.S., DeBonis J.A., and Graham J.W. A latent structure analysis of the positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 35 (1994) 252-259
24. Brewer W.F., and Dupree D.A. Use of plan schemata in the recall and recognition of goal-directed actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9 (1983) 117-129
25. Cardillo E.R., Aydelott J., Matthews P.M., and Devlin J.T. Left inferior prefrontal cortex activity reflects inhibitory rather than facilitatory priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 (2004) 1552-1561
26. Chang T. Semantic memory: Facts and models. Psychological Bulletin 99 (1996) 199-220
27. Chao L.L., Haxby J.V., and Martin A. Attribute-based neural substrates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999) 913-919
28. Chao L.L., and Martin A. Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. NeuroImage 12 (2000) 478-484
29. Chwilla D.J., Brown C.M., and Hagoort P. The N400 as a function of the level of processing. Psychophysiology 32 (1995) 274-285
30. Cirino P.T., Chin C.E., Sevcik R.A., Wolf M., Lovett M., and Morris R.D. Measuring socioeconomic status: Reliability and preliminary validity for different approaches. Assessment 9 (2002) 145-155
31. Cohen J.D., Barch D.M., Carter C., and Servan-Schreiber D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 (1999) 120-133
32. Cohen J.D., and Servan-Schreiber D. Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 45-77
33. Condray R., Siegle G.J., Cohen J.D., van Kammen D.P., and Steinhauer S.R. Automatic activation of the semantic network in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1134-1148
34. Donchin E., and Coles M.G.H. Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (1988) 355-372
35. Elvevag B., Foltz P.W., Weinberger D.R., and Goldberg T.E. Quantifying incoherence in speech: An automated methodology and novel application to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 93 (2007) 304-316
36. Federmeier K.D., and Kutas M. A rose by any other name: Long-term memory structure and sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language 41 (1999) 469-495
37. Federmeier K.D., and Kutas M. Meaning and modality: Influences of context, semantic memory organization, and perceptual predictability on picture processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27 (2001) 202-224
38. Ferretti T., McRae K., and Hatherell A. Integrating verbs, situation schemas, and thematic role concepts. Journal of Memory and Language 44 (2001) 516-547
39. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Miriam G., and Williams J.B.W. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I/NP) (2002), New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York
40. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Miriam G., and Williams J.B.W. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) (2002), New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York
41. Fischler I.S., and Bloom P.A. Effects of constraint and validity of sentence contexts on lexical decisions. Memory & Cognition 13 (1985) 128-139
42. Ford J.M., Mathalon D.H., Marsh L., Faustman W.O., Harris D., Hoff A.L., et al. P300 amplitude is related to clinical state in severely and moderately ill patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 94-101
43. Freedman D.J., Riesenhuber M., Poggio T., and Miller E.K. Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 291 (2001, January 19) 312-316
44. Freedman D.J., Riesenhuber M., Poggio T., and Miller E.K. Visual categorization and the primate prefrontal cortex: Neurophysiology and behavior. Journal of Neurophysiology 88 (2002) 929-941
45. Freedman D.J., Riesenhuber M., Poggio T., and Miller E.K. A comparison of primate prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices during visual categorization. Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003) 5235-5246
46. Friederici A.D. The time course of syntactic activation during language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain and Language 50 (1995) 259-281
47. Friederici A.D., and Frisch S. Verb argument structure processing: The role of verb-specific and argument-specific information. Journal of Memory and Language 43 (2000) 476-507
48. Friederici A.D., Ruschemeyer S.A., Hahne A., and Fiebach C.J. The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cerebral Cortex 13 (2003) 170-177
49. Frodl-Bauch T., Gallinat J., Meisenzahl E.M., Moller H.J., and Hegerl U. P300 subcomponents reflect different aspects of psychopathology in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999) 116-126
50. Ganis G., Kutas M., and Sereno M.I. The search for "common sense": An electrophysiological study of the comprehension of words and pictures in reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8 (1996) 89-106
51. Geisser S., and Greenhouse S. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24 (1959) 95-112
52. Giesbrecht B., Camblin C.C., and Swaab T.Y. Separable effects of semantic priming and imageability on word processing in human cortex. Cerebral Cortex 14 (2004) 521-529
53. Godbout L., Limoges F., Allard I., Braun C.M., and Stip E. Neuropsychological and activity of daily living script performance in patients with positive or negative schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48 (2007) 293-302
54. Gold J.M., Waltz J.A., Prentice K.J., Morris S.E., and Heerey E.A. Reward processing in schizophrenia: A deficit in the representation of value. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34 (2008) 835-847
55. Goldberg T.E., and Weinberger D.R. Thought disorder, working memory and attention: Interrelationships and the effects of neuroleptic medications. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 10 Suppl. 3 (1995) 99-104
56. Grabowski T.J., Damasio H., and Damasio A.R. Premotor and prefrontal correlates of category-related lexical retrieval. NeuroImage 7 (1998) 232-243
57. Grafton S.T., Fadiga L., Arbib M.A., and Rizzolatti G. Premotor cortex activation during observation and naming of familiar tools. NeuroImage 6 (1997) 231-236
58. Green M.F. Cognition, drug treatment, and functional outcome in schizophrenia: A tale of two transitions. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (2007) 992-994
59. Grillon C., Ameli R., and Glazer W.M. N400 and semantic categorization in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 29 (1991) 467-480
60. Gur R.E., Mozley P.D., Resnick S.M., Levick S., Erwin R., Saykin A.J., and Gur R.C. Relations among clinical scales in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (1991) 472-478
61. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology (1976), National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD
62. Han S.D., Nestor P.G., Hale-Spencer M., Cohen A., Niznikiewicz M., McCarley R.W., and Wible C.G. Functional neuroimaging of word priming in males with chronic schizophrenia. NeuroImage 35 (2007) 273-282
63. Harvey P.D., Davidson M., White L., Keefe R.S., Hirschowitz J., Mohs R.C., and Davis K.L. Empirical evaluation of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: Effects of typical neuroleptics on the brief psychiatric rating scale. Biological Psychiatry 40 (1996) 755-760
64. Hoeks J.C., Stowe L.A., and Doedens G. Seeing words in context: The interaction of lexical and sentence level information during reading. Cognitive Brain Research 19 (2004) 59-73
65. Holmes A.J., MacDonald III A., Carter C.S., Barch D.M., Andrew Stenger V., and Cohen J.D. Prefrontal functioning during context processing in schizophrenia and major depression: An event-related fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 76 (2005) 199-206
66. Humphreys G.W., and Forde E.M.E. Disordered action schema and action disorganization syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology 15 (1998) 771-811
67. Hutchison K.A. Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10 (2003) 785-813
68. Iakimova G., Passerieux C., Laurent J.P., and Hardy-Bayle M.C. ERPs of metaphoric, literal, and incongruous semantic processing in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 42 (2005) 380-390
69. John J.P., Khanna S., Thennarasu K., and Reddy S. Exploration of dimensions of psychopathology in neuroleptic-naive patients with recent-onset schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder. Psychiatry Research 121 (2003) 11-20
70. Kaan E., Harris A., Gibson E., and Holcomb P. The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes 15 (2000) 159-201
71. Kamide Y., Altmann G.T.M., and Haywood S. The time-course of constraint-application during sentence processing in visual contexts: Anticipatory eye-movements in English and Japanese. In: Tanenhaus M., and Trueswell J. (Eds). World situated language use: Psycholinguistic, linguistic and computational perspectives on bridging the product and action traditions (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 229-243
72. Keefe R.S., Harvey P.D., Lenzenweger M.F., Davidson M., Apter S.H., Schmeidler J., et al. Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: Negative symptoms. Psychiatry Research 44 (1992) 153-165
73. Kemmerer D., Castillo J.G., Talavage T., Patterson S., and Wiley C. Neuroanatomical distribution of five semantic components of verbs: Evidence from fMRI. Brain and Language 107 (2008) 16-43
74. Kiang M., Christensen B.K., Remington G., and Kapur S. Apathy in schizophrenia: Clinical correlates and association with functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research 63 (2003) 79-88
75. Kiang M., Kutas M., Light G.A., and Braff D.L. Electrophysiological insights into conceptual disorganization in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 92 (2007) 225-236
76. Kiang M., Kutas M., Light G.A., and Braff D.L. An event-related brain potential study of direct and indirect semantic priming in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (2008) 74-81
77. Kim A., and Osterhout L. The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Memory and Language 52 (2005) 205-225
78. Kolk H.H., Chwilla D.J., van Herten M., and Oor P.J. Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials. Brain and Language 85 (2003) 1-36
79. Kostova M., Passerieux C., Laurent J.P., and Hardy-Bayle M.C. N400 anomalies in schizophrenia are correlated with the severity of formal thought disorder. Schizophrenia Research 78 (2005) 285-291
80. Kotz S.A., Cappa S.F., von Cramon D.Y., and Friederici A.D. Modulation of the lexical-semantic network by auditory semantic priming: An event-related functional MRI study. NeuroImage 17 (2002) 1761-1772
81. Kreher D.A., Holcomb P.J., Goff D., and Kuperberg G.R. Neural evidence for faster and further automatic spreading activation in schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34 (2008) 473-482
82. Kuperberg G.R. Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. Brain Research 1146 (2007) 23-49
83. Kuperberg G.R., Caplan D., Sitnikova T., Eddy M., and Holcomb P.J. Neural correlates of processing syntactic, thematic and semantic relationships in sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes 21 (2006) 489-530
84. Kuperberg G.R., Deckersbach T., Holt D.J., Goff D., and West W.C. Increased temporal and prefrontal activity in response to semantic associations in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64 (2007) 138-151
85. Kuperberg G.R., Holcomb P.J., Sitnikova T., Greve D., Dale A.M., and Caplan D. Distinct patterns of neural modulation during the processing of conceptual and syntactic anomalies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 (2003) 272-293
86. Kuperberg G.R., Kreher D.A., Sitnikova T., Caplan D.N., and Holcomb P.J. The role of animacy and thematic relationships in processing active English sentences: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language 100 (2007) 223-237
87. Kuperberg G.R., Sitnikova T., Caplan D., and Holcomb P.J. Electrophysiological distinctions in processing conceptual relationships within simple sentences. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research 17 (2003) 117-129
88. Kuperberg G.R., Sitnikova T., Goff D., and Holcomb P.J. Making sense of sentences in schizophrenia: Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal interactions between semantic and syntactic processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115 (2006) 251-265
89. Kuperberg G.R., Sitnikova T., and Lakshmanan B.M. Neuroanatomical distinctions within the semantic system during sentence comprehension: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage 40 (2008) 367-388
90. Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. Event-related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological Psychology 11 (1980) 99-116
91. Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207 (1980, January 11) 203-205
92. Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. An electrophysiological probe of incidental semantic association. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1 (1989) 38-49
93. Kwapil T.R., Hegley D.C., Chapman L.J., and Chapman J.P. Facilitation of word recognition by semantic priming in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99 (1990) 215-221
94. Levin D.T., and Simons D.J. Perceiving stability in a changing world: Combining shots and integrating views in motion pictures and the real world. Media Psychology 2 (2000) 357-380
95. Levy R., and Dubois B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006) 916-928
96. Liddle P.F. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1987) 145-151
97. Maher B.A. A tentative theory of schizophrenic utterance. Progress in Experimental Personality Research 12 (1983) 1-52
98. Maher B.A., Manschreck T.C., Linnet J., and Candela S. Quantitative assessment of the frequency of normal associations in the utterances of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research 78 (2005) 219-224
99. Manoach D.S. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: Reconciling discrepant findings. Schizophrenia Research 60 (2003) 285-298
100. Manschreck T.C., Maher B.A., Milavetz J.J., Ames D., Weisstein C.C., and Schneyer M.L. Semantic priming in thought disordered schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 1 (1988) 61-66
101. Martin A., Wiggs C.L., Ungerleider L.G., and Haxby J.V. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature 379 (1996, February 15) 649-652
102. Mathalon D.H., Faustman W.O., and Ford J.M. N400 and automatic semantic processing abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (2002) 641-648
103. Mathalon D.H., Ford J.M., and Pfefferbaum A. Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: A retrospective longitudinal study. Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000) 434-449
104. McPherson W.B., and Holcomb P.J. An electrophysiological investigation of semantic priming with pictures of real objects. Psychophysiology 36 (1999) 53-65
105. McRae K., Hare M., Elman J.L., and Ferretti T. A basis for generating expectancies for verbs from nouns. Memory & Cognition 33 (2005) 1174-1184
106. McRae K., Hare M., Ferretti T., and Elman J.L. Activating verbs from typical agents, patients, instruments, and locations via event schemas. In: Moore J.D., and Stenning K. (Eds). Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 617-622
107. Miller E.K., Freedman D.J., and Wallis J.D. The prefrontal cortex: Categories, concepts and cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 357 (2002) 1123-1136
108. Miller E.K., Nieder A., Freedman D.J., and Wallis J.D. Neural correlates of categories and concepts. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 13 (2003) 198-203
109. Minas I.H., Klimidis S., Stuart G.W., Copolov D.L., and Singh B.S. Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses: Principal components analysis of items from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry 35 (1994) 135-144
110. Moore C.D., Cohen M.X., and Ranganath C. Neural mechanisms of expert skills in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 11187-11196
111. Moore C.J., and Price C.J. A functional neuroimaging study of the variables that generate category-specific object processing differences. Brain 122 (1999) 943-962
112. Moritz S., Mersmann K., Kloss M., Jacobsen D., Wilke U., Andresen B., et al. "Hyper-priming" in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients. Psychological Medicine 31 (2001) 221-229
113. Moritz S., Woodward T.S., Kuppers D., Lausen A., and Schickel M. Increased automatic spreading of activation in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 59 (2003) 181-186
114. Murray L.J., and Ranganath C. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to successful relational memory encoding. Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007) 5515-5522
115. Nestor P.G., Kimble M.O., O'Donnell B.F., Smith L., Niznikiewicz M., Shenton M.E., and McCarley R.W. Aberrant semantic activation in schizophrenia: A neurophysiological study. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 640-646
116. Newman A.J., Pancheva R., Ozawa K., Neville H.J., and Ullman M.T. An event-related fMRI study of syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30 (2001) 339-364
117. Ni W., Constable R.T., Mencl W.E., Pugh K.R., Fulbright R.K., Shaywitz S.E., et al. An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000) 120-133
118. Niznikiewicz M.A., O'Donnell B.F., Nestor P.G., Smith L., Law S., Karapelou M., et al. ERP assessment of visual and auditory language processing in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 (1997) 85-94
119. Oldfield R. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia 9 (1971) 97-113
120. Olichney J.M., Iragui V.J., Kutas M., Nowacki R., and Jeste D.V. N400 abnormalities in late life schizophrenia and related psychoses. Biological Psychiatry 42 (1997) 13-23
121. Osterhout L., and Holcomb P.J. Event-related potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language 31 (1992) 785-806
122. Osterhout L., Holcomb P.J., and Swinney D.A. Brain potentials elicited by garden-path sentences: Evidence of the application of verb information during parsing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20 (1994) 786-803
123. Osterhout L., McLaughlin J., and Bersick M. Event-related brain potentials and human language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1 (1997) 203-209
124. Overall J.E. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in psychopharmacology research. In: Pichot P. (Ed). Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology: Modern problems in pharmacopsychiatry (1974), Karger, Basel, Paris 267-301
125. Overall J.E., and Klett C.J. Applied multivariate analysis (1972), McGraw-Hill, New York
126. Paivio A. Mental representations: A dual coding approach (1986), Oxford University Press, New York
127. Patterson T.L., Goldman S., McKibbin C.L., Hughs T., and Jeste D.V. UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment: Development of a new measure of everyday functioning for severely mentally ill adults. Schizophrenia Bulletin 27 (2001) 235-245
128. Peralta V., and Cuesta M.J. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A confirmatory factor analysis of competing models. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 1450-1457
129. Peralta V., and Cuesta M.J. Dimensional structure of psychotic symptoms: An item-level analysis of SAPS and SANS symptoms in psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research 38 (1999) 13-26
130. Phillips M.R., Xiong W., Wang R.W., Gao Y.H., Wang X.Q., and Zhang N.P. Reliability and validity of the Chinese versions of the Scales for Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 84 (1991) 364-370
131. Picton T.W. The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 9 (1992) 456-479
132. Polich J. Attention, probability, and task demands as determinants of P300 latency from auditory stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 63 (1986) 251-259
133. Poole J.H., Ober B.A., Shenaut G.K., and Vinogradov S. Independent frontal-system deficits in schizophrenia: Cognitive, clinical, and adaptive implications. Psychiatry Research 85 (1999) 161-176
134. Potter M.C., and Faulconer B.A. Time to understand pictures and words. Nature 253 (1975, February 6) 437-438
135. Rempfer M.V., Hamera E.K., Brown C.E., and Cromwell R.L. The relations between cognition and the independent living skill of shopping in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 117 (2003) 103-112
136. Rizzolatti G., Fogassi L., and Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001) 661-670
137. Rossell S.L., Price C.J., and Nobre A.C. The anatomy and time course of semantic priming investigated by fMRI and ERPs. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 550-564
138. Rougier N.P., Noelle D.C., Braver T.S., Cohen J.D., and O'Reilly R.C. Prefrontal cortex and flexible cognitive control: Rules without symbols. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102 (2005) 7338-7343
139. Ruby P., Sirigu A., and Decety J. Distinct areas in parietal cortex involved in long-term and short-term action planning: A PET investigation. Cortex 38 (2002) 321-339
140. Ruchsow M., Trippel N., Groen G., Spitzer M., and Kiefer M. Semantic and syntactic processes during sentence comprehension in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials. Schizophrenia Research 64 (2003) 147-156
141. Ruggeri M., Koeter M., Schene A., Bonetto C., Vazquez-Barquero J.L., Becker T., et al. Factor solution of the BPRS-Expanded Version in schizophrenic outpatients living in five European countries. Schizophrenia Research 75 (2005) 107-117
142. Salisbury D.F., O'Donnell B.F., McCarley R.W., Nestor P.G., and Shenton M.E. Event-related potentials elicited during a context-free homograph task in normal versus schizophrenic subjects. Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 456-463
143. Salisbury D.F., Shenton M.E., Nestor P.G., and McCarley R.W. Semantic bias, homograph comprehension, and event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology 113 (2002) 383-395
144. Schutzwohl M., Jarosz-Nowak J., Briscoe J., Szajowski K., and Kallert T. Inter-rater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Groningen Social Disabilities Schedule in a European multi-site randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of acute psychiatric day hospitals. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 12 (2003) 197-207
145. Sharma T., and Antonova L. Cognitive function in schizophrenia: Deficits, functional consequences, and future treatment. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26 (2003) 25-40
146. Simons J.S., Koutstaal W., Prince S., Wagner A.D., and Schacter D.L. Neural mechanisms of visual object priming: Evidence for perceptual and semantic distinctions in fusiform cortex. NeuroImage 19 (2003) 613-626
147. Sitnikova, T. (2003). Comprehension of videos of real-world events: Electrophysiological evidence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tufts University.
148. Sitnikova T., Holcomb P.J., Kiyonaga K.A., and Kuperberg G.R. Two neurocognitive mechanisms of semantic integration during the comprehension of visual real-world events. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20 (2008) 11-22
149. Sitnikova T., Holcomb P.J., and Kuperberg G.R. Neurocognitive mechanisms of human comprehension. In: Shipley T.F., and Zacks J.M. (Eds). Understanding events: From perception to action (2008), Oxford University Press, New York 639-683
150. Sitnikova, T., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2007, March-April). Time-course and neuroanatomy of abnormal real-world comprehension in schizophrenia. Paper presented at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2007, Colorado Springs, CO.
151. Sitnikova T., Kuperberg G.R., and Holcomb P.J. Semantic integration in videos of real-world events: An electrophysiological investigation. Psychophysiology 40 (2003) 160-164
152. Sitnikova T., Salisbury D.F., Kuperberg G.R., and Holcomb P.I. Electrophysiological insights into language processing in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 39 (2002) 851-860
153. Sitnikova T., West W.C., Kuperberg G.R., and Holcomb P.J. The neural organization of semantic memory: Electrophysiological activity suggests feature-based segregation. Biological Psychology 71 (2006) 326-340
154. Spitzer M., Braun U., Hermle L., and Maier S. Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: Direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological Psychiatry 34 (1993) 864-877
155. Spitzer M., Braun U., Maier S., Hermle L., and Maher B.A. Indirect semantic priming in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 11 (1993) 71-80
156. Spitzer M., Weisker I., Winter M., Maier S., Hermle L., and Maher B.A. Semantic and phonological priming in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103 (1994) 485-494
157. Stanovich K.E., and West R.F. On priming by a sentence context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112 (1983) 1-36
158. Thomas V.S., Rockwood K., and McDowell I. Multidimensionality in instrumental and basic activities of daily living. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51 (1998) 315-321
159. Thompson-Schill S.L. Neuroimaging studies of semantic memory: Inferring "how" from "where.". Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 280-292
160. Titone D., Holzman P.S., and Levy D.L. Idiom processing in schizophrenia: Literal implausibility saves the day for idiom priming. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111 (2002) 313-320
161. Titone D., Levy D.L., and Holzman P.S. Contextual insensitivity in schizophrenic language processing: Evidence from lexical ambiguity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 761-767
162. Toomey R., Kremen W.S., Simpson J.C., Samson J.A., Seidman L.J., Lyons M.J., et al. Revisiting the factor structure for positive and negative symptoms: Evidence from a large heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 371-377
163. Turetsky B., Colbath E.A., and Gur R.E. P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: II. Longitudinal stability and relationship to symptom change. Biological Psychiatry 43 (1998) 31-39
164. Tyler L.K., Stamatakis E.A., Dick E., Bright P., Fletcher P., and Moss H. Objects and their actions: Evidence for a neurally distributed semantic system. NeuroImage 18 (2003) 542-557
165. Vandenberghe R., Price C., Wise R., Josephs O., and Frackowiak R.S. Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature 383 (1996, September 19) 254-256
166. Van der Does A.J., Linszen D.H., Dingemans P.M., Nugter M.A., and Scholte W.F. A dimensional and categorical approach to the symptomatology of recent-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181 (1993) 744-749
167. van Herten M., Chwilla D.J., and Kolk H.H. When heuristics clash with parsing routines: ERP evidence for conflict monitoring in sentence perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006) 1181-1197
168. van Herten M., Kolk H.H., and Chwilla D.J. An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies. Cognitive Brain Research 22 (2005) 241-255
169. Van Petten C., and Luka B.J. Neural localization of semantic context effects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies. Brain and Language 97 (2006) 279-293
170. van Reekum R., Stuss D.T., and Ostrander L. Apathy: Why care?. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17 (2005) 7-19
171. Velligan D.I., Mahurin R.K., Diamond P.L., Hazleton B.C., Eckert S.L., and Miller A.L. The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 25 (1997) 21-31
172. Ventura J., Green M.F., Shaner A., and Liberman R.P. Training and quality assurance with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: "The drift busters.". International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 3 (1993) 221-244
173. Vinogradov S., Ober B.A., and Shenaut G.K. Semantic priming of word pronunciation and lexical decision in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 8 (1992) 171-181
174. Weinberger D.R., Egan M.F., Bertolino A., Callicott J.H., Mattay V.S., Lipska B.K., et al. Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50 (2001) 825-844
175. West W.C., and Holcomb P.J. Event-related potentials during discourse-level semantic integration of complex pictures. Cognitive Brain Research 13 (2002) 363-375
176. Wheatley T., Weisberg J., Beauchamp M.S., and Martin A. Automatic priming of semantically related words reduces activity in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005) 1871-1885
177. White K., and Ashton R. Handedness assessment inventory. Neuropsychologia 14 (1976) 261-264
178. Yoon J.H., Minzenberg M.J., Ursu S., Walters R., Wendelken C., Ragland J.D., and Carter C.S. Association of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction with disrupted coordinated brain activity in schizophrenia: Relationship with impaired cognition, behavioral disorganization, and global function. American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (2008) 1006-1014
179. Zacks J.M., Speer N.K., Swallow K.M., Braver T.S., and Reynolds J.R. Event perception: A mind-brain perspective. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007) 273-293