Ages of chivalry, places of paternalism: Gender and criminal sentencing in Finland

European Journal of Criminology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 225-247

  Kruttschnitt, Candace ^a   Savolainen, Jukka ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Finland; Gender; Sentencing; Sex disparities

Indexed keywords

EID: 65549132426     PISSN: 14773708     EISSN: 17412609     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1477370809102166     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Bailey, W.C. and Peterson, R.D. (1995). Gender inequality and violence against women: The case of murder. In J. Hagan and R. D. Peterson (eds) Crime and inequality, 174-205. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2. Bickle, G. and Peterson, R.D. (1991). The impact of gender based family roles on criminal sentencing. Social Problems 38, 372-94.
3. Boritch, H. (1992). Gender and criminal court outcomes - an historical analysis. Criminology 30, 293-326.
4. Boritch, H. and Hagan, J. (1990). A century of crime in Toronto: Gender, class and patterns of social control. Criminology 28, 567-95.
5. Bridges, G.S. and Beretta, G. (1994). Gender, race and social control: Toward an understanding of sex disparities in imprisonment. In G. S. Bridges and M. A. Myers (eds) Inequality, crime and social control, 158-75. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6. Center for Women in Government & Civil Society (2006). Women in state policy leadership, 1998-2005: An analysis of slow and uneven progress. URL (accessed 31 December 2008): http://www.cwig.albany.edu/ APMSG2006.htm.
7. Cherlin, A. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family 66, 848-61.
8. Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender and power. Society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Connell, R.W. (2002). Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.
10. Crew, B.K. (1991). Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy? Justice Quarterly 8, 59-83.
11. Daly, K. (1987). Discrimination in the criminal courts: Family, gender and the problem of equal treatment. Social Forces 66, 152-75.
12. Daly, K. (1989a). Rethinking judicial paternalism: Gender, work-family relations and sentencing. Gender and Society 3, 9-36.
13. Daly, K. (1989b). Neither conflict nor labeling nor paternalism will suffice: Intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, and family in criminal court decisions. Crime and Delinquency 35, 136-68.
14. Daly, K. and Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly 5, 497-538.
15. Daly, K. and Bordt, R.L. (1995). Sex effects and sentencing: An analysis of the statistical literature. Justice Quarterly 12, 141-75.
16. Daly, K. and Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, race and sentencing. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and justice. Volume 22, 210-52. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
17. Dugan, L. (2003). Domestic violence legislation: Exploring its impact on the likelihood of domestic violence, police involvement, and arrest. Criminology and Public Policy 2, 283-312.
18. Dugan, L., Nagin, D. and Rosenfeld, R. (2003). Exposure reduction or retaliation? The effects of domestic violence resources on intimate partner homicide. Law & Society Review 27, 169-98.
19. Gartner, R. (1990). The victims of homicide: A temporal and cross-national comparison. American Sociological Review 55, 92-106.
20. Gartner, R., Baker K. and Pampel, F.C. (1990). Gender stratification and the gender gap in homicide victimization. Social Problems 37, 593-612.
21. Gornick, J.C. and Meyers, M.K. (2003). Families that work: Policies for reconciling parenthood and employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
22. Griffin, T. and Wooldredge, J. (2006). Sex-based disparities in felony dispositions before versus after sentencing reform in Ohio. Criminology 44, 893-923.
23. Haavio-Mannila, E. and Kauppinen, K. (1992). Women and the welfare state in the Nordic countries. In H. Kahne and J. Z. Giele (eds) Women's work and women's lives: The continuing struggle worldwide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
24. Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction effects in logistic regression. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-135. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
25. Jacobs, J.A. and Gerson, K. (2004) The time divide: Work, family, and gender inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Kiernan, K. (2004). Unmarried cohabitation and parenthood in Britain and Europe. Law & Policy 26, 33-55.
27. Koons-Witt, B. (2002). The effect of gender on the decision to incarcerate before and after the introduction of sentencing guidelines. Criminology 40, 297-328.
28. Kruttschnitt, C. (1982). Women, crime and dependency: An application of the theory of law. Criminology 19, 495-513.
29. Kruttschnitt, C. (1996). Contributions of quantitative methods to the study of gender and crime, or bootstrapping our way into the theoretical thicket. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 12, 135-61.
30. Kruttschnitt, C. and Carbone-Lopez, K. (2006). Moving beyond the stereotypes: Women's subjective accounts of their violent crime. Criminology 44, 321-51.
31. Kruttschnitt, C. and Green, D.E. (1984). The sex-sanctioning issue: Is it history ? American Sociological Review 49, 541-51.
32. Lappi-Seppälä, T. (1998). Regulating the prison population: Experiences from a long-term policy in Finland. Helsinki: National Research Institute of Legal Policy Research Communications, 38.
33. Lappi-Seppälä, T. (2000). Rikosten seuraamukset [Criminal sentencing]. Porvoo, Finland: WSLT.
34. Lappi-Seppälä, T. (2004). Penal policy and prison rates. Long term experiences from Finland. Unpublished manuscript, October.
35. Liljeroos, H. (2008). Unpublished data/personal communication. Ministry of Justice, Finland.
36. Maher, L. (1997). Sexed work: Gender, race and resistance in a Brooklyn drug market. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
37. Mandel, H. and Semyonov, M. (2005). Family policies, wage structures, and gender gaps: Sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries. American Sociological Review 70, 949-67.
38. Manninen, Merja (1999). Women's status in Finland. Virtual Finland. URL (accessed 31 December 2008): http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/ showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25736.
39. Messner, S.F. and Savolainen, J. (2001). Gender and the victim-offender relationship in homicide: A comparison of Finland and the United States. International Criminal Justice Review 11, 34-57.
40. Miller, J. (1998). Up it up: Gender and the accomplishment of street robbery. Criminology 36, 37-66.
41. Miller, J. and Mullins, C.W. (2006). The status of feminist theories in criminology. In F. T. Cullen, J. Wright and K. Blevin (eds) Taking stock: The status of criminological theory. Advances in criminology theory (Freda Adler and William Laufer, series eds), 217-50. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
42. Miller, J. and White, N.A. (2003). Gender and adolescent relationship violence: A contextual examination. Criminology 41, 1501-41.
43. Misra, J., Moller, S. and Budig, M.J. (2007). Work-family policies and poverty for partnered and single women in Europe and North America. Gender and Society 21, 804-27.
44. Moulds, E.F. (1980). Chivalry and paternalism: Disparities of treatment in the criminal justice system. In S. K. Datesman and F. R. Scarpitti (eds) Women, crime and justice, 277-99. New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Mullins, C.W. and Wright, R. (2003). Gender, social networks, and residential burglary. Criminology 41, 813-40.
46. Nagel, I. and Hagan, J. (1983). Gender and crime: Offense patterns and criminal court sanctions. In N. Morris and M. Tonry (eds) Crime and justice. Volume IV, 91-144. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 91-144. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
47. Niemi, I. (1995). Time use of women in Europe and North America. United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. New York: United Nations.
48. Pridemore, W.A. and Frellich, J.D. (2005). Gender equity, traditional masculine culture, and female homicide victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice 33, 213-23.
49. Social Insurance Institution of Finland (2007). 2006 Statistical yearbook of pensioners in Finland. Helsinki: Hakapaino.
50. Steffensmeier, D. (1983). Organizational properties and sex-segregation in the underworld: Building a sociological theory of sex differences in crime. Social Forces 61, 1010-32.
51. Steffensmeier, D., Kramer, J. and Streifel, C. (1993). Gender and imprisonment decisions. Criminology 31, 411-46.
52. Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
53. Vieraitis, L.M., Britto, S. and Kovandzic, T.V. (2007). The impact of women's status and gender inequality on female homicide victimization rates. Evidence from U. S. counties. Feminist Criminology 2, 57-73.
54. Vieraitis, L.M. and Williams, M.R. (2002). Assessing the impact of gender inequality on female homicide victimization across U.S. cities: A racially disaggregated analysis. Violence Against Women 8, 35-63.
55. Whaley, R.B. and Messner, S.F. (2002). Gender equality and gendered homicides. Homicide Studies 6, 188-210.
56. West, C. and Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender and Society 9, 8-37.
57. Wooldredge, J.D. (1998). Analytic rigor in studies of disparities in criminal case processing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 14, 155-79.