Chapter 7 Nutrient and Water Management Effects on Crop Production, and Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Areas of China

Advances in Agronomy

Volumn 102, Issue , 2009, Pages 223-265

  Li, Sheng Xiu ^a   Wang, Zhao Hui ^a   Malhi, S S ^b   Li, Shi Qing ^a   Gao, Ya Jun ^a   Tian, Xiao Hong ^a  

^a NORTHWEST A F UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65449130107     PISSN: 00652113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(09)01007-4     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Ackerson R.C. Osmoregulation in cotton in response to water stress. 3. Effects of phosphorus fertility. Plant Physiol. 77 (1985) 309-312
2. Anghinoni I., and Barber S.A. Phosphorus application rate and distribution in the soil and phosphorus uptake by corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44 (1980) 1041-1044
3. Arnon I. Physiological principles of dryland crop production. In: Gupta U.S. (Ed). Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming (1975), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi, India 3-145
4. Baker D.N., and Musgrave K.B. The effect of two level moisture stress on the rate of apparent photosynthesis in corn. Crop Sci. 4 (1964) 249-253
5. Barber S.A. Soil Nutrient Bioavailability: A Mechanistic Approach (1984), John Wiley & Sons, New York 90-113
6. Bowman J. The 'greenhouse effect'. In: Bonnett R.M. (Ed). The 'Greenhouse Effect' and UK Agriculture (1989), Center for Agriculture Strategy, University of Reading, Reading, UK 1-17
7. Boyer J.S. Water deficits and photosynthesis. In: Kozlowski T.T. (Ed). Water Deficits and Plant Growth 4 (1976), Academic Press, New York, NY 154-190
8. Brady N. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 8th Edn (1974), Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc, New York, NY 243
9. Brown P.L. Water use and soil water depletion by dryland wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Agron. J. 63 (1972) 43-46
10. Brown S.C., Keatinge J.D.H., Gregory P.J., and Cooper P.J.M. Effect of fertilizer, variety and location on barley production under rainfed conditions in northern Syria. I. Root and shoot growth. Field Crops Res. 16 (1987) 53-66
11. Bushnell J. Exploratory tests of subsoil treatments inducing deeper rooting of potatoes on Wooster silt loam. Agron. J. 33 (1941) 823-828
12. Cao X.H. Manure fertilizer on dryland wheat crop. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dryland Farming Vol. 2 (1987), Yangling, Shaanxi, China 402-404
13. Cao C.L., Li S.X., and Li X.J. Effect of N deficient time during tillering period of winter wheat on some physical properties. J. Sci. Technol. Univ. Agric. Forestry (Nat. Sci.) 30 1 (2002) 23-26
14. Chen X.P. The influence of application of potassium on soil K availability and wheat resistance to drought under water stress condition. (1993), Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, China M.Sc. Thesis
15. Chen L.Z., Xia Z.L., and Wu S.J. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in China. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization," (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 380-389
16. Chen P.Y., Li Y., Chen J.J., and Cao J.C. The impact of limited irrigation on the drought resistance and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 10 1 (1992) 48-52
17. Cheng S.Y., Qiao C.F., Han G.M., and Guo X.D. The effect of fertilizer application upon the improvement of soil moisture productive efficiency in wheat on the drylands. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 5 2 (1987) 58-65
18. Cheng X.G., Wang D.S., Zhang M.R., Zhou Y., Jin K., Guo S.C., Wang Z.L., and Wang S.Z. Effects of different soil moisture conditions on winter wheat growth and nutrient uptake. Sci. Agric. Sin. 29 4 (1996) 67-74
19. Claassen N., and Barber S.A. Potassium influx characteristics of corn roots and interaction with N, P, Ca and Mg influx. Agron. J. 69 (1977) 860-864
20. Comfort S.D., Malzer G.L., and Busch R.H. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on root growth of spring wheat genotypes under water stress. Plant Physiol. 39 2 (1988) 379-386
21. Dai Q.L., and Yang W.Y. Studies on the effect of water and fertilizer interaction and their coupling patterns in hilly areas of Yinshan Mountains. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 13 1 (1995) 20-24
22. Dang J.H., Yang P.Y., Gao S.P., Sheng G.H., Yu S.L., Li Q.C., and Li Y.Q. Studies on the techniques of fertilization of wheat on Weibei drylands based on soil water contents. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 9 1 (1991) 9-16
23. Dong J.K. The absorption and distribution of N and P of apple seedlings under water deficient condition (1992), Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, China M.Sc. Thesis
24. Du J.J., Wang Z.H., Tian X.H., Wang X.Q., Li S.X., Li S.Q., and Gao Y.J. Effects of fertilization on crop uptake, transfer and utilization of water. In: Wang D.S. (Ed). The Principle of Relationship Between Fertilizer and Water of Dry Farming and Its Regulation Technology (1995), Agricultural Science and Technology Publishing House of China, Beijing, China 182-186
25. Eck H.V., and Stewart B.A. Wheat fertilization studies in western Oklahoma. Okl. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 432 (1954)
26. Fan Z.X., Wang P., Boening-Zilkens M., Liang Z.X., and Claupein W. Effects of optimized irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on grain yield of winter wheat. J. Triticeae Crops 23 4 (2003) 99-103
27. Fang Q.X., Chen Y.H., Li Q.Q., Yu S.Z., Luo Y., Yu Q., and Ouyang Z. Effects of soil moisture on radiation utilization during late growth stages and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Acta Agronom. Sin. 32 6 (2006) 861-866
28. Flower T.N., and Challagha J.R.Q. Nitrification in soils incubated with pig slurry or ammonium sulphate. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15 3 (1983) 337-342
29. Gao Y.J., and Li S.X. Analysis of the effect of water and fertilizer in north dryland areas of China. Chin. Eng. J. 4 7 (2002) 22-27
30. Gao Y.J., Wang X.Q., Du J.J., Li S.Q., and Li S.X. Effects of fertilization on water use efficiency. In: Wang D.S. (Ed). The Principle of Relationship Between Fertilizer and Water of Dry Farming and Its Regulation Technology (1995), Agricultural Science and Technology Publishing House of China, Beijing, China 191-194
31. Gao Y.J., Li S.X., Ting X.H., Li S.Q., Wang Z.H., and Du J.J. Effect of water allocation on maize yield in dryland areas under different fertilizer supply. Acta Agric. Sin. 32 3 (2006) 415-422
32. Ghashagaie J., and Saugier B. Effect of nitrogen deficiency on leaf photosynthetic response of tall fescue to water deficit. Plant Cell Environ. 12 (1989) 261-271
33. Gregory P.J. Plant and management factors affecting the water use efficiency of dryland crops. In: Unger P.W., Sneed T.V., Jorden W.R., and Jensen R. (Eds). Challenges in Dryland Agriculture-A Global Perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dryland Farming, August 15-19, 1988 (1988), Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Amarillo/Bushland, TX 171-175
34. Grimme H., Strebel O., Renger M., and Fleiger H. Die potentielle K-Anlieferung an die Pflanzenwurzeln durch Diffusion. Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenkd. Ges. 36 (1981) 367-374
35. Guo L.P., Wang X.R., Zhang F.S., Chen X.P., and Mao D.R. Effect of fertilizer application in different years on crop yields and fertilizer recovery. Chin. J. Agromet. 20 4 (1999) 20-23
36. Guo T.C., Yao Z.J., Wang C.Y., Wang S.L., and Luo Y. Effects of irrigation and fertilizer application regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and yield traits of wheat. Acta Bot. Boreal. Occident. Sin. 24 10 (2004) 1786-1791
37. Han S.F., Li Y.S., Zhang X.Z., Si Z.Y., and Xi Y. Studies on the techniques for controlling winter wheat water in rainfall-abundant years. Shaanxi Agric. Sci. 5 (1990) 9-11
38. 3-N in soil profile. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 Suppl. (1993) 74-82
39. Hu T.T., and Li S.X. The effectiveness of different biological indices in reflecting soil nitrogen-supplying capacities. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 Suppl. (1993) 56-61
40. Hu T.T., and Li S.X. The relationships between mineralisable or mineral N determined by different methods and plant uptake nitrogen. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 Suppl. (1993) 62-67
41. Hu T.T., and Li S.X. The contribution of mineral nitrogen from 0-100 cm layer to plant uptake nitrogen. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 Suppl. (1993) 68-73
42. Hu L.H., Jing Q.Y., Yang G., and Hu G.C. The effects of continuous application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the increase of wheat and millet yields. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization" (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 397-409
43. Huang J.C., Wang B.X., Wang H., Zhang X.P., and Zhao D.Q. Effects of supplemental irrigation on dryland wheat yield and water use efficiency. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 8 4 (1990) 105-109
44. Jamison V.C. Changes in air-water relationships due to structural improvement of soils. Soil Sci. 76 (1953) 143-151
45. Jin S.L. Balanced fertilization of spring wheat in the Hexi Corridor. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization, (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 179-184
46. Ju X.T., and Li S.X. The effect of temperature and moisture on nitrogen mineralization in soils. Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci. 4 1 (1998) 37-42
47. Kramer P.J. Water Relations of Plants (1983), Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers), New York, NY 181-182
48. Leggett G.E. Relationships between wheat yield, available moisture and available nitrogen in eastern Washington dry land areas. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. (1970) No. 609. Washington, DC
49. Leggett G.E., Reisenauer H.M., and Nelson W.L. Fertilization of dry land wheat in eastern Washington. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. (1959) No. 602. Washington, DC
50. Li Y.S. The relationship between soil water dynamics and wheat production. Shaanxi Agric. Sci. 2 (1982) 5-8
51. Li Y.S. Studies on the characteristics of soil water supply of the Weibei table farmlands and crop need and low amounts of irrigation. Sci. Agric. Sin. 18 4 (1985) 42-48
52. Li L.M. Nitrification. In: Zhou Z.L., and Wen Q.X. (Eds). Nitrogen in Soils of China (1990), Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanjing, China 94-122
53. Li Y.Y. The effect of potassium on drought resistance of maize. Agric. J. North China 8 4 (1993) 94-98
54. Li S.X. Dryland Agriculture in China (2007), Science Press, Beijing, China 630-631
55. Li S.X. The interaction of water and nutrients. In: Li S.X. (Ed). Soil and Plant Nitrogen in Dryland Areas of China (2008), Science Press, Beijing, China 733-749
56. Li S.Q., and Li S.X. The effects of applying fertilizers and water on maize production and fertilizer use efficiency. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 12 1 (1994) 47-53
57. Li S.X., and Xiao L. Distribution and management of drylands in the People's Republic of China. Adv. Soil Sci. 18 (1992) 147-302
58. Li S.X., and Zhao B.S. The effect of soil nitrogen supplying capacity on phosphate fertilizer efficiency for some legume and non-legume crops. Soil Fertil. 4 (1990) 19-23
59. Li S.X., and Zhao B.S. Rational fertilization on drylands. VI. Fertilization and irrigation. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 Suppl. (1993) 14-17
60. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. The effects of organic fertilizer applied by base and dressing on wheat yields and fertilizer efficiency. "Selected Works of Shaanxi Agricultural Science and Technology", (Shaanxi Agricultural Ministry) (1976), Shaanxi People's Publishing House, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 83-85
61. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. The effects of fertilizer application time on wheat yields. "Selected Works of Shaanxi Agricultural Science and Technology," (Shaanxi Agricultural Ministry) (1976), Shaanxi People's Publishing House, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 78-82
62. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. Increasing fertilizer efficiency by deep application. "Selected Works of Shaanxi Agricultural Science and Technology" (Shaanxi Agricultural Ministry) (1976), Shaanxi People's Publishing House, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 73-76
63. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. Rational application of phosphate fertilizer to wheat, part I. Acta Collegii Septent. Occident. Agric. 6 1 (1978) 77-85
64. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. Rational application of phosphate fertilizer to wheat, part II. Acta Collegii Septent. Occident. Agric. 7 1 (1979) 55-99
65. Li L.K., Tian J.J., Gao H., Liu B., and Lin C.M. The role of application of phosphate fertilizer in increase of wheat resistance to droughts and yield in Weibei dryland areas. Shaanxi Agric. Sci. 5 (1982) 7-10
66. Li C.W., Zhao B.S., Hua T.M., and Li H.T. Some matter of fertilization in Weibei dryland region. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dryland Farming (1987), Yangling, Shaanxi, China 408-411 Vol. 2
67. Li S.X., Fu H.F., Yuan H.L., and Xiao J.Z. Comparison of several methods reflecting the nitrogen supplying power in rainfed land soils. Soils 22 4 (1990) 190-193
68. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li C.W. The effect of application of N, P and organic fertilizers on N-fixing performance of leguminous crops. Chin. J. Soil Sci. 21 1 (1990) 13-15
69. Li Y.S., Zhang X.Z., and Guo M.H. The field experiments on the field-response of crops to water and fertilizer in the south of the Loess Plateau. Acta Pedol. Sin. 27 1 (1990) 1-7
70. Li S.X., Zhao B.S., and Li H.D. On rational fertilization of drylands in China. Chin. J. Soil Sci. 22 4 (1991) 145-148
71. Li S.X., Yuan H.L., He H.X., and Li S.Q. Assessing nitrogen fixation efficiency of two legume plants from nitrogen intake in three successively grown crops. Chin. J. Soil Sci. 23 3 (1992) 130-133
72. Li S.X., Li S.Q., Gao Y.J., Wang X.Q., He H.X., and Du J.J. Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on the rise of water use efficiency and the mechanisms. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 12 1 (1994) 38-46
73. Li S.Q., Wang X.Q., Gao Y.J., Du J.J., and Li S.X. Effects of fertilization on increase of transpiration and reduction of evaporation. In: Wang D.S. (Ed). The Principle of Relationship Between Fertilizer and Water of Dry Farming and Its Regulation Technology (1995), Agricultural Science and Technology Publishing House of China, Beijing, China 187-190
74. Li S.J., Zhou D.X., and Li J.M. Effect of different nitrogen application on yield, nitrogen distribution and utilization in winter wheat under soil water stress. Acta Agric. Boreal. Sin. 16 3 (2001) 86-91
75. Li Z.Y., Wang P., Zhai Z.X., and Boening-Zilkens M. Effects of different water nitrogen pattern on growth and yield of wheat. Till. Cult. 5 (2001) 19-21
76. Li S., Zhou D.X., Zhu Y.P., Li J.M., and Lan L.W. Effects of water and nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake and distribution in wheat. Acta Agric. Boreal. Sin. 17 1 (2002) 69-75
77. Li Z.Y., Wang P., Zhai Z.X., and Boening-Zilkens M. Effects of the optimized irrigation-optimized fertilization and the traditional irrigation-traditional fertilization on growth, development and yield of winter wheat. Acta Agric. Boreal. Sin. 17 4 (2002) 68-72
78. Li Y.B., Zheng L.M., Liao S.H., Zhu H., and Liu H.J. Effects of different patterns of irrigation and N application on grain yield and utilization ratio of water and nutrient of winter wheat in Beijing Suburb. J. Triticeae Crops 25 2 (2005) 51-56
79. Liang W.L., Liu H.L., and Hu H.J. The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on water use efficiency of dryland wheat. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dryland Farming (1987), Yangling, Shaanxi, China 412-414 Vol. 2
80. Liu D.Y. The effect of fertilizer rate on root system, root activity, and above-ground characteristics of wheat. Soil Fertil. 3 (1992) 15-17
81. Liu D.Y., and Shi L.Y. The effect of dressing at different timing on root system, root activity, and shoot characteristics of wheat. Acta Agron. Sin. 19 2 (1993) 149-155
82. Liu X.N., and Zhang H.P. Studies on the relationships between water and fertilizer in Heilongjiang area. Soil Fertil. 4 (1991) 1-4
83. Lü D.Q., and Li Y. Enhancement of the rate of nitrogen utilization for increasing wheat production on Loess Plateau. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dryland Farming (1987), Yangling, Shaanxi, China 236-248 Vol. 2
84. Lü D.Q., Li Y., and Tan W.L. Wheat response to N and P balanced fertilization and the factors affecting the response in Shaanxi loess region. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization". (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 317-324
85. Ma H.P. Studies on relationship between fertilized black soil and its physical properties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dryland Farming (1987), Yangling, Shaanxi, China 249-257 Vol. 2
86. Ma L.S. Management of nitrogen of arable lands, and environmental and crop quality. In: Zhu Z.L., and Wen Q.X. (Eds). Nitrogen in Soils of China (1992), Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 267-287
87. Ma Y.H., Zhang Y.P., Ca G.L., Wan J.L., Wan G.X., and Ren J.X. Studies on improvement of soil fertility-The effect of organic fertilizer on organic-mineral colloidal complex and water use efficiency of soil. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 2 3 (1984) 56-71
88. Malhi S.S., and McGill W.B. Nitrification in three Alberta soils: Effect of temperature, moisture and substrate concentration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15 (1982) 397-399
89. Marschner H. Effect of external and internal factors on root growth and development. In: Marschner H. (Ed). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (1986), Academic Press, London, UK 429-446
90. Mei X.R., and Tao Y.F. The techniques for regulating and controlling water in dryland soil. In: Tao Y.F., Wan L.X., and Han S.F. (Eds). Water Production Potential and Its Utilization on Drylands in Northern China (1993), Meteorology Press, Beijing, China 158-188
91. Mengel K., Grimme H., and Nemeth A. Potentielle und effektive Verfügbarkeit von Pflanzennährstoffen im Boden. Landwirtsch. Forsch. Sonderh. 16 (1969) 79-91
92. Morgan J.A. The effects of N nutrition on the water relations and gas exchange characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). Plant Physiol. 80 (1986) 52-58
93. Muchow R.C. Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semiarid tropical environment. III. Grain yield and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Res. 18 (1988) 31-43
94. +. Plant Physiol. 85 (1987) 655-661
95. Power J.F. The evaluation of water and nitrogen stress on bromegrass growth. Agron. J. 63 (1971) 726-728
96. Radin J.W., and Boyer J.S. Control of leaf expansion by nitrogen nutrition in sunflower plants. Plant Physiol. 69 (1982) 771-775
97. Radin J.W., and Parker W.D. Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. I. Dependence upon leaf structure. Plant Physiol. 64 (1979) 495-498
98. Ramig R.E., and Phoades H.F. Interrelationship of soil moisture level at planting time and nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat production. Agron. J. 55 (1963) 123-127
99. Reager M., Strebel O., Grimme H., and Fleige H. Nahrastoffanlieferung und die Pflanzenwurzel durch Massenfluss. Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenkd. Ges. 30 (1981) 63-70
100. Rego T.J. Comparison of the effects of continuous and relieved water stress on nitrogen nutrition of grain sorghum. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39 (1988) 773-782
101. Russell E.W. Soil Condition and Plant Growth. 10th Edn (1979), Longman, London, UK
102. Shaaban S.M. Effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on wheat plant under water regime. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2 10 (2006) 650-656
103. Shan L. Suggestions for improving grain production on drylands in loess plateau. In: Shan L., and Niu P. (Eds). Selected Works on Arid and Semi-Arid Farming 3 (1983), Xi'an Agricultural Information Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 1-4
104. Shan L. Water deficit in plant and plant water issue of agricultural production in semiarid area. Adv. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2 (1983) 108-109
105. Shan L. Some ecological and physiological issues on raising dryland productivity. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 3 4 (1985) 71-80
106. Shangguan Z.P., and Chen P.Y. The effect of water stress on maize photosynthesis. Mem. Northwest. Inst. Soil Water Conserv. Acad. Sin. 8 (1990) 72-76
107. Shao Y.T., and Zhen Y.Z. Studies on the indices of phosphorus in Oasis soil of the Hexi Corridor and phosphate application rates. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization, (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 76-82
108. Shimshi D. The effect of nitrogen supply on some indices of plant water relations of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). New Phytol. 69 (1970) 413-424
109. Sinclair T.R., Tanner C.B., and Bennett J.M. Water-use efficiency in crop production. Bioscience 34 (1984) 36-40
110. Singandhupe R.B., and Rajput R.K. Effect of moisture regimes and sources and levels of N on yield of rice in Alkali soil. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 59 8 (1990) 532-533
111. Skogley E.O. Potassium in Montana soil. Mont. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep. 88 (1976)
112. Smike D.E., Haas H.J., and Power J.F. Effects of moisture and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and water use by native grass. Agron. J. 57 (1965) 483-486
113. Smith G.E. Soil fertility: The basis for high crop production. Better Crops 38 (1954) 22-30
114. + - N migration. Agric. Sci. China 5 5 (2006) 377-383
115. Standford G., and Epstein E. Nitrogen mineralization and water relations in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38 (1974) 103-106
116. Stewart B.A. Dryland farming-The North American experiences. In: Unger P.W., Sneed T.V., Jorden W.R., and Jensen R. (Eds). Challenges in Dryland Agriculture-A Global Perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dryland Farming, August 15-19, 1988 (1988), Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Amarillo/Bushland, TX 54-59
117. Taylor H.M., and Gardner H.R. Penetration of cotton seeding taproots as influenced by bulk density, moisture content and strength of soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38 (1963) 103-106
118. Taylor H.M., and Hlepper B. Rooting density and water extraction for corn. Agron. J. 65 (1973) 965-968
119. Torbert H.A., Mulvaney R.M., Vdnden Heuvel R.M., and Hoeft R.G. Soil type and moisture regime effects on fertilizer efficiency, calculation methods in a nitrogen-15 trace study. Agron. J. 84 (1992) 66-70
120. Unger P.W. Relationships Between Water Retention, Texture, Density, and Organic Matter Content of West and South Central Texas Soil (1975), Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX
121. Wang X.B., and Gao X.K. Soil water stress and fertilization effect. Soil Fertil. 4 (1988) 22-26
122. Wang Z.H., and Li S.X. The relation of nitrate contents to water, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in different organs of vegetables. Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci. 2 2 (1996) 144-152
123. Wang X.B., He J.X., and Huang J.C. Non-stomata factor leading decline of photosynthesis caused by water stress. J. Plant Physiol. 18 1 (1992) 77-84
124. Wang X.B., Gao X.K., and Cai H.Y. Studies on the interaction of water and fertilizer in arable drylands. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 11 3 (1993) 6-12
125. Wang C.R., Tian X.H., and Li S.X. Effects of ridge-mulching with plastic sheets for rainfall-harvesting cultivation on WUE and yield of winter wheat. Agric. Sci. China 3 1 (2004) 14-23
126. Weaver J.F., and Clements F.E. Plant Ecology. 2nd Edn (1938), McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, NY
127. 15N abundance. In: Zhu Z.L., and Wen Q.X. (Eds). Nitrogen in Soils of China (1992), Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 3-36
128. Working Committee of Natural Regionalization, Academia Sinica. China's Comprehensive Natural Regionalization (1959), Science Press, Beijing, China
129. Wu J.G. The effects of combination of N, P and B application on increase of wheat production. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization," (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 357-360
130. Xie Q.W., and Chen P.Y. The effect of N on wheat water state and photosynthesis under dry soil condition. J. Plant Physiol. 16 1 (1990) 49-56
131. 2 of winter wheat. J. Plant Physiol. 18 1 (1992) 1-7
132. Xu X.D. Rational fertilization in dryland farming and its physiological basis. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 3 2 (1985) 56-71
133. Xu M., and Shan L. The effects of mineral nutrient and water stress on spring wheat growth and yield formation. Mem. Northwest. Inst. Soil Water Conserv. Acad. Sin. 8 (1988) 73-78
134. Xu M., and Shan L. The effect of mineral nutrition on wheat production and water use efficiency under different soil water conditions. Acta Bot. Boreal. Occident. Sin. 11 4 (1991) 299-308
135. Xu M., and Shan L. The effect of mineral nutrition on water status and osmotic regulation under different water conditions. J. Bot. 34 8 (1992) 596-602
136. Yanbao E.B., and O'Toole J.C. Effects of nitrogen and root medium water potential on growth, nitrogen uptake and osmotic adjustment of rice (Oryza sativa, cultivar IR 36). Plant Physiol. 60 (1984) 507-515
137. Yao Y.X., and Yang Y.F. Studies on the effects of application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on regulating soil P and K balance. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization," (Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1989), China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China 403-409
138. Yao L.H., Jiang D., Xie J.M., and Hong J. The influence of potassium nutrition on rice photosynthetic function and grain yield. J. Plant Physiol. 15 2 (1989) 191-197
139. Yao X.H., Wan D.S., Cheng X.G., and Zhang M.R. Water effect of winter wheat under different fertilization level. Soil Fertil. 6 (1994) 15-18
140. Zhai B.N., and Li S.X. Study on the key and sensitive stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination. Sci. Agric. Sin. 38 6 (2005) 1188-1195
141. Zhang J.Y., Yang B.Q., and Wan T.Y. Raising dryland agriculture into the modern level: Investigation of Shanxi agricultural development. "Proceedings of National Symposium on Dryland Farming of Northern China," (Shanxi Agronomy Science Society, Academy of Agricultural Sciences) (1982), Economic Institute Press, Beijing, China 42-47
142. Zhang F.D. Organic-inorganic fertilizer combination is the developing direction of modern technique for applying fertilizers. Soil Fertil. 1 (1984) 16-19
143. Zhang L.X., and Li S.X. Effects of application of nitrogen, potassium and glycinebetaine on alleviation of water stress to summer maize. Agric. Sci. China 4 10 (2005) 767-773
144. Zhang S.Q., and Shan L. The effect of N nutrition on drought-resistant adaptability of spring wheat. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2 1 (1995) 31-35
145. Zhang D.Z., and Wang P.H. The relation of water stress and N metabolism. I. The effect of water stress on leaf N metabolism. Acta Univ. Septent. Occident. Agric. 16 3 (1988) 9-15
146. Zhang D.Z., and Wang P.H. The relation of water stress and N metabolism. II. The effect of N on N metabolism under water stress. Acta Univ. Septent. Occident. Agric. 16 4 (1988) 15-21
147. Zhao A.F., and Huang W.X. Study on root growth dynamics of spring wheat. J. Agron. North China 8 1 (1993) 88-93
148. Zhao Z.D., and Zhang J.S. Studies on raising N fertilizer efficiency. II. The relation of soil water and N recovery by plants. Chin. J. Soil Sci. 5 (1979) 39-40
149. Zhao J.B., Mei X.R., and Lu X.D. The characteristics of water supply and demand and the irrigation studies. Agric. Res. Arid Areas 8 4 (1990) 7-11
150. Zhao L.X., Jing J.H., and Wan S.T. The effect of different fertilizer rate on water use efficiency of winter wheat on drylands. J. Ecol. Bot. Geobot. 15 4 (1991) 330-343
151. Zheng R.T., and Liu Y.F. Interaction of water and fertilizer on crop yields and the determination of water and fertilizer application. Irrig. Drain. 14 2 (1995) 8-13
152. Zheng F.L., Tang K.L., and Zhou P.H. Approach to the genesis and development of rill erosion on slope lands and the way to control it. Acta Conserv. Soli Aquae Sin. 1 (1987) 36-48
153. Zhou L.Y., and Li W.M. Coupling effects of soil water and nitrogen on wheat yield. Chin. J. Soil Sci. 14 2 (1995) 8-13
154. Zhou K.Y., Chen S.Q., and Li M.Q. The effects of different P nutrition level on photosynthesis and photorespiration of tobacco. J. Plant Physiol. 19 1 (1993) 3-8