Non-invasive brain stimulation in the detection of deception: Scientific challenges and ethical consequences

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 191-208

  Luber, Bruce ^a   Fisher, Carl ^a   Appelbaum, Paul S ^a,b   Ploesser, Marcus ^a   Lisandy, Sarah H ^a  

^a New York State Psychiatric Institute ^*  (United States)

^b NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; COGNITION; CONSCIOUSNESS; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INFORMED CONSENT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROIMAGING; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; REVIEW; RISK MANAGEMENT; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; WORKING MEMORY;

BRAIN; COGNITION; CONSCIOUSNESS; DECEPTION; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; FORENSIC MEDICINE; HUMANS; NERVE NET; SIGNAL DETECTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 65549115450     PISSN: 07353936     EISSN: 10990798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.860     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Abe, N., Suzuki, M., Mori, E., Itoh, M., & Fujii, T. (2007). Deceiving others: distinct neural responses of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in simple fabrication and deception with social interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(2), 287-295.
2. Abe, N., Suzuki, M., Tsukiura, T., Mori, E., Yamaguchi, K., Itoh, M., & Fujii, T. (2006). Dissociable roles of prefrontal and anterior cingulated cortices in deception. Cerebral Cortex, 16(2), 192-199.
3. Aleman, A., Schutter, D. L. J. G., Ramsey, N. F., van Honk, J., Kessels, R. P. C., Hoogduin, J. H., Postma, A., Kahn, R. S., & De Haan, E. H. F. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of top-down visuospatial processing in the human brain: Evidence from rTMS. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 300-302.
4. Amassian, V. E., Cracco, R. Q., Maccabee, P. J., Cracco, J. B., Rudell, A., & Eberle, L. (1989). Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 74, 458-462.
5. American Medical Association. (2006). Opinion of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: Physician participation in interrogation. Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://www.ama-assn.org/ amal/pub/upload/mm/475/cejo4i06.doc
6. American Psychiatric Association. (2006). Position statement on psychiatric participation in interrogation of detainees. Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://www.psych.org/Departments/EDU/Library/ APAOfficialDocumentsandRelated/PositionStatements/200601.aspx
7. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Kruse, W., Kincses, T. Z., Hoffmann, K.-P., & Paulus, W. (2004). Direct current stimulation over V5 enhances visuornotor coordination by improving motion perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 521-5 27.
8. Appelbaum, P. S. (2007). Law and psychiatry: The new lie detectors: neuroscience, deception, and the courts. Psychiatric Services, 58(4), 460-462.
9. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Elaad, E. (2003). The validity of psychophysiological detection of information with the Guilty Knowledge Test: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 131-151.
10. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005a). When doctors go to war. New England-7ournal ofMedicine, 352(1), 3-6.
11. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005b). Doctors and interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(1), 6-8.
12. Boggio, P. S., Ferrucci, R., Rigonotti, S. P., Covre, P., Nitsche, M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Fregni, F. (2006). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 249(1), 31-38.
13. Bonnard, M., Camus, M., de Graaf, J., & Pailhous, J. (2003). Direct evidence for a binding between cognitive and motor functions in humans: A TMS study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1207-1216.
14. Brammer, M. (2004). Brain scam? Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 1015.
15. Brighina, F., Ricci, R., & Piazza, A. (2003). Illusory contours and specific regions of human extrastriate cortex: Evidence from rTMS. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2469-2480.
16. Canli, T., Brandon, S., Casebeer, W., Crowley, P. J., Philip, J., Rousseau, D. D., Greely, H. T., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Neuroethics and national security. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(5), 3-13.
17. Cho, M. K., & Sankar, P. (2004). Forensic genetics and ethical, legal and social implications beyond the clinic. Nature Genetics, 36 (Suppl. 11), S8-S12.
18. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. 516 U.S. 869 (1993).
19. Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1991). The truth will out: Interrogative polygraphy (lie detection) with event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 28, 531-547.
20. Fecteau, S., Knoch, D., Fregni, F., Sultani, N., Boggio, P., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Diminishing risk-taking behavior by modulating activity in the prefrontal cortex: A direct current stimulation study. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(46), 12500-12505.
21. Ganis, G., Kosslyn, S. M., Stose, S., Thompson, W. L., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2003). Neural correlates of different types of deception: An fMRI investigation. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 830-836.
22. Garland, B., & American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2004). Neuroscience and the law: Brain, mind, and the scales of justice. New York: Dana AAAS.
23. Gazzaniga, M. S., & Steven, M. S. (2004). Free will in the twenty-first century. In B. Garland (Ed.), Neuroscience and the law: Brain, mind, and the scales of justice. New York: Dana-AAAS.
24. Greely, H. T. (2004). Prediction, litigation, privacy, and policy. In B. Garland (Ed.), Neuroscience and the law: brain, mind, and the scales of justice. New York: Dana AAAS.
25. Hadland, K. A., Rushworth, M. F., Passingham, R. E., Jahanshahi, M., & Rothwell, J. C. (2001). Interference with performance ofa response selection task that has no working memory component: An rTMS comparison of the dorsolateral prefrontal and medial frontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 1097-1108.
26. Herwig, U., Abler, B., Schonfeldt-Lecuona, C., Wunderlich, A., Grothe, J., Spitzer, M., & Walter, H. (2003). Verbal storage in a premotor parietal network: Evidence from fMRI-guided magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage, 20, 1032-1041.
27. Honts, C. R., Raskin, D. C., & Kircher, J. C. (1994). Mental and physical countermeasures reduce the accuracy of polygraph tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 252-259.
28. Huang, Y.-Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005). Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 45, 201-206.
29. Illes, J., Gallo, M., & Kirschen, M. P. (2006). An ethics perspective on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and human neuromodulation. Behavioral Neurology, 17(3/4), 149-157.
30. Iyer, M. B., Mattu, U., Grafman, J., Lomarev, M., Sato, S., & Wassermann, E. M. (2005). Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology, 64, 872-875.
31. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). Lies and coercion: Why psychiatrists should not participate in police and intelligence interrogations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 34(4), 472-478.
32. Johnson, R., Jr., Barnhardt, J., & Zhu, J. (2003). The deceptive response: Effects ofresponse conflict and strategic monitoring on the late positive component and episodic memory-related brain activity. Biological Psychology, 64(3), 217-253.
33. Johnson, R., Jr., Barnhardt, J., & Zhu, J. (2005). Differential effects ofpractice on the executive processes used for truthful and deceptive responses: An event-related brain potential study. Cognitive Brain Research, 24(3), 386-404.
34. Keckler, C. N. W. (2005). Cross-examining the brain: A Legal analysis of neural imaging for credibility impeachment. Paper 16, George Mason University School of Law Working Paper Series. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University School of Law. Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://law.bepress.com/gmulwps/gmule/art16
35. Kennerlet, S. W., Sakai, K., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2004). Organization of action sequences and the role of the pre-SMA. Journal of Neurophysiology, 91, 978-993.
36. Kincses, T. Z., Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Bartfai, O., & Paulus, W. (2004). Facilitation of probabilistic classification learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefirontal cortex in the human. Neuropsychologia, 42, 113-117.
37. Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., & Gerloff, C. (2003). Enhancing cognitive performance with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at human individual alpha frequency. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1129-1133.
38. Knoch, D., Gianotti, L. R. R., Pascual-Leone, A., Treyer, V., Regard, M., Hohmann, M., & Brugger, P. (2006). Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(24), 6469-6472.
39. Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435(7042), 673-676.
40. Kosslyn, S. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Felician, O., Camposano, S., Keenan, J. P., Thompson, W. L., Ganis, G., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (199 9). The role of area 17 in visual imagery: Convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. Science, 284, 167-170.
41. Kozel, F. A., Johnson, K. A., Mu, Q., Grenesko, E. L., Laken, S. J., & George, M. S. (2005). Detecting deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 605-613.
42. Kozel, F. A., Padgett, T. M., & George, M. S. (2004). A replication study of the neural correlates of deception. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118(4), 852-856.
43. Langleben, D. D., Loughead, J. W., Bilker, W. B., Ruparel, K., Childress, A. R., Busch, S. I., & Gur, R. C. (2005). Telling truth from lie in individual subjects with fast event-related fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 26, 262-272.
44. Langleben, D. D., Schroeder, L., Maldjian, J. A., Gur, R. C., McDonald, S., Ragland, J. D., O'Brien, C. P., & Childress, A. R. (2002). Brain activity during simulated deception: An event-related functional magnetic resonance study. Neuroimage, 15, 727-732.
45. Lavidor, M., & Walsh, V. (2003). A magnetic stimulation examination of orthographic neighborhood effects in visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 354-363.
46. Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H.-L., Chan, C. C. H., Ng, Y. B., Fox, P. T., & Gao, J.-H. (2005). Neural correlates of feigned memory impairment. Neuroimage, 28, 305-313.
47. Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H. L., Tan, L. H., Chan, C. C. H., Mahankali, S., Feng, C. M., Hou, J., Fox, P., & Gao, J. H. (2002). Lie detection by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 15, 157-164.
48. Lo, Y. L., Fook-Chong, S., & Tan, E. K. (2003). Increased cortical excitability in human deception. Neuroreport, 14(7), 1021-1024.
49. Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T., Sackheim, H., & Lisanby, S. H. (2004). Parietal cortex and representation of the mental self. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101(17), 6827-6832.
50. Luber, B., Kinnunen, L. H., Rakitin, B. C., Ellsasser, R., Stern, Y., & Lisanby, S. H. (2007a). Facilitation of performance in a working memory task with rTMS stimulation of the precuncus: Frequency and time-dependent effects. Brain Research, 1128, 120-129.
51. Luber, B., Peterchev, A., Nguyen, T., Sporn, A., & Lisanby, S. H. (2007b). Application of TMS in psychophysiological studies. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (120-138), 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. Luber, B., Stanford, A. D., Bulow, P., Nguyen, T., Rakitin, B. C., Habeck, C., Basner, R., Stern, Y., & Lisanby, S. H. (2008). Remediation of sleep-deprivation induced visual working memory impairment with fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation: Testing the role of neural reserve-associated cortical networks. Cerebral Cortex, 18(9), 2077-2085.
53. Lykken, D. T. (1960). The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: The effects offaking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 44, 258-262.
54. MacLaren,V.V. (2001). A quantitative review of the guilty knowledge test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 674-683.
55. Malcolm, S. R., & Keenan, J. P. (2005). Hemispheric asymmetry and deception detection. Laterality, 10(2), 103-110.
56. Matthews, N., Luber, B., Qian, N., & Lisanby, S. (200 1). Transcranial magnetic stimulation differentially affects speed and direction judgments. Experimental Brain Research, 140, 397-406.
57. Meegan, D. V. (2007). Neuroirnaging techniques for memory detection: Scientific, ethical and legal issues. American Journal of Bioethics, 8(1), 9-20.
58. Mohamed, F., Faro, S., Gordon, N., Platek, M., Abroad, H., & Williams, M. (2006). Brain mapping of deception and truthtelling about an ecologically valid situation: Functional MR imaging and polygraph investigation - Initial experience. Radiology, 238, 679-688.
59. Moreno, J. (2006). Mind zoars: Brain research and national defense. Washington, DC: Dana.
60. Morris, S. G. (2007). Neuroscience and the free will conundrum. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(5), 20-22.
61. Muellbacher, W., Ziemann, U., Wissel, J., Dang, N., Kofier, M., Facchim, S., Boroojerdi, B., Poewc, W., & Hallett, M. (2002). Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature, 415, 640-644.
62. Nuñez, J. M., Casey, B. J., Egner, T., Harre, T., & Hirsch, J. (2005). Intentional false responding shares neural substrates with response conflict and cognitive control. NeuroImage, 25, 267-277.
63. O'Shea, J., Muggleton, G., Cowey, A., & Walsh, V. (2004). Timing of target discrimination in human frontal eye fields. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1060-1067.
64. Pascual-Leone, A., Walsh, V., & Rothwell, J. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience - virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 232-237.
65. Penney, D., & McGee, G. (2005). Chemical trust: Oxytocin oxymoron? American Journal of Bioethics, 5(3), 1-2.
66. Phan, K. L., Magalhaes, A., Ziemlewicz, T. J., Fitzgerald, D. A., Green, C., & Smith, W. (2005). Neural correlates of telling lies: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study at 4 Tesla. Academic Radiology, 12(2), 164-172.
67. Priori, A. (2003). Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 589-595.
68. Priori, A., Mameli, F., Cogiamanian, F., Marceglia, S., Tiriticco, M., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Ferrucci, R., Zago, S., Polezzi, D., & Sartori, G. (2008). Lie-specific involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 451-455.
69. Racine, E., Bar-Ilan, O., & Illes, J. (2005). fMRI in the public eye. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(2), 159-164.
70. Rami, L., Gironell, A., Kulisevsky, J., Garcia-Sanchez, C., Berthier, M., & Estevez-Gonzalez, A. (2003). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on memory subtypes: A controlled study. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1877-1883.
71. Rogers, R. D., Owen, A. M., Middleton, H. C., Williams, E. J., Pickard, J. D., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1999). Choosing between small, likely rewards and large, unlikely rewards activates inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 9029-9038.
72. Rossi, S., Cappa, S. F., Babiloni, C., Pasqualetti, P., Miniussi, C., Carducci, F., Babiloni, F., & Rossini, P. M. (2001). Prefrontal cortex in long-term memory: An "interference" approach using magnetic stimulation. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 948-952.
73. Rubenstein, L., Pross, C., Davidoff, F., & lacopino, V. (2005). Coercive US interrogation policies: A challenge to medical ethics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(12), 1544-1549.
74. Rushworth, M. F. S., Hadland, K. A., Paus, T., & Sipila, P. K. (2002). Role ofthe human medial frontal cortex in task switching: A combined fMRI and TMS study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87, 2577-2592.
75. Rushworth, M. F. S., Paus, T., & Sipila, P. K. (2001). Attention systems and the organization of the human parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 5262-5271.
76. Saint-Amour, D., Walsh, V., Guillemot, J. P., Lassonde, M., & Lepore, F. (2005). Role of primary visual cortex in the binocular integration of plaid motion perception. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1107-1115.
77. Sandrini, M., Cappa, S. F., Rossi, S., Rossini, P. M., & Miniussi, C. (2003). The role ofprefrontal cortex in verbal episodic memory: rTM S evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 855-861.
78. Serrien, D. J., Strens, L. H., Olivicro, A., & Brown, P. (2002). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) degrades bimanual movement control in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 328, 89-92.
79. Shapiro, K. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Mottaghy, F. M., Gangitano, M., & Caramazza, A. (2001). Grammatical distinctions in the left frontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 713-720.
80. Sip, K. E., Roepstorff, A., McGregor, W., & Frith, C. D. (2007). Detecting deception: The scope and limits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 48-53.
81. Sip, K. E., Roepstorff, A., McGregor, W., & Frith, C. D. (2008). Response to Haynes: There's more to deception than brain activity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 127-128.
82. Spence, S. A., Farrow, T. F. D., Herford, A. E., Wilkinson, I. D., Zheng, Y., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2001). Behavioural and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans. Neuroreport, 12(13), 2849-2853.
83. Stern, P. C. (2002). The polygraph and lie detection: Report of the National Research Council Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph. Washington, DC: National Academics Press.
84. Tovino, S. A. (2007). Functional neuroirnaging and the law: Trends and directions for future scholarship. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(9), 44-56.
85. UN. (19 8 2). Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly physicians, in the protection ofprisoners and detainees against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982.
86. van't Wout, M., Kahn, R. S., Sanfey, A. G., & Aleman, A. (2005). Repetitive transcranial stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects strategic decision making. NeuroReport, 16, 1849-1852.
87. Walsh, V., Desmond, J. E., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2006). Manipulating brains. Behavioral Neurology, 17(31 4), 131-134.
88. Wassermann, E. M. (1998). Risk and safety ofrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 108(1), 1-16.
89. Weisberg, D. S., Kcil, F. C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E., & Gray, J. R. (2008). TIC seductive allure of neuroscience explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(3), 470-477.
90. Wolpe, P. R., Foster, K. R., & Langleben, D. D. (2005). Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: Promises and perils. American Journal of Bioethics, 5(2), 39-49.