Investigating the Effects of Marriage and Relationship Education on Couples' Communication Skills: A Meta-Analytic Study

Journal of Family Psychology

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 203-214

  Blanchard, Victoria L ^a   Hawkins, Alan J ^b   Baldwin, Scott A ^b   Fawcett, Elizabeth B ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

couples' communication; marriage relationship education; meta analysis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EVALUATION; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MARITAL THERAPY; MARRIAGE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY;

COMMUNICATION; COUPLES THERAPY; EVALUATION STUDIES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MARITAL THERAPY; MARRIAGE;

EID: 65549153029     PISSN: 08933200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0015211     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Adam D., and Gingras M. Short- and long-term effects of a marital enrichment program upon couple functioning. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 8 (1982) 97-118
2. Adler-Baeder F., Kerpelman J.J., Schramm D., Higginbotham B.J., and Paulk G.A. The impact of relationship education on adolescents of diverse backgrounds. Family Relations 56 (2007) 291-330
3. Anderson L.D. The effects of a home-based, audio cassette marriage enrichment course on marital communication and marital adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, North Texas State University, 1984). Dissertation Abstract International 45 (1984) 1989A
4. Avery A.W., Ridley C.A., Leslie L.A., and Milholland T. Relationship enhancement with premarital dyads: A six-month follow-up. The American Journal of Family Therapy 8 (1980) 23-30
5. Bagarozzi D.A., Bagarozzi J.I., Anderson S.A., and Pollane L. Premarital education and training sequence (PETS): A 3-year follow-up of an experimental study. Journal of Counseling and Development 63 (1984) 91-100
6. Baldwin S.A., and Shadish W.R. Publication bias in meta-analyses (Working paper) (2006), Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
7. Baughman D.A. The effect of self-esteem, relationship satisfaction, conceptual complexity and present relationship communication patterns on the learning of communication skills: A field study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International 42 (1981) 3910A
8. Beaver W.A. Conjoint and pseudo-disjunctive treatment in communication skills for relationship improvement with marital couples (Doctoral dissertation, Marquette University, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International 39 (1978) 3361A-3362A (UMI No. 78-2, 4332)
9. Biderman R. The effects of the Minnesota Couples Communication Program on communication, adaptability and cohesion: A quasi-experimental investigation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International 43 (1982) 2600A
10. Bienvenu Sr. M.J. Measurement of marital communication. The Family Coordinator 56 (1970) 153-181
11. Biostat. Comprehensive meta-analysis Version 2.2 [Computer software] (2006), Author, Englewood, NJ
12. Bodenmann G., Charvoz L., Cina A., and Widmer K. Prevention of marital distress by enhancing the coping skills of couples: 1-year follow-up study. Swiss Journal of Psychology 60 (2001) 3-10
13. Boike D.E. The impact of a premarital program on communication process, communication facilitativeness, and personality trait variables of engaged couples (Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International 38 5-A (1977) 3083
14. Braukhaus C., Hahlweg K., Kröger C., Groth T., and Fehm-Wolfsdorf G. Darf es ein wenig mehr sein? Zur Wirksamkeit von Auffrischungssitzungen bei der Prävention von Beziehungsstörungen [A little bit more? The impact of adding booster sessions to a prevention training program for marital distress]. Verhaltenstherapie 11 (2001) 56-62
15. Breen R.B. The effects of a communication skills workshop on dyadic adjustment in marital relationships (Doctoral dissertation, East Texas State University, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International 50 (1989) 1215A
16. Brock G.W. Unilateral marital intervention: Training spouses to train their partners in communication skills (Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International 39 11-B (1978) 5511-5512 (UMI No. AAT 7909049)
17. Brock G.W., and Joanning H. A comparison of the Relationship Enhancement Program and the Minnesota Couple Communication Program. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 9 (1983) 413-421
18. Brown J.O. Effects of Adventist engaged encounter on role expectations and growth in premarital relations (Doctoral dissertation, Andrews University, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (1993) 2750A
19. Bryan A.A.M. Effect of community based intervention on relationship quality in expectant parent couples (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International 56 (1995) 3689B
20. Burnham R.A. Effects of the Couple Communication Program on marital and family communication of high and low socioeconomic status couples (Doctoral dissertation, University of Notre Dame, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International 45 (1984) 1006B
21. Busick C.A. The effects of communication training on marital communication, marital satisfaction and self-concept (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M. University, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International 43 3-A (1982) 725 (UMI No. 8219094)
22. Butler M.H., and Wampler K.S. A meta-analytic update of research on the Couple Communication program. The American Journal of Family Therapy 27 (1999) 223-237
23. Carpenter K.M. Prevention of the decline of marital satisfaction during the transition to parenthood: A pilot test of marital skills training workshop (Master's thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 1995). Masters Abstracts International 34 (1995) 878
24. Carroll J.S., and Doherty W.J. Evaluating the effectiveness of premarital prevention programs: A meta-analytic review of outcome research. Family Relations 52 (2003) 105-118
25. Chambers F.A. A comparison of the effects of the Couple Communication II Program and a family of origin workshop on marital satisfaction and individual autonomy (Doctoral dissertation, The College of William and Mary, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International 47 (1986) 3311A
26. Cina A., Widmer K., and Bodenmann G. Die Wirksamkeit des Freiburger Stresspräventionstrainings (FSPT): Ein Vergleich von zwei Trainingsvarianten [The effectiveness of the Couple's Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A comparison of two training versions]. Verhaltenstherapie 12 (2002) 36-45
27. Cleaver G. Marriage enrichment by means of a structured communication programme. Family Relations 36 (1987) 49-54
28. Cottle L.T. Effects of training conditions upon married couples' empathic ability, perception of spouse's empathy, marital intimacy, and marital satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International 49 (1987) 746A
29. Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Pruett, M., & Pruett, K. (2007, June). Supporting father involvement in low-income families: Interventions for fathers and couples. Paper presented at the Administration for Children and Families Welfare Research Conference, Crystal City, VA.
30. Cullen H.F. The effects of participation in marriage encounter on marital communication and marital satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International 46 (1985) 2866B
31. Cummings E.M., Faircloth W.B., Mitchell P.M., Cummings J.S., and Schermerhorn A.C. Evaluating a brief prevention program for improving marital conflict in community families. Journal of Family Psychology 22 (2008) 193-202
32. Davis G.M. The differential effect of married couple communication training in groups with the spouse present and spouse not present (Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International 40 (1979) 4023
33. Davis M.W. An experimental study of the "growing together" marriage preparation program (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International 56 (1995) 2563A
34. Delaney II J.E. The effects of participation in a marital preparation program on couple compatibility (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Toledo, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International 55 (1993) 6701B
35. DeMaria R.M. Distressed couples and marriage education. Family Relations 54 (2005) 242-253
36. Dion M.R., and Hawkins A.J. Federal policy efforts to improve outcomes among disadvantaged families by supporting marriage and family stability. In: Crane D.R., and Heaton T.B. (Eds). Handbook of families and poverty (2008), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 411-425
37. Dode I.L. An evaluation of the Minnesota Couples Communication Program: A structured educational enrichment experience (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International 40 (1979) 1211A (UMI No. 79-20, 500)
38. Duncan, S. F., Steed, A., & Martino, C. (2006). Comparing web-based and traditional family life education on outcomes for marriage. Unpublished manuscript, Brigham Young University.
39. Durana C. Bonding and emotional reeducation of couples in the PAIRS training: Part 2. The American Journal of Family Therapy 24 (1996) 315-328
40. Durana C. A longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of the PAIRS psychoeducational program for couples. Family Therapy 23 (1996) 11-36
41. Dyer P., and Kotrla K. Active Military Life Skills program: AMLS final report. Communication (2006), Baylor University School of Social Work, Waco, TX
42. Dyer P., and Kotrla K. Hispanic Active Relationship project: HARP preliminary report (2006), Baylor University School of Social Work, Waco, TX
43. Farris D.W., and Avery A.W. Training marital couples in problem-solving skills: An evaluation of a weekend training format. Family Therapy 7 (1980) 83-96
44. Flay B.R., Biglan A., Boruch R.F., Castro F.G., Gottfredson D., Kellam S., et al. Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Research 6 (2005) 151-175
45. Floyd F.J. Couples' cognitive/affective reactions to communication behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family 50 (1988) 523-532
46. Floyd F.J., O'Farrell T.J., and Goldberg M. Comparison of marital observational measures: The Marital Interaction Coding System and the Communication Skills Test. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55 (1987) 423-429
47. Gardner, S. P., & Boellaard, R. (2006, November). Does youth relationship education work after high school? A longitudinal study. Poster session presented at the National Council on Family Relations, Minneapolis, MN.
48. Gardner S.P., Giese K., and Parrot S.M. Evaluation of the Connections: Relationships and Marriage curriculum. Family Relations 53 (2004) 521-527
49. Gottman J., Ryan K., Swanson C., and Swanson K. Proximal change experiments with couples: A methodology for empirically building a science of effective interventions for changing couples' interaction. The Journal of Family Communication 5 (2005) 163-190
50. Gottman J.M., Coan J., Carrere S., and Swanson C. Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and the Family 60 (1998) 5-22
51. Greene G.J. The effect of the Relationship Enhancement Program on marital communication and self-esteem. The Journal of Applied Social Sciences 10 (1985-1986) 78-94
52. Hahlweg K., and Markman H.J. Effectiveness of behavioral marital therapy: Empirical status of behavioral techniques in preventing and alleviating marital distress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 (1988) 440-447
53. Hahlweg K., Markman H.J., Thurmaier F., Engl J., and Eckert V. Prevention of marital distress: Results of a German prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology 12 (1998) 543-556
54. Halford K.W., Moore E., Wilson K.L., Farrugia C., and Dyer C. Benefits of flexible delivery relationship education: An evaluation of the Couple CARE Program. Family Relations 53 (2004) 469-476
55. Halford K.W., O'Donnell C., Lizzio A., and Wilson K.L. Do couples at high risk of relationship problems attend premarriage education?. Journal of Family Psychology 20 (2006) 160-163
56. Halford W.K., Markman H.J., and Stanley S.M. Strengthening couple relationships with education: Social policy and public health perspectives. Journal of Family Psychology 22 (2008) 497-505
57. Halford W.K., Sanders M.R., and Behrens B.C. Can skills training prevent relationship problems in at-risk couples? Four-year effects of a behavioral relationship education program. Journal of Family Psychology 15 (2001) 750-768
58. Hardwick J.B. CREDO marriage enrichment retreat: Measuring program efficiency for the Canadian forces chaplaincy (Doctoral dissertation, Regent University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International 66 (2005) 1809-2030
59. Harrington C.M. A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of two marriage preparation programs: A look at the importance of communication skill training (Doctoral dissertation, Lehigh University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International 60 (1998) 366
60. Hawkins A.J., Blanchard V.L., Baldwin S.A., and Fawcett E.B. Does marriage and relationship education work? A meta-analytic study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (2008) 723-734
61. Hawkins A.J., Carroll J.S., Doherty W.J., and Willoughby B. A comprehensive framework for marriage education. Family Relations 53 (2004) 547-558
62. Hawley D.R., and Olson D.H. Enriching newlyweds: An evaluation of three enrichment programs. The American Journal of Family Therapy 23 (1995) 129-147
63. Hedges L.V. Distribution theory for Glasser's estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics 6 (1981) 107-128
64. Heyman R.E. Observation of couple conflicts: Clinical assessment applications, stubborn truths, and shaky foundations. Psychological Assessment 13 (2001) 5-35
65. Hight T.L. Do the rich get richer? A meta-analysis of the methodological and substantive moderators of couple enrichment (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International 61 (2000) 3278B
66. Hollis K.A. Examining the impact of a psycho-spiritual educational model of marriage enrichment on seminary couples: A pilot study (Doctoral dissertation, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International 65 (2004) 181
67. Hops H., Wills T.A., Patterson G.R., and Weiss R.L. Marital interaction coding system (1972), University of Oregon Research Institute, Eugene
68. Hoskins J.T. A comparison of skill-enhancement interventions with step-parenting couples (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International 45 (1984) 3549A
69. Jessee R.E., and Guerney Jr. B.G. A comparison of Gestalt and relationship enhancement treatments with married couples. The American Journal of Family Therapy 9 (1981) 31-41
70. Joanning H. The long-term effects of the Couple Communication Program. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 8 (1982) 463-468
71. Kaiser A., Hahlweg K., Fehm-Wolfsdorf G., and Groth T. The efficacy of a compact psychoeducational group training program for married couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 753-760
72. Kaiser A., Hahlweg K., Fehm-Wolfsdorf G., and Groth T. Indizierte Prävention bei Beziehungsstörungen-Evaluation eines psychoedukativen Kompakt-programmes für Paare [Indicated prevention for longer married couples: Efficacy of a compact group program]. Verhaltenstherapie 9 (1999) 76-85
73. Kelly A.B., Fincham F.D., and Beach S.R.H. Communication skills in couples: A review and discussion of emerging perspectives. In: Burleson B.R., and Green J.O. (Eds). Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (2003), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 723-751
74. Lane M.T. An evaluation of a self-instructional marital enrichment training program (Doctoral dissertation, McGill University, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International 55 (1993) 1531A
75. Larson K.B. The effects of communication training in small groups upon self-disclosure, marital adjustment, and emotional attachment in marriage (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Utah, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International 37 (1976) 5328B
76. Laurenceau J.P., Stanley S.M., Olmos-Gallo A., Baucom B., and Markman H.J. Community-based prevention of marital dysfunction: Multilevel modeling of a randomized effectiveness study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (2004) 933-943
77. Lipsey M.W., and Wilson D.B. Practical meta-analysis (2001), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
78. Long, E. C. J. (2000). [A longitudinal assessment of an empathy training program for couples in romantic relationships]. Unpublished raw data.
79. Lorenz F.O., Melby J.N., Conger R.D., and Xu X. The effects of context on the correspondence between observational ratings and questionnaire reports of hostile behavior: A multitrait, multimethod approach. Journal of Family Psychology 21 (2007) 498-509
80. Markman H.J., and Floyd F. Possibilities for the prevention of marital discord: A behavioral perspective. American Journal of Family Therapy 8 (1980) 29-48
81. Markman H.J., Floyd F.J., Stanley S.M., and Storaasli R.D. Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 (1988) 210-217
82. Meadors R.E. Marriage enrichment: An emerging specialty of prevention in the field of marital counseling (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (1989) 2270A
83. Meadors W.K. The effects of a partially structured marriage enrichment weekend program on couples' perception of marital communication and adjustment changes (Doctoral dissertation, Memphis State University, 1994). Dissertation Abstracts International 55 (1994) 1192A
84. Milholland T.A., and Avery A.W. Effects of marriage encounter on self-disclosure, trust and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 8 (1982) 87-89
85. Miller S.L., Nunnally E.W., and Wackman D.B. Minnesota Couples Communication Program (MCCP): Premarital and marital groups. In: Olson D.H.L. (Ed). Treating relationships (1975), Graphic, Lake Mills, IA 21-39
86. Most R., and Guerney Jr. B. An empirical evaluation of the training of lay volunteer leaders for premarital relationship enhancement. Family Relations 32 (1983) 239-251
87. Mrazek P.J., and Haggerty R.J. Reducing the risks for mental disorder: Frontiers for preventive intervention research (1994), Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington DC
88. Nowak C., and Heinrichs N. A comprehensive meta-analysis of Triple-P Positive Parenting program using hierarchical linear modeling: Effectiveness and moderating variables. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review 11 (2008) 114-144
89. Ochs E., Graesch A.P., Mittmann A., Bradbury T., and Repetti R. Video ethnography and ethnoarchaeological tracking. In: Pitt-Catsouphes M.P., Kossek E.E., and Sweet S. (Eds). The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 387-409
90. Oxford M.C. Success: Satisfying unions through couples communication and enhancement skills: A secondary prevention and enhancement program for married couples (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International 64 (2003) 4629B
91. Perlow S.P. An evaluation of a weaning procedure in increasing the maintenance of a couple communication training program (Doctoral dissertation, De Paul University, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International 46 (1985) 3604A
92. Petch, J. F., Halford, W. K., & Creedy, D. (2006). Promoting a positive transition to parenthood: A randomized controlled trial of the Couple Care for Parents program. Unpublished manuscript, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
93. Pretorius H.G., van Wyk J.D., and Scheppers J.M. Die evaluering van 'n huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram [The evaluation of a marital preparation program]. South African Journal of Psychology 22 (1992) 140-146
94. Ramsay A.J. Marriage enrichment: The use of computers to teach communication skills (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International 50 (1989) 2390A
95. Reardon-Anderson J., Stagner M., Macomber J.E., and Murray J. Systematic review of the impact of marriage and relationship programs (2005), Urban Institute, Washington, DC. http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411142 Retrieved February 5, 2006, from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411142
96. Ridley C.A., Avery A.W., Harrell J.E., Haynes-Clements L.A., and McCunney N. Mutual problem-solving skills training for premarital couples: A six-month follow-up. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2 (1981) 179-188
97. Ridley C.A., and Bain A.B. The effects of a premarital relationship enhancement program on self-disclosure. Family Therapy 10 (1983) 13-24
98. Ridley C.A., Jorgensen S.R., Morgan A.G., and Avery A.W. Relationship enhancement with premarital couples: An assessment of effects on relationship quality. The American Journal of Family Therapy 10 (1982) 41-48
99. Ridley C.A., and Nelson R.R. The behavioral effects of training premarital couples in mutual problem solving skills. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1 (1984) 197-210
100. Ripley J.S., and Worthington Jr. E.L. Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling & Development 80 (2002) 452-463
101. Rishel C.W. Evidence-based prevention practice in mental health: What is it and how do we get there?. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 (2007) 153-164
102. Sager D.E., and Sager W.G. SANCTUS marriage enrichment. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 13 (2005) 212-218
103. Saiz C.C. Teaching couples communication and problem-solving skills: A self-directed, videotaped version of the prevention relationship enhancement program (PREP) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International 62 (2001) 2076B
104. Samko M.R. Self-disclosure and marital communication as a function of participation in a marriage workshop and the subsequent use of a communication technique (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International 38 (1976) 4478B
105. Sams W.P. Marriage preparation: An experimental comparison of the Premarital Relationship Enhancement (PRE) and the Engaged Encounter (EE) programs (Doctoral Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International 44 (1983) 3207-3477
106. Schaffer M. An evaluation of the Minnesota Couple Communication program upon communication of married couples (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International 41 (1980) 4643B
107. Schilling E.A., Baucom D.H., Burnett C.K., Allen E.S., and Ragland L. Altering the course of marriage: The effect of PREP communication skills acquisition on couples' risk of becoming maritally distressed. Journal of Family Psychology 17 (2003) 41-53
108. Schwartz C., Bode R., Repucci N., Becker J., Sprangers M., and Fayers P. The clinical significance of adaptation to changing health: A meta-analysis of response shift. Quality of Life Research 15 (2006) 1533-1550
109. Schwartz R.C. The relationship among communication style, self esteem, and the Couple Communication Program (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International 41 (1980) 3198
110. Shadish W.R., and Baldwin S.A. Meta-analysis of MFT interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 29 (2003) 547-570
111. Shadish W.R., Matt G.E., Navarro A.M., and Phillips G. The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 126 (2000) 512-529
112. Shapiro A.F., and Gottman J.M. Effects on marriage of a psycho-communicative-educational intervention with couples undergoing the transition to parenthood, evaluation at 1-year post intervention. Journal of Family Communication 5 (2005) 1-24
113. Spitzberg B.H. Methods of interpersonal skill assessment. In: Greene J.O., and Burleson B.R. (Eds). Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (2003), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 93-134
114. Stafford R.R. Attitude and behavior change in couples as a function of communication training (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International 39 (1978) 2526B (UMI No. 78-19, 902)
115. Stanley S.M., Allen E.S., Markman H.J., Saiz C.C., Bloomstrom G., Thomas R., et al. Dissemination and evaluation of marriage education in the Army. Family Process 44 (2005) 187-201
116. Stanley S.M., Bradbury T.N., and Markman H.J. Structural flaws in the bridge from basic research on marriage to interventions for couples: Illustrations from Gottman, Coan, Carrere, and Swanson (1998). Journal of Marriage and the Family 62 (2000) 256-264
117. Steller J.B. The effects of Couples Communication training upon individualized goals, marriage adjustment, self disclosure, and the use of communication skills by married couples (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International 40 (1979) 900B
118. Strickland J.H. The effects of two marriage enrichment retreat models on marital satisfaction (Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International 42 10-A (1981) 4305
119. Thompson K.B. The effectiveness of Couples Communication training on interpersonal orientation, couple communication, perceptual congruence, and verbal communication style: A field study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International 39 (1978) 3009B
120. Trathen D.W. A comparison of the effectiveness of two Christian premarital counseling programs (skills and information based) utilized by evangelical protestant churches (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International 56 (1995) 2277A
121. Turner L. The impact of a psychoeducational group intervention on marital discord, adult interaction style, projective identification, and perceptive identification (Doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International 59 (1998) 1337-1647
122. Valenti F.T. Effects of the Couple Communication Program 1 on the marital adjustment, self-disclosure, and communication style of therapy and non-therapy participants (Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International 49 (1987) 1715A
123. van der Molen H.T., Gramsbergen-Hoogland Y., Wolters F.J.M., and de Meijer M. Effecten van een communicatie-cursus voor (echt) paren [Effects of a communication course for married couples]. Tijdschrift Voor Psychotherapie 13 (1987) 114-127
124. Van Widenfelt B., Hosman C., Schaap C., and van der Staak C. The prevention of relationship distress for couples at risk: A controlled evaluation with nine-month and two-year follow-ups. Family Relations 45 (1996) 156-165
125. Vijayalakshmi O.P. Enriching marital communication and marital adjustment of couples from India living in the United States (Doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International 58 (1997) 1605A
126. Wampler K.S., and Sprenkle D.H. The Minnesota Couple Communication Program: A follow-up study. Journal of Marriage and the Family 42 (1980) 577-584
127. Warner M.D. Comparison of a religious marriage enrichment program with an established communication training enrichment program (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International 42 (1981) 3774A
128. Weissberg R.P., Kumpfer K.L., and Seligman M.E.P. Prevention that works for children and youth. American Psychologist 58 (2003) 425-432
129. Wilkinson L.L.H. Consensus model training for couples: An outcome study of an integrated conflict management program for marriage enrichment (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International 44 (1983) 993A
130. Wilson D.A. The effects of a partially structured Christian marriage enrichment program upon marital communication, general marital adjustment, and purpose in life (Master's thesis, North Texas State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International 41 (1980) 1506-1707
131. Witkin S.L., Edleson J.L., Rose S.D., and Hall J.A. Group training in marital communication: A comparative study. Journal of Marriage and the Family 45 (1983) 661-669
132. Wong J.T. Evaluation of a church-based marriage preparation course: A preliminary study (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International 65 (2003) 3735B
133. Worthington Jr. E.L., Buston B.G., and Hammonds T.M. A component analysis of marriage enrichment: Information and treatment modality. Journal of Counseling and Development 67 (1989) 555-560
134. Wu D.J. Developing and Implementing a Christian marriage enrichment program for Chinese immigrants (Doctoral dissertation, Asbury Theological Seminary, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International 60 (1999) 1785A
135. Yarbrough D.M. Effects of structured negotiation training on dyadic adjustment, satisfaction, and intimacy (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International 44 (1983) 2422A