The effect of AQUI-S® sedation on primary, secondary, and tertiary stress responses during salmon smolt, Salmo salar L., transport and transfer to sea

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 216-225

  Iversen, Martin ^a   Eliassen, Robert A ^a  

^a NORD UNIVERSITY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FISH CULTURE; MORTALITY; SALINITY; SALMONID; SMOLT;

ANIMALIA; SALMO SALAR;

EID: 65449166001     PISSN: 08938849     EISSN: 17497345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00244.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Arends, R. J., J. M. Mancera, J. L. Munoz, S. E. W. Bonga, and G. Flik. 1999. The stress response of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) to air exposure and confinement. Journal of Endocrinology 163(1): 149-157.
2. Barton, B. A. 2002. Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42: 517-525.
3. Barton, B. A. and R. E. Zitzow. 1995. Physiological responses of juvenile walleyes to handling stress with recovery in saline water. Progressive Fish-Culturist 57: 267-276.
4. Barton, B. A., L. Ribas, L. Acerete, and L. Tort. 2005. Effects of chronic confinement on physiological responses of juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., to acute handling. Aquaculture Research 36: 172-179.
5. Bijvelds, M. J. C., J. A. Van der Velden, Z. I. Kolar, and G. Flik. 1998. Magnesium transport in freshwater teleosts. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1981-1990.
6. Blackburn, J. and W. C. Clarke. 1987. Revised procedures for the 24 hour seawater challenge test to measure seawater adaptability of juvenile salmonides. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1515: 42-50.
7. Bonga, S. E. W. 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews 77: 591-625.
8. Carey, J. B. and S. D. McCormick. 1998. Atlantic salmon smolts are more responsive to an acute handling and confinement stress than parr. Aquaculture 168: 237-253.
9. Carmichael, G. J. 1984. Long distance truck transport of intensively reared largemouth bass. Progressive Fish-Culturist 46: 111-115.
10. Carmichael, G. J., J. R. Tomasso, B. A. Simco, and K. B. Davis. 1984. Confinement stress and water quality-induced stress in largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113: 767-777.
11. Chrousos, G. P. and P. W. Gold. 1992. The concept of stress and stress system disorders. JAMA 267(9): 1244-1252.
12. Davis, K. B. 2006. Management of physiological stress in finfish aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture 68: 116-121.
13. Davis, K. B. and B. R. Griffin. 2004. Physiological responses of hybrid striped bass under sedation by several anesthetics. Aquaculture 233: 531-548.
14. Davis, K. B. and B. C. Small. 2006. Rates of cortisol increase and decrease in channel catfish and sunshine bass exposed to an acute confinement stressor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part C 143: 134-139.
15. Davis, K. B., B. R. Griffin, and W. L. Gray. 2002. Effect of handling stress on susceptibility of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to Icthyophthirius multifiliis and channel catfish virus infection. Aquaculture 214: 55-66.
16. Davis, K. B., B. R. Griffin, and W. L. Gray. 2003. Effect of dietary cortisol on resistance of channel catfish to infection by Ichthyopthirius multifiliis and channel catfish virus disease. Aquaculture 218: 121-130.
17. Dhabhar, F. S. and B. S. McEwen. 1997. Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses immune function in vivo: A potential role for leucocyte trafficking. Brain Behavior and Immunology 11: 286-306.
18. Einarsdottir, I. E., K. J. Nilssen, and M. Iversen. 2000a. Effects of rearing stress on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) antibody response to a non-pathogenic antigen. Aquaculture Research 31: 923-930.
19. Einarsdottir, I. E., K. J. Nilssen, S. O. Oren, and M. Iversen. 2000b. Temperature influence on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) antibody response to a cellular antigen. Polar Biology 23: 231-235.
20. Finstad, B., M. Iversen, and R. Sandodden. 2003. Stress-reducing methods for releases of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in Norway. Aquaculture 222: 203-214.
21. Directorate of Fisheries. 2006. Directorate of fisheries: Key figures from the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Directorate of Fisheries. Bergen, Norway.
22. Forsberg, J. A., R. C. Summerfelt, and B. A. Barton. 2001. Physiological and behavioral stress responses of walleyes transported in salt and buffered-salt solutions. North American Journal of Aquaculture 63: 191-200.
23. Hasan, M. and A. N. Bart. 2007. Improved survival of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) fingerlings using low-dose quinaldine and benzocaine during transport. Aquaculture Research 38: 50-58.
24. Iversen, M. and R. A. Eliassen. 2005. Salmon Smolt (Salmo salar L) production and stress reducing measures: The effects of Aqui-S™ sedation during vaccination, transport and transfer to sea on survivability, appetite, growth, immunological capacity, primary, secondary and tertiary stress responses. Nordland Research Institute, Bodø, Norway.
25. Iversen, M., B. Finstad, and K. J. Nilssen. 1998. Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Aquaculture 168: 387-394.
26. Iversen, M., B. Finstad, R. S. McKinley, and R. A. Eliassen. 2003. The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-S (TM) and Benzoak (R) as anaesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture 221: 549-566.
27. Iversen, M., R. A. Eliassen, and L. Gill. 2004. Transport of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts in Puerto Montt, Chile. The effects of high and low transport densities on primary, secondary and tertiary stress responses. Nordland Research Institute, Bodø, Norway.
28. Iversen, M., B. Finstad, R. S. McKinley, R. A. Eliassen, K. T. Carlsen, and T. Evjen. 2005. Stress responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts during commercial well boat transports, and effects on survival after transfer to sea. Aquaculture 243: 373-382.
29. Kirschner, L., L. Greenwald, and M. Sanders. 1974. On the mechanisms of sodium extrusion across the irrigated gill of seawater adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of General Physiology 64: 148-165.
30. Langhorne, P. and T. H. Simpson. 1981. Natural changes in serum cortisol in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar L.) during parr-smolt transformation. Pages 349-350 in A. D. Pickering, editor. Stress and fish. Academic Press, London, UK.
31. Liebert, A. M. and C. B. Schreck. 2006. Effects of acute stress on osmoregulation, feed intake, IGF-1, and cortisol in yearling steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during seawater adaptation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 148: 195-202.
32. Maule, A. G., C. B. Schreck, C. S. Bradford, and B. A. Barton. 1988. Physiological effects of collecting and transporting emigrating juvenile chinook salmon past dams on the Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117: 245-261.
33. Maule, A. G., R. A. Tripp, S. L. Kaattari, and C. B. Schreck. 1989. Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of Endocrinology 120: 135-142.
34. Mommsen, T. P., M. M. Vijayan, and T. W. Moon. 1999. Cortisol in teleosts: Dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9: 211-268.
35. Morgan, M. J., C. E. Wilson, and L. W. Crim. 1999. The effect of stress on reproduction in Atlantic cod. Journal of Fish Biology 54: 477-488.
36. Olsen, Y. A., I. E. Einarsdottir, and K. J. Nilssen. 1995. Metomidate anaesthesia in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, prevents plasma cortisol increase during stress. Aquaculture 134: 155-168.
37. Pickering, A. D. 1993. Growth and stress in fish production. Aquaculture 111: 51-63.
38. Portz, D. E., C. M. Woodley, and J. J. Cech. 2006. Stress-associated impacts of short-term holding on fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 16: 125-170.
39. Redding, M. J. and C. B. Schreck. 1983. Influence of ambient salinity on osmoregulation and cortisol concentration in yearling coho salmon during stress. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112: 800-807.
40. Ross, L. G. and B. Ross. 1999. Anaesthetic & sedative techniques for aquatic animals, 2nd edition. Blackwell Science, London, UK.
41. Rothwell, S. E., S. E. Black, A. R. Jerrett, and M. E. Forster. 2005. Cardiovascular changes and catecholamine release following anaesthesia in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawtscha) and snapper (Pagrus auratus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Molecular & Integrative Physiology 140: 289-298.
42. Sandodden, R., B. Finstad, and M. Iversen. 2001. Transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Anaesthesia and recovery. Aquaculture Research 32: 87-90.
43. Schoettger, R. A. and M. Julin. 1967. Efficacy of MS-222 as an anesthetic on four salmonids. Investigations in Fish Control, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13: 1-15.
44. Schreck, C. B. 1981. Stress and compensation in telesotean fishes: responses to social and physical factors. Pages 295-321 in A. D. Pickering, editor. Stress and fish. Academic Press, London, UK.
45. Schreck, C. B., W. Contreras-Sanchez, and M. S. Fitzpatrick. 2001. Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny. Aquaculture 197: 3-24.
46. Selye, H. 1950. Stress and the general adaption syndrome. British Medical Journal 1(4667): 1383-1392.
47. Selye, H. 1973. Homeostasis and heterostasis. Perspectives of Biological Medicine 16: 441-445.
48. Small, B. C. 2004. Effect of isoeugenol sedation on plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate dynamics in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to three stressors. Aquaculture 238: 469-481.
49. Small, B. C. and N. Chatakondi. 2005. Routine measures of stress are reduced in mature channel catfish during and after AQUI-S anesthesia and recovery. North American Journal of Aquaculture 67: 72-78.
50. Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1987. Introduction to biostatistics. Freeman, New York, New York, USA.
51. Specker, J. L. and C. B. Schreck. 1980. Stress responses to transportation and fitness for marine survival in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 765-769.
52. Staurnes, M., J. R. Rainuzzo, T. Sigholt, and L. Jorgensen. 1994. Acclimation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to cold-water -stress response, osmoregulation, gill lipid composition and gill Na-K-Atpase activity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A -Physiology 109: 413-421.
53. Tsigos, C. and G. P. Chrousos. 2002. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53: 865-871.
54. Veiseth, E., S. O. Fjaera, B. Bjerkeng, and P. O. Skjervold. 2006. Accelerated recovery of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from effects of crowding by swimming. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B -Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 144(3): 351-358.
55. Vijayan, M. M. and T. W. Moon. 1992. Acute handling stress alters hepatic glycogen metabolism in food-deprived rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 2260-2266.
56. Virtanen, E. and A. Soivio. 1985. The patterns of T3, T4, cortisol and Na+-K+ -ATPase during smoltification of hatchery-reared Salmo salar and comparison with wild smolt. Aquaculture 45: 97-109.
57. Wells, R. M. G. and N. W. Pankhurst. 1999. Evaluation of simple instruments for the measurement of blood glucose and lactate, and plasma protein as stress indicators in fish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2: 276-284.
58. Weyts, F. A. A., N. Cohen, G. Flik, and B. M. L. Verburg-van Kemenade. 1999. Interactions between the immune system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis in fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 9: 1-20.
59. Young, G., B. T. Bjørnsson, P. Prunet, R. J. Lin, and H. A. Bern. 1989. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Plasma prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol. General and Comparative Endocrinology 74: 346-354.