Therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolate in transplantation: Is it justified?

Current Drug Metabolism

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 179-187

  Barraclough, Katherine Ann ^a   Staatz, Christine Elizabeth ^a   Isbel, Nicole Maree ^a   Johnson, David Wayne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXAMETHASONE; INOSINATE DEHYDROGENASE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ANEMIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BODY WEIGHT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG GLUCURONIDATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER FUNCTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHARMACOGENETICS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 65549123508     PISSN: 13892002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920009787522205     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group. Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. Lancet, 1995, 345(8961), 1321-1325.
2. Allison, A. C. Mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil. Lupus, 2005, 14(Suppl 1), s2-8.
3. Shaw, L. M.; Korecka, M.; Venkataramanan, R.; Goldberg, L.; Bloom, R.; Brayman, K. L. Mycophenolic acid pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics provide a basis for rational monitoring strategies. Am. J. Transplant., 2003, 3(5), 534-542.
4. Roche Pharmaceuticals. Cellcept®: complete product information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.rochetransplant.com/product/ cellcept/default.aspx (Accessed August 18 2008).
5. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Myfortic®: prescribing information [online].; Available from URL: http://www.myfortic.com:80/ hcp/home/index.jsp (Accessed August 18 2008).
6. Salvadori, M.; Holzer, H.; de Mattos, A.; Sollinger, H.; Arns, W.; Oppenheimer, F.; Maca, J.; Hall, M. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium is therapeutically equivalent to mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplant patients. Am. J. Transplant., 2004, 4(2), 231-236.
7. A blinded, randomized clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in cadaveric renal transplantation. The Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation, 1996, 61(7), 1029-1037.
8. Sollinger, H. W. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group. Transplantation, 1995, 60(3), 225-232.
9. Meier-Kriesche, H. U.; Li, S.; Gruessner, R. W.; Fung, J. J.; Bustami, R. T.; Barr, M. L.; Leichtman, A. B. Immunosuppression: evolution in practice and trends, 1994-2004. Am. J. Transplant., 2006, 6(5 Pt 2), 1111-1131.
10. Bullingham, R.; Monroe, S.; Nicholls, A.; Hale, M. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of mycophenolate mofetil in healthy subjects after single-dose oral and intravenous administration. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1996, 36(4), 315-324.
11. Bullingham, R. E.; Nicholls, A.; Hale, M. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil (RS61443): a short review. Transplant. Proc., 1996, 28(2), 925-929.
12. Lee, W. A.; Gu, L.; Miksztal, A. R.; Chu, N.; Leung, K.; Nelson, P. H. Bioavailability improvement of mycophenolic acid through amino ester derivatization. Pharm. Res., 1990, 7(2), 161-166.
13. Armstrong, V. W.; Tenderich, G.; Shipkova, M.; Parsa, A.; Koerfer, R.; Schroder, H.; Oellerich, M. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of mycophenolic acid after intravenous administration and oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to heart transplant recipients. Ther. Drug Monit., 2005, 27(3), 315-321.
14. Elbarbry, F. A.; Shoker, A. S. Therapeutic drug measurement of mycophenolic acid derivatives in transplant patients. Clin. Biochem., 2007, 40(11), 752-764.
15. Kaplan, B. Mycophenolic acid trough level monitoring in solid organ transplant recipients treated with mycophenolate mofetil: association with clinical outcome. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2006, 22(12), 2355-2364.
16. Bullingham, R. E.; Nicholls, A. J.; Kamm, B. R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1998, 34(6), 429-455.
17. Nowak, I.; Shaw, L. M. Mycophenolic acid binding to human serum albumin: characterization and relation to pharmacodynamics. Clin. Chem., 1995, 41(7), 1011-1017.
18. Picard, N.; Ratanasavanh, D.; Premaud, A.; Le Meur, Y.; Marquet, P. Identification of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in mycophenolic acid phase II metabolism. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2005, 33(1), 139-146.
19. Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Wieland, E.; Niedmann, P. D.; Schutz, E.; Brenner-Weiss, G.; Voihsel, M.; Braun, F.; Oellerich, M. Identification of glucoside and carboxyl-linked glucuronide conjugates of mycophenolic acid in plasma of transplant recipients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 126(5), 1075-1082.
20. Schutz, E.; Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Wieland, E.; Oellerich, M. Identification of a pharmacologically active metabolite of mycophenolic acid in plasma of transplant recipients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Clin. Chem., 1999, 45(3), 419-422.
21. Shipkova, M.; Wieland, E.; Schutz, E.; Wiese, C.; Niedmann, P. D.; Oellerich, M.; Armstrong, V. W. The acyl glucuronide metabolite of mycophenolic acid inhibits the proliferation of human mononuclear leukocytes. Transplant. Proc., 2001, 33(1-2), 1080-1081.
22. Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Weber, L.; Niedmann, P. D.; Wieland, E.; Haley, J.; Tonshoff, B.; Oellerich, M. Pharmacokinetics and protein adduct formation of the pharmacologically active acyl glucuronide metabolite of mycophenolic acid in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Ther. Drug Monit., 2002, 24(3), 390-399.
23. Hesselink, D. A.; van Gelder, T. Genetic and nongenetic determinants of between-patient variability in the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2005, 78(4), 317-321.
24. Shaw, L. M.; Kaplan, B.; DeNofrio, D.; Korecka, M.; Brayman, K. L. Pharmacokinetics and concentration-control investigations of mycophenolic acid in adults after transplantation. Ther. Drug Monit., 2000, 22(1), 14-19.
25. Atcheson, B. A.; Taylor, P. J.; Kirkpatrick, C. M.; Duffull, S. B.; Mudge, D. W.; Pillans, P. I.; Johnson, D. W.; Tett, S. E. Free mycophenolic acid should be monitored in renal transplant recipients with hypoalbuminemia. Ther. Drug Monit., 2004, 26(3), 284-286.
26. van Hest, R. M.; Mathot, R. A.; Pescovitz, M. D.; Gordon, R.; Mamelok, R. D.; van Gelder, T. Explaining variability in mycophenolic acid exposure to optimize mycophenolate mofetil dosing: a population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(3), 871-880.
27. Johnson, H. J.; Swan, S. K.; Heim-Duthoy, K. L.; Nicholls, A. J.; Tsina, I.; Tarnowski, T. The pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with varying degrees of renal function. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 63(5), 512-518.
28. Shaw, L. M.; Nawrocki, A.; Korecka, M.; Solari, S.; Kang, J. Using established immunosuppressant therapy effectively: lessons from the measurement of mycophenolic acid plasma concentrations. Ther. Drug Monit., 2004, 26(4), 347-351.
29. Weber, L. T.; Shipkova, M.; Lamersdorf, T.; Niedmann, P. D.; Wiesel, M.; Mandelbaum, A.; Zimmerhackl, L. B.; Schutz, E.; Mehls, O.; Oellerich, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Tonshoff, B. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and determinants of MPA free fraction in pediatric and adult renal transplant recipients. German Study group on Mycophenolate Mofetil Therapy in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1998, 9(8), 1511-1520.
30. Shaw, L. M.; Korecka, M.; Aradhye, S.; Grossman, R.; Bayer, L.; Innes, C.; Cucciara, A.; Barker, C.; Naji, A.; Nicholls, A.; Brayman, K. Mycophenolic acid area under the curve values in African American and Caucasian renal transplant patients are comparable. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 40(6), 624-633.
31. Staatz, C. E.; Tett, S. E. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolate in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2007, 46(1), 13-58.
32. Kuypers, D. R.; Claes, K.; Evenepoel, P.; Maes, B.; Coosemans, W.; Pirenne, J.; Vanrenterghem, Y. Long-term changes in mycophenolic acid exposure in combination with tacrolimus and corticosteroids are dose dependent and not reflected by trough plasma concentration: a prospective study in 100 de novo renal allograft recipients. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 43(8), 866-880.
33. Parker, G.; Bullingham, R.; Kamm, B.; Hale, M. Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in volunteer subjects with varying degrees of hepatic oxidative impairment. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1996, 36(4), 332-344.
34. Pisupati, J.; Jain, A.; Burckart, G.; Hamad, I.; Zuckerman, S.; Fung, J.; Venkataramanan, R. Intraindividual and interindividual variations in the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in liver transplant patients. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 45(1), 34-41.
35. Naesens, M.; Kuypers, D. R.; Verbeke, K.; Vanrenterghem, Y. Multidrug resistance protein 2 genetic polymorphisms influence mycophenolic acid exposure in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation, 2006, 82(8), 1074-1084.
36. Shaw, L. M.; Holt, D. W.; Oellerich, M.; Meiser, B.; van Gelder, T. Current issues in therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid: report of a roundtable discussion. Ther. Drug Monit., 2001, 23(4), 305-315.
37. Shum, B.; Duffull, S. B.; Taylor, P. J.; Tett, S. E. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients following oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 56(2), 188-197.
38. Le Guellec, C.; Bourgoin, H.; Buchler, M.; Le Meur, Y.; Lebranchu, Y.; Marquet, P.; Paintaud, G. Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of mycophenolic acid concentrations in stable renal transplant patients. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2004, 43(4), 253-266.
39. Staatz, C. E.; Duffull, S. B.; Kiberd, B.; Fraser, A. D.; Tett, S. E. Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid during the first week after renal transplantation. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 61(7), 507-516.
40. Smak Gregoor, P. J.; van Gelder, T.; Hesse, C. J.; van der Mast, B. J.; van Besouw, N. M.; Weimar, W. Mycophenolic acid plasma concentrations in kidney allograft recipients with or without cyclosporin: a cross-sectional study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 1999, 14(3), 706-708.
41. Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Kuypers, D.; Perner, F.; Fabrizi, V.; Holzer, H.; Wieland, E.; Oellerich, M. Effect of cyclosporine withdrawal on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients with deteriorating renal function: preliminary report. Ther. Drug Monit., 2001, 23(6), 717-721.
42. van Gelder, T.; Silva, H.; de Fijter, H.; Budde, K.; Kuypers, D.; Tuyden, G.; Lohmus, A.; Sommerer, C.; Hartmann, A.; Le Meur, Y.; Oellerich, M.; Holt, D. W.; Tonshoff, B.; Keown, P.; Campbell, S.; Mamelok, R. D. Comparing Mycophenolate Mofetil Regimens for de Novo Renal Transplant Recipients: The Fixed-Dose Concentration-Controlled Trial. Transplantation, 2008, 86(8), 1043-1051.
43. Paulusma, C. C.; Bosma, P. J.; Zaman, G. J.; Bakker, C. T.; Otter, M.; Scheffer, G. L.; Scheper, R. J.; Borst, P.; Oude Elferink, R. P. Congenital jaundice in rats with a mutation in a multidrug resistance-associated protein gene. Science, 1996, 271(5252), 1126-1128.
44. Hesselink, D. A.; van Hest, R. M.; Mathot, R. A.; Bonthuis, F.; Weimar, W.; de Bruin, R. W.; van Gelder, T. Cyclosporine interacts with mycophenolic acid by inhibiting the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Am. J. Transplant., 2005, 5(5), 987-994.
45. Cattaneo, D.; Perico, N.; Gaspari, F.; Gotti, E.; Remuzzi, G. Glucocorticoids interfere with mycophenolate mofetil bioavailability in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int., 2002, 62(3), 1060-1067.
46. Li, Y. Q.; Prentice, D. A.; Howard, M. L.; Mashford, M. L.; Desmond, P. V. The effect of hormones on the expression of five isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Pharm. Res., 1999, 16(2), 191-197.
47. Bernard, O.; Guillemette, C. The main role of UGT1A9 in the hepatic metabolism of mycophenolic acid and the effects of naturally occurring variants. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(8), 775-778.
48. Turncliff, R. Z.; Meier, P. J.; Brouwer, K. L. Effect of dexamethasone treatment on the expression and function of transport proteins in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(8), 834-839.
49. Pulaski, L.; Kania, K.; Ratajewski, M.; Uchiumi, T.; Kuwano, M.; Bartosz, G. Differential regulation of the human MRP2 and MRP3 gene expression by glucocorticoids. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2005, 96(3-4), 229-234.
50. Courtois, A.; Payen, L.; Guillouzo, A.; Fardel, O. Up-regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) expression in rat hepatocytes by dexamethasone. FEBS Lett., 1999, 459(3), 381-385.
51. Gregoor, P. J.; de Sevaux, R. G.; Hene, R. J.; Hesse, C. J.; Hilbrands, L. B.; Vos, P.; van Gelder, T.; Hoitsma, A. J.; Weimar, W. Effect of cyclosporine on mycophenolic acid trough levels in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation, 1999, 68(10), 1603-1606.
52. Fisher, M. B.; Paine, M. F.; Strelevitz, T. J.; Wrighton, S. A. The role of hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab. Rev., 2001, 33(3-4), 273-297.
53. Girard, H.; Court, M. H.; Bernard, O.; Fortier, L. C.; Villeneuve, L.; Hao, Q.; Greenblatt, D. J.; von Moltke, L. L.; Perussed, L.; Guillemette, C. Identification of common polymorphisms in the promoter of the UGT1A9 gene: evidence that UGT1A9 protein and activity levels are strongly genetically controlled in the liver. Pharmacogenetics, 2004, 14(8), 501-515.
54. Kuypers, D. R.; de Jonge, H.; Naesens, M.; de Loor, H.; Halewijck, E.; Dekens, M.; Vanrenterghem, Y. Current target ranges of mycophenolic acid exposure and drug-related adverse events: A 5-year, open-label, prospective, clinical follow-up study in renal allograft recipients. Clin. Ther., 2008, 30(4), 673-683.
55. Kuypers, D. R.; Naesens, M.; Vermeire, S.; Vanrenterghem, Y. The impact of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) gene promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms T-275A and C-2152T on early mycophenolic acid dose-interval exposure in de novo renal allograft recipients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2005, 78(4), 351-361.
56. Baldelli, S.; Merlini, S.; Perico, N.; Nicastri, A.; Cortinovis, M.; Gotti, E.; Remuzzi, G.; Cattaneo, D. C-440T/T-331C polymorphisms in the UGT1A9 gene affect the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in kidney transplantation. Pharmacogenomics, 2007, 8(9), 1127-1141.
57. Miura, M.; Satoh, S.; Inoue, K.; Kagaya, H.; Saito, M.; Inoue, T.; Suzuki, T.; Habuchi, T. Influence of SLCO1B1, 1B3, 2B1 and ABCC2 genetic polymorphisms on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in Japanese renal transplant recipients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2007, 63(12), 1161-1169.
58. Williams, J. A.; Johnson, K.; Paulauskis, J.; Cook, J. So many studies, too few subjects: establishing functional relevance of genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2006, 46(3), 258-264.
59. van Gelder, T.; Shaw, L. M. The rationale for and limitations of therapeutic drug monitoring for mycophenolate mofetil in transplantation. Transplantation, 2005, 80(2 Suppl), S244-253.
60. Johnston, A.; Holt, D. W. Immunosuppressant drugs--the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 52(Suppl 1), S61-73.
61. van Gelder, T.; Le Meur, Y.; Shaw, L. M.; Oellerich, M.; DeNofrio, D.; Holt, C.; Holt, D. W.; Kaplan, B.; Kuypers, D.; Meiser, B.; Toenshoff, B.; Mamelok, R. D. Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil in transplantation. Ther. Drug Monit., 2006, 28(2), 145-154.
62. Oellerich, M.; Shipkova, M.; Schutz, E.; Wieland, E.; Weber, L.; Tonshoff, B.; Armstrong, V. W. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic investigations of mycophenolic acid in pediatric patients after renal transplantation: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. German Study Group on Mycophenolate Mofetil Therapy in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Ther. Drug Monit., 2000, 22(1), 20-26.
63. Nicholls, A. J. Opportunities for therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil dose in renal transplantation suggested by the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship for mycophenolic acid and suppression of rejection. Clin. Biochem., 1998, 31(5), 329-333.
64. Pawinski, T.; Hale, M.; Korecka, M.; Fitzsimmons, W. E.; Shaw, L. M. Limited sampling strategy for the estimation of mycophenolic acid area under the curve in adult renal transplant patients treated with concomitant tacrolimus. Clin. Chem., 2002, 48(9), 1497-1504.
65. Le Guellec, C.; Buchler, M.; Giraudeau, B.; Le Meur, Y.; Gakoue, J. E.; Lebranchu, Y.; Marquet, P.; Paintaud, G. Simultaneous estimation of cyclosporin and mycophenolic acid areas under the curve in stable renal transplant patients using a limited sampling strategy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 57(11), 805-811.
66. Willis, C.; Taylor, P. J.; Salm, P.; Tett, S. E.; Pillans, P. I. Evaluation of limited sampling strategies for estimation of 12-hour mycophenolic acid area under the plasma concentration-time curve in adult renal transplant patients. Ther. Drug Monit., 2000, 22(5), 549-554.
67. Knight, S. R.; Morris, P. J. Does the evidence support the use of mycophenolate mofetil therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical practice? A systematic review. Transplantation, 2008, 85(12), 1675-1685.
68. Premaud, A.; Le Meur, Y.; Debord, J.; Szelag, J. C.; Rousseau, A.; Hoizey, G.; Toupance, O.; Marquet, P. Maximum a posteriori bayesian estimation of mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients at different postgrafting periods. Ther. Drug Monit., 2005, 27(3), 354-361.
69. Holt, D. W. Monitoring mycophenolic acid. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 2002, 39(Pt 3), 173-183.
70. van Hest, R. M.; Hesselink, D. A.; Vulto, A. G.; Mathot, R. A.; van Gelder, T. Individualization of mycophenolate mofetil dose in renal transplant recipients. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2006, 7(4), 361-376.
71. Kiberd, B. A.; Lawen, J.; Fraser, A. D.; Keough-Ryan, T.; Belitsky, P. Early adequate mycophenolic acid exposure is associated with less rejection in kidney transplantation. Am. J. Transplant., 2004, 4(7), 1079-1083.
72. Weber, L. T.; Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Wagner, N.; Schutz, E.; Mehls, O.; Zimmerhackl, L. B.; Oellerich, M.; Tonshoff, B. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for total and free mycophenolic Acid in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a report of the german study group on mycophenolate mofetil therapy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2002, 13(3), 759-768.
73. Kuypers, D. R.; Claes, K.; Evenepoel, P.; Maes, B.; Vanrenterghem, Y. Clinical efficacy and toxicity profile of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in relation to combined long-term pharmacokinetics in de novo renal allograft recipients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 75(5), 434-447.
74. Atcheson, B. A.; Taylor, P. J.; Mudge, D. W.; Johnson, D. W.; Hawley, C. M.; Campbell, S. B.; Isbel, N. M.; Pillans, P. I.; Tett, S. E. Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics and related outcomes early after renal transplant. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 59(3), 271-280.
75. Le Meur, Y.; Buchler, M.; Thierry, A.; Caillard, S.; Villemain, F.; Lavaud, S.; Etienne, I.; Westeel, P. F.; de Ligny, B. H.; Rostaing, L.; Thervet, E.; Szelag, J. C.; Rerolle, J. P.; Rousseau, A.; Touchard, G.; Marquet, P. Individualized mycophenolate mofetil dosing based on drug exposure significantly improves patient outcomes after renal transplantation. Am. J. Transplant., 2007, 7(11), 2496-2503.
76. van Gelder, T.; Hilbrands, L. B.; Vanrenterghem, Y.; Weimar, W.; de Fijter, J. W.; Squifflet, J. P.; Hene, R. J.; Verpooten, G. A.; Navarro, M. T.; Hale, M. D.; Nicholls, A. J. A randomized double-blind, multicenter plasma concentration controlled study of the safety and efficacy of oral mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation, 1999, 68(2), 261-266.
77. Cattaneo, D.; Gaspari, F.; Ferrari, S.; Stucchi, N.; Del Priore, L.; Perico, N.; Gotti, E.; Remuzzi, G. Pharmacokinetics help optimizing mycophenolate mofetil dosing in kidney transplant patients. Clin. Transplant., 2001, 15(6), 402-409.
78. Shipkova, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; Oellerich, M.; Wieland, E. Acyl glucuronide drug metabolites: toxicological and analytical implications. Ther. Drug Monit., 2003, 25(1), 1-16.
79. van Agteren, M.; Armstrong, V. W.; van Schaik, R. H.; Fijter, H. D.; Hartmann, A.; Zeier, M.; Budde, K.; Kuypers, D.; Pisarski, P.; Meur, Y. L.; van der Werf, M.; Mamelok, R. D.; Oellerich, M.; Gelder, T. V. AcylMPAG Plasma Concentrations and Mycophenolic Acid-Related Side Effects in Patients Undergoing Renal Transplantation Are Not Related to the UGT2B7-840G>A Gene Polymorphism. Ther. Drug Monit., 2008, aheadofprint.
80. Budde, K.; Curtis, J.; Knoll, G.; Chan, L.; Neumayer, H. H.; Seifu, Y.; Hall, M. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium can be safely administered in maintenance renal transplant patients: results of a 1-year study. Am. J. Transplant., 2004, 4(2), 237-243.
81. Bolin, P.; Tanriover, B.; Zibari, G. B.; Lynn, M. L.; Pirsch, J. D.; Chan, L.; Cooper, M.; Langone, A. J.; Tomlanovich, S. J. Improvement in 3-month patient-reported gastrointestinal symptoms after conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in renal transplant patients. Transplantation, 2007, 84(11), 1443-1451.
82. Chan, L.; Mulgaonkar, S.; Walker, R.; Arns, W.; Ambuhl, P.; Schiavelli, R. Patient-reported gastrointestinal symptom burden and health-related quality of life following conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium. Transplantation, 2006, 81(9), 1290-1297.
83. Glander, P.; Hambach, P.; Braun, K. P.; Fritsche, L.; Giessing, M.; Mai, I.; Einecke, G.; Waiser, J.; Neumayer, H. H.; Budde, K. Pretransplant inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity is associated with clinical outcome after renal transplantation. Am. J. Transplant., 2004, 4(12), 2045-2051.
84. Glander, P.; Hambach, P.; Braun, K. P.; Fritsche, L.; Waiser, J.; Mai, I.; Neumayer, H. H.; Budde, K. Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on IMP dehydrogenase after the first dose and after long-term treatment in renal transplant recipients. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2003, 41(10), 470-476.
85. Langman, L. J.; LeGatt, D. F.; Halloran, P. F.; Yatscoff, R. W. Pharmacodynamic assessment of mycophenolic acid-induced immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation, 1996, 62(5), 666-672.
86. Carr, S. F.; Papp, E.; Wu, J. C.; Natsumeda, Y. Characterization of human type I and type II IMP dehydrogenases. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(36), 27286-27290.
87. Vannozzi, F.; Filipponi, F.; Di Paolo, A.; Danesi, R.; Urbani, L.; Bocci, G.; Catalano, G.; De Simone, P.; Mosca, F.; Del Tacca, M. An exploratory study on pharmacogenetics of inosine-monophosphate dehydrogenase II in peripheral mononuclear cells from liver-transplant recipients. Transplant. Proc., 2004, 36(9), 2787-2790.
88. de Winter, B. C.; Mathot, R. A.; van Hest, R. M.; van Gelder, T. Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid: does it improve patient outcome? Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2007, 3(2), 251-261.