Sigma: Issues, insights, and challenges

Seismological Research Letters

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 40-56

  Strasser, Fleur O ^a   Abrahamson, Norman A ^b   Bommer, Julian J ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65349134350     PISSN: 08950695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.80.1.40     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Abrahamson, N. A. (2000). Effects of rupture directivity on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. In Proceedings of the 6tb International Conference on Seismic Zonation, vol. 1, 151-156. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
2. Abrahamson, N. A., and J. J. Litehiser (1989). Attenuation of vertical peak acceleration. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79 (3), 549-580.
3. Abrahamson, N. A., and W. Silva (1997). Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow crustal earthquakes. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1), 94-127.
4. Abrahamson, N. A., and W. J. Silva (2007). Abrahamson and Silva NGA Ground Motion Relations for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of Peak and Spectral Ground Motion Parameters. Preliminary PEER Report dated October 19, 2007. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 380 pps.
5. Abrahamson, N. A., and W. J. Silva (2008). Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground motion relations. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1), 67-97.
6. Abrahamson, N. A., and R. R. Youngs (1992). A stable algorithm for regression analysis using the random effects model. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88 (1), 505-510.
7. Akkar, S., and J. J. Bommer (2007a). Prediction of elastic displacement response spectra in Europe and the Middle East. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 36 (10), 1,275-1,301.
8. Akkar, S., and J. J. Bommer (2007b). Empirical prediction equations for peak ground velocity derived from strong-motion records from Europe and the Middle East. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, (2), 511-530.
9. Ambraseys, N. N., and J. J. Bommer (1991). The attenuation of ground accelerations in Europe. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 20, 1,179-1,202.
10. Ambraseys, N. N., J. Douglas, S. K. Sarma, and P. M. Smit (2005). Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East: Horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 3 (1), 1-53.
11. Andrews, D. J., T. C. Hanks, and J. W. Whitney (2007). Physical limits on ground motion at Yucca Mountain. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (6), 1,771-1,792.
12. Anderson, J. G., and J. N. Brune (1999). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment without the ergodic assumption. Seismological Research Letters 70 (1), 19-28.
13. Atkinson, G. M. (2006). Single-station sigma. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (2), 446-455.
14. Atkinson, G. M., and D. M. Boore (1995). New ground motion relations for eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85 (1), 17-30.
15. Atkinson, G. M., and D. M. Boore (2003). Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 (4), 1,703 -1,729.
16. Atkinson, G. M., and D. M. Boore (2006). Earthquake ground-motion prediction equations for eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (6), 2,181-2,205.
17. Baker, J. W., and C. A. Cornell (2006). Correlation of response spectral values for multicomponent ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (1), 215-227.
18. Beresnev, I. A., K. L. Wen, and Y. T. Yeh (1994). Source, path and site effects on dominant frequency and spectral variation of strong ground motion recorded by SMART1 and SMART2 arrays in Taiwan. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 23 (6), 583-597.
19. Beyer, K., and J. J. Bommer (2006). Relationships between median values and between aleatory variabilities for different definitions of the horizontal component of motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (4A), 1,512-1,522. Erratum (2007). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (5),1769.
20. Bindi, D., L. Luzi, F. Pacor, G. Franceschina, and R. R. Castro (2006). Ground-motion predictions from empirical attenuation relationships versus recorded data: The case of the 1997-1998 Umbria-Marche central Italy, strong-motion data set. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (3), 984-1,002.
21. Blume, J. A. (1980). Distance partitioning in attenuation studies. In Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 2, 403-410.
22. Bommer, J. J., and N. A. Abrahamson (2006). Why do modern probabilistic seismic-hazard analyses often lead to increased hazard estimates? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (6),1,967-1,977
23. Bommer, J. J., and F. Scherbaum (2005). Capturing and limiting ground-motion uncertainty in seismic hazard assessment. In Future Directions in Strong Motion Instrumentation, ed. P. Gulkan and J. G. Anderson, 25-40. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 315 pps.
24. Bommer, J. J., N. A. Abrahamson, F. O. Strasser, A. Pecker, P.-Y. Bard, H. Bungum, F. Cotton, D. Fäh, F. Sabetta, F. Scherbaum, and J. Studer (2004). The challenge of defining upper bounds on earthquake ground motions. Seismological Research Letters 75 (1), 82-95.
25. Bommer, J. J., P. J. Stafford, J. E. Alarcón, and S. Akkar (2007). The influence of magnitude range on empirical ground-motion prediction. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (6), 2,152-2,170.
26. Boore, D. M. (2005). Erratum: Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from Western North American earthquakes: A summary of recent work. Seismological Research Letters 76(3), 368-369.
27. Boore, D. M., and G. M. Atkinson (2008). Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01s and 10.0s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1), 99-138.
28. Boore, D. M., W. B. Joyner, and T. E. Fumal (1994). Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Accelerations from Western North American Earthquakes: An Interim Report, Part 2. USGS Open File Report 94-127, 40 pps.
29. Boore, D. M., W. B. Joyner, and T. E. Fumal (1997). Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: A summary of recent work. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1), 128-153.
30. Boore, D. M., J. Watson-Lamprey, and N. A. Abrahamson (2006). GMRotD and GMRotI: Orientation-independent measures of ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96(4A), 1,502-1,511.
31. Brillinger, D. R., and H. K. Preisler (1984). An exploratory analysis of the Joyner-Boorc attenuation data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74 (4), 1,441-1,450.
32. Brillinger, D. R., and H. K. Preisler (1985). Further analysis of the Joyner-Boore attenuation data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75 (4), 611-614.
33. Campbell, K. W. (1985). Strong motion attenuation relations: A ten-year perspective. Earthquake Spectra 1 (4), 759-804.
34. Campbell, K. W. (1997). Empirical near-source attenuation of horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1), 154-179.
35. Campbell, K. W., and Y. Bozorgnia (2003). Updated near-source ground-motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 (1), 314-331.
36. Campbell, K. W., and Y. Bozorgnia (2007) Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectra ground motion parameters. PEER Report 2007/02, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA, pp. 240
37. Campbell, K. W., and Y. Bozorgnia (2008). NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1), 139-171.
38. Chen, Y.-H., and C.-C. P. Tsai (2002). A new method for estimation of the attenuation relationship with variance components. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (5), 1,984-1,991.
39. Chin, B. H., and K. Aki (1991). Simultaneous study of the source, path, and site effects on strong ground motion during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: A preliminary result of pervasive nonlinear site effects. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81 (5), 1,859-1,884.
40. Chiou, B., and R. R. Youngs (2008). Chiou-Youngs NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectral ground motion parameters. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1), 173-215.
41. Cornell, C. A. (1968). Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 58 (5), 1,583-1,606.
42. Crouse, C. B., and J. W. McGuire (1996). Site response studies for purpose of revising NEHRP seismic provisions. Earthquake Spectra 12 (3), 407-439.
43. Douglas, J. (2003). Earthquake ground motion estimation using strong-motion records: A review of equations for the estimation of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates. Earth-Science Reviews 61, 43-104.
44. Douglas, J. (2004). Reissue of ESEE Report No. 01-1: "A Comprehensive Worldwide Summary of Strong-motion Attenuation Relationships for Peak Ground Acceleration and Spectral Ordinates (1969 to 2000)" with Corrections and Additions. Research Report 04-001-SM, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London. http://www.imperial.ac.uk/civilengineering/research/ researchnews-andreports/researchreports/
45. Douglas, J. (2006). Errata of and Additions to "Ground Motion Estimation Equations 1964-2003." Report BRGM/RP-54603-FR, Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minières, France, 103 pps. http://www.brgm.fr/publication/pubDetailRapportSP.jsp?id=RSP-BRGM /RP-54603-FR
46. Douglas, J. (2007). On the regional dependence of earthquake response spectra. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology 44 (1), 71-99.
47. Douglas, J., and P. Gehl (2008). Investigating strong ground-motion variability using analysis of variance and two-way-fit plots. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 6 (3), 389-405.
48. Douglas, J., and P. M. Smit (2001). How accurate can strong ground motion attenuation relations be? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 (6), 1,917-1,923.
49. Draper, N. R., and H. Smith (1981). Applied Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
50. Field, E. H. (2000). A modified ground-motion attenuation relationship for southern California that accounts for detailed site classification and a basin-depth effect. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90 (6B), S209-S221.
51. Fukushima, Y., and T. Tanaka (1990). A new attenuation relation for peak horizontal ground acceleration of strong earthquake ground motion in Japan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80 (4), 757-783.
52. Huo, J., and Y. Hu (1991). Attenuation laws considering the randomness of magnitude and distance. Earthquake Research in China 5 (1), 17-36.
53. Hutchings, L., E. Ioannidou, W. Fozall, N. Voulgaris, J. Savy, I. Kalogeras, L. Scognamiglio, and G. Stavrakakis (2007). A physically based strong ground-motion prediction methodology; application to PSHA and the 1999 Mw = 6.0 Athens earthquake. Geopbysical Journal International 168, 659-680.
54. Idriss, I. M. (1991). Procedures for Selecting Earthquake Ground Motions at Rock Sites. Report to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of California at Davis, revised March 1993.
55. Idriss, I. M. (2008). An NGA empirical model for estimating the horizontal spectral values generated by shallow crustal earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1), 217-242.
56. Jain, S. K., A. D. Roshan, J. N. Arlekar, and P. C. Basu (2000). Empirical attenuation relationships for the Himalayan earthquakes based on Indian strong motion data. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, paper no. 51. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
57. Joyner, W. B., and D. M. Boore (1981). Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71 (6), 2,011-2,038.
58. Joyner, W. B., and D. M. Boore (1988). Measurement, characterization, and prediction of strongground motion. In Proceedings of Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics II, 43-102. Geotechnical Division, ASCE, Park City, Utah, June 27-30, 1988.
59. Joyner, W. B., and D. M. Boore (1993). Methods for regression analysis of strong-motion data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83 (2), 469-487.
60. Kanno, T., A. Narita, N. Morikawa, H. Fujiwara, and F. Yoshimitsu (2006). A new attenuation relation for strong ground motion in Japan based on recorded data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (3), 879-897.
61. Klügel, J.-U., L. Mualchin, and G. F. Panza (2006). A scenario-based procedure for seismic risk analysis. Engineering Geology 88, 1-22.
62. Lin, P., C.-T. Lee, N. A. Abrahamson, and B. Chiou (unpublished). Repeatable path effects on the standard deviation for empirical ground-motion models.
63. Liu, K. S., and Y. B. Tsai (2005). Attenuation relationships of peak ground acceleration and velocity for crustal earthquakes in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95 (3), 1,045-1,058.
64. Lussou, P., P. Y. Bard, and F. Cotton (2001). Seismic design regulation codes: Contribution of K-NET data to site effect evaluation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 5 (1), 13-33.
65. Luzi, L., P. Morasca, F. Zolezzi, D. Bindi, F. Pacor, D. Spallarossa, and G. Franceschina (2006). Ground motion models for Molise region (southern Italy). Proceedings of First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, September 2006. Paper no. 938.
66. Mahdavian, A. (2006). Empirical evaluation of attenuation relations of peak ground acceleration in the Zagros and central Iran. Proceedings of First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, September 2006. Paper no. 558.
67. Marin, S., J.-P. Avouac, M. Nicolas, and A. Schlupp (2004). A probabilistic approach to seismic hazard in metropolitan France. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 (6), 2,137-2,163.
68. McCulloch, C. E., and S. R. Searle (2001). Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
69. McGuire, R. K. (2004). Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis. EERI monograph MNO-10. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
70. Midorikawa, S., and Y. Ohtake (2004). Variance of peak ground acceleration and velocity in attenuation relationships. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, 1-6 August 2004. Paper no. 325.
71. Molas, G. L., and F. Yamazaki (1995). Attenuation of earthquake ground motion in Japan including deep-focus events. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85 (5), 1,343-1,358.
72. Morikawa, N., T. Kanno, A. Narita, H. Fujiwara, T. Okumura, Y. Fulcushima, and A. Guerpinar (2008). Strong motion uncertainty determined from observed records by dense networks in Japan. Journal of Seismology 12 (4), 529-546. doi: 10.1007/s10950-008-9106-2.
73. Niazi, M., and Y. Bozorgnia (1991). Behavior of near-source peak horizontal and vertical ground motions over SMART-1 array, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81 (3), 715-733.
74. Ordaz, M., and C. Reyes (1999). Earthquake hazard in Mexico City: Observations versus computations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89 (5), 1,379-1,383.
75. Pousse, G., C. Berge-Thierry, L. F. Bonilla, and P.-Y. Bard (2005). Eurocode 8 design response spectra evaluation using the K-NET Japanese data-base. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 9 (4), 547-574.
76. Reiter, L. (1990). Earthquake Hazard Analysis: Issues and Insight. New York: Columbia University Press.
77. Restrepo-Vélez, L. F., and J. J. Bommer (2003). An exploration of the nature of the scatter in ground-motion prediction equations and the implications for seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 7 (S1), 171-199.
78. Rhoades, D. A. (1997). Estimation of attenuation relations for strong-motion data allowing for individual earthquake magnitude uncertainties. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87 (6), 1,674-1,678.
79. Sabetta, F., and A. Pugliese (1996). Estimation of response spectra and simulation of nonstationary earthquake ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 (2), 337-352.
80. Sadigh, K., C.-Y. Chang, J. A. Egan, F. Makdisi, and R. R. Youngs (1997). Attenuation relationships for shallow crustal earthquakes based on California strong motion data. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1), 180-189.
81. Sarma, S. K., and M. Srbulov (1998). A uniform estimation of some basic ground motion parameters. Journal of Eartbquake Engineering 2 (2), 267-287.
82. Sen, M. K. (1990). Deep structural complexity and site response in Los Angeles basin. In Proceedings of the Fourth US. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 1, 545-553. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
83. Somerville, P. G., N. F. Smith, R. W. Graves, and N. A. Abrahamson (1997). Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1), 199-222.
84. Souriau, A. (2006). Quantifying felt events: A joint analysis of intensities, accelerations and dominant frequencies. Journal of Seismology 10 (1), 23-38.
85. Stafford, P. J., F. O. Strasser, and J. J. Bommer (2008). An evaluation of the applicability of the NGA models to ground-motion prediction in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 6 (2), 149-177.
86. Strasser, F. O., J. J. Bommer, and N. A. Abrahamson (2008). Truncation of the distribution of ground-motion residuals. Journal of Seismology 12 (1), 79-105.
87. Toro, G. R., N. A. Abrahamson, and J. F. Schneider (1997). Model of strong ground motions from earthquakes in central and eastern North America: Best estimates and uncertainties. Seismolgical Research Letters 68 (1), 41-57.
88. MaxRot. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (5), 1,511-1,524.
89. Youngs, R. R., N. Abrahamson, F. I. Makdisi, and K. Singh (1995). Magnitude-dependent variance of peak ground acceleration. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85 (4), 1,161-1,176.