The Internet in developing nations

First Monday

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages

  Press, Larry ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65349158173     PISSN: 13960466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Daniel Lerner, 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society. New York: Free Press.
2. http://www.apc.org/english/about/history/english.shtml?cmd[384]=i-575-b9fee6e558e79c75da3406aeac1df93f.
3. http://www.cren.net/cren/cren-hist-fut.html, http://nethistory.dumbentia.com/bitov.html.
4. http://www.fidonet.org/inet92_Randy_Bush.txt, http://www.livinginternet.com/u/ui_fidonet.htm.
5. http://www.uucp.org/.
6. Larry Landweber, "International Connectivity list," ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/version_2. See ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/ for later versions of the list and maps. Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond also has tracked accessibility via Bitnet, Fidonet and the Internet since 1992, http://www.nsrc.org/oclb/.
7. ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/version_2.
8. George Sadowsky, 1993. "Network Connectivity for Developing Countries," Communications of the ACM, volume 36 (August), at http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=163388&jmp=references&dl=GUIDE&dl=ACM.
9. Larry Press, 1995. "Developing Networks in Less Industrialized Nations," IEEE Computer, volume 28, number 6 (June), at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/ieee.htm.
10. Larry Press, 1996. "The Role of Computer Networks in Development," Communications of the ACM, volume 39, number 2 (February), at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/devwins.htm.
11. Larry Press and Luis Rodriguez, 1996. "Toward an Internet Census for Developing Nations," Proceedings of INET '96, Montreal (June), at http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/f2/f2_3.htm.
12. Bridges.org, 2001. "Comparison of E-Readiness Assessment Models," (14 March), at http://www.bridges.org/ereadiness/tools.html.
13. Bridges.org, 2002. "E-readiness Assessment: Who is Doing What and Where," (23 March), at http://www.bridges.org/ereadiness/where.html.
14. http://www.ereadinesscenter.org/.
15. World Economic Forum, "Global Information Technology Report, 2003-4," http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CGlobal+Information+Technology+Report and The International Telecommunication Union. "World Telecommunication Development Report 2003," http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_03/index.html.
16. George Sadowsky, "Paving the Way for Internet-Rich Environments in Developing Nations," OnTheInternet, http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/0401/sadowsky.html.
17. http://www.sdnp.undp.org/.
18. http://www.sidsnet.org.
19. UNDP, Sustainable Development Networking Programme, Report of an independent external assessment 16 January 2004
20. http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/.
21. Steve Ruth, "Reaching Out," Internet Society Newsletter, March 1994, http://www.nic.funet.fi/index/ISOC/pub/isoc_news/2-4/complete_issue.txt.
22. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!MSW-E.doc.
23. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0005!!MSW-E.doc.
24. For example, core funding for a decade of SDNP work was only about US$9 million
25. http://www.dotforce.org.
26. There are still many references to the pledge on the Web, but the "Okinawa Charter on Global Information Society" is no longer on the Web at http://www.g8kyushu-okinawa.go.jp/e/documents/it1.html.
27. The Artemis Project, http://www.asi.org/adb/m/02/07/apollo-cost.html.
28. These estimates are in 1995 dollars and include the satellites and launch costs, but not military user equipment or nuclear detonation detection system sensors. Pace et al., The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies, Rand Corporation, 1995, http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR614/#contents.
29. Of course the rural and poor parts of many developed nations also have poor or no connectivity
30. Larry Press, "Seeding networks: The federal role," Communications of the ACM, volume 39, number 10 (October 1996), pp 11-18, at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/articles/govt.htm.
31. Of course NSFNet could not have been built without prior federal procurement, research and development. For example, valuable lessons were learned and thousands of programmers trained in the development of the US$8 billion SAGE system for warning against the approach of bombers.
32. Larry Press, "Seeding networks: The federal role," Communications of the ACM, volume 39, number 10 (October 1996), pp 11-18, at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/articles/govt.htm.
33. Larry Press, "Wireless Internet connectivity for developing nations," First Monday, volume 8, number 9 (September 2003), at http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_9/press/index.html#note4.
34. See http://www.ieee802.org/16/ and http://www.ieee802.org/20/.
35. The WiMAX Forum, http://www.wimaxforum.org/, hopes that WiMAX benefits from the same economies of scale as its predecessor in the LAN arena, WiFi.
36. http://www.cplus.org/rmw/english1.html.
37. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/.
38. See, for example, the CAPANINA consortium at York University, http://www.capanina.org/welcome.php. For an overview of HAP, see T.C. Tozer and D. Grace, "High-altitude platforms for wireless communications," Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal (June 2001), http://www.elec.york.ac.uk/comms/papers/tozer01_ecej.pdf.
39. TCP performance suffers with the latency and asymmetry of geosynchronous satellite links. See, for example, "Documentation for Satellite Transport Protocol," by Tom Henderson, http://www.tomh.org/stp/stp_doc.pdf.
40. I believe the Cuban government used tethered HAPs to block TV Marti signals broadcast from the U.S.
41. http://www.gvf.org/.
42. Wood et al., "Slot clouds: Getting more from orbital slots with networking," 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 29 September-3 October 2003, at http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/lloyd-wood-iac-2003-slot-clouds.pdf.
43. VITASat, http://www.vita.org/programs/communication.htm, is the only example I know of where a LEO satellite was used for e-mail.
44. For an overview of LEO constellations, see Lloyd Wood, "Satellite constellation networks," In: Yongguang Zhang (editor). Internetworking and Computing over Satellite Networks. Boston: Kluwer Academic Press (March 2003), at http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/zhang-book/zhang-book-wood-chapter-2.pdf.
45. See "2002 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports," Federal Aviation Adminstration (January 2002), at http://ast.faa.gov/files/pdf/newtech.pdf for a discussion of space development and http://www.xprize.com for the X PRIZE.
46. Economies are divided according to 2002 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The groups are: low income, US$735 or less; lower middle income, US$736-US$2,935; upper middle income, US$2,936-US$9,075; and high income, US$9,076 or more. The urban/rural distinction is as reported by the nations to the U.N.
47. See Open Access News, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html, for more on this topic. The timeline posted there, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm, indicates considerable progress to date.
48. Other applications would also benefit from the augmented infrastructure
49. http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/.
50. It is ironic that Kluwer publishes the Ramanujan Journal, which is devoted to the areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan, http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1382-4090. The individual subscription price is US$123 dollars per year. No modern day Ramanujan could afford it.