메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 191-200

Risk Assessment and Risk Distortion: Finding the Balance

Author keywords

childbirth; midwifery; obstetrics; pregnancy; pregnancy complications; pregnancy surveillance; prenatal; risk assessment; screening

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILDBIRTH; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PERCEPTION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRENATAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SCORING SYSTEM; SCREENING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 65349103645     PISSN: 15269523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.02.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (71)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0027327070 scopus 로고
    • Risk as a moral danger: The social and political functions of risk discourse in public health
    • Lupton D. Risk as a moral danger: The social and political functions of risk discourse in public health. Int J Health Serv 23 (1993) 425-435
    • (1993) Int J Health Serv , vol.23 , pp. 425-435
    • Lupton, D.1
  • 2
    • 43849109651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk: Let's look at the bigger picture
    • Skinner J. Risk: Let's look at the bigger picture. Women Birth 21 (2008) 53-54
    • (2008) Women Birth , vol.21 , pp. 53-54
    • Skinner, J.1
  • 3
    • 6444227481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk ritual and the management of control and anxiety in a medical culture
    • Crawford R. Risk ritual and the management of control and anxiety in a medical culture. Health 8 (2004) 505-528
    • (2004) Health , vol.8 , pp. 505-528
    • Crawford, R.1
  • 4
    • 65349122789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malpractice claims drop
    • Report. Modern Health Care October 8, 2007. Available from:, Accessed March 11
    • DerGurahian J. Malpractice claims drop: Report. Modern Health Care October 8, 2007. Available from: www.modernhealthcare.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071008/SUB/71005009&nocache=1 [Accessed March 11, 2009].
    • (2009)
    • DerGurahian, J.1
  • 7
    • 36049035700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal childbirth with evidence based practice
    • Waldenstrom U. Normal childbirth with evidence based practice. Women Birth 20 (2007) 175-180
    • (2007) Women Birth , vol.20 , pp. 175-180
    • Waldenstrom, U.1
  • 8
    • 85006991157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from:, Accessed December 5, 2008
    • Progress review: Maternal, infant and child health. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: www.healthypeople.gov/Data/2010prog/focus16 [Accessed December 5, 2008].
    • Progress review: Maternal, infant and child health
  • 10
    • 33748210098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infant and neonatal mortality for primary cesarean and vaginal births to women with "no indicated risk," United States, 1998-2001 birth cohorts
    • MacDorman M.F., Declercq E., Menacker F., and Malloy M.H. Infant and neonatal mortality for primary cesarean and vaginal births to women with "no indicated risk," United States, 1998-2001 birth cohorts. Birth 33 (2006) 175-182
    • (2006) Birth , vol.33 , pp. 175-182
    • MacDorman, M.F.1    Declercq, E.2    Menacker, F.3    Malloy, M.H.4
  • 12
    • 33645882246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States
    • Available from: [Accessed June 2, 2008
    • Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, Cordero JF, Atrash KH, Parker CS, et al. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States. MMWR 2006;55:1-12. Available from: www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id = 9194[Accessed June 2, 2008].
    • (2006) MMWR , vol.55 , pp. 1-12
    • Johnson, K.1    Posner, S.F.2    Biermann, J.3    Cordero, J.F.4    Atrash, K.H.5    Parker, C.S.6
  • 13
    • 0035349801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple lifestyle and psychosocial risk for delivery of a small for gestational age infant
    • Ahluwalia I.B., Merritt R., Rogers M., and Beck L.F. Multiple lifestyle and psychosocial risk for delivery of a small for gestational age infant. Obstet Gynecol 97 (2001) 649-656
    • (2001) Obstet Gynecol , vol.97 , pp. 649-656
    • Ahluwalia, I.B.1    Merritt, R.2    Rogers, M.3    Beck, L.F.4
  • 14
    • 0242406907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk and risk assessment in pregnancy-Do we scare because we care?
    • Stahl K., and Hundley V. Risk and risk assessment in pregnancy-Do we scare because we care?. Midwifery 10 (2003) 298-309
    • (2003) Midwifery , vol.10 , pp. 298-309
    • Stahl, K.1    Hundley, V.2
  • 15
    • 0032734657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of initial risk assessment as a predictor of pregnancy complications and premature delivery
    • Berglund A., and Lindmark G. The usefulness of initial risk assessment as a predictor of pregnancy complications and premature delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (1999) 871-876
    • (1999) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , pp. 871-876
    • Berglund, A.1    Lindmark, G.2
  • 17
    • 0028390754 scopus 로고
    • Risk: Risk assessment, risk labels
    • Murphy P.A. Risk: Risk assessment, risk labels. J Nurs Midwifery 39 (1994) 67-69
    • (1994) J Nurs Midwifery , vol.39 , pp. 67-69
    • Murphy, P.A.1
  • 19
    • 65349107506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formal risk scoring during pregnancy
    • Enkin M., Kerise M.J., Neilson J., Crowther C., Duley L., Hodnett E., et al. (Eds), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
    • Alexander S., and Keirse M.J. Formal risk scoring during pregnancy. In: Enkin M., Kerise M.J., Neilson J., Crowther C., Duley L., Hodnett E., et al. (Eds). A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. 3rd ed (2000), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 49-52
    • (2000) A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. 3rd ed , pp. 49-52
    • Alexander, S.1    Keirse, M.J.2
  • 20
    • 32544458799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects United States, 1999-2001
    • [Accessed December 12, 2008]
    • Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects United States, 1999-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 (2006) 1301-1305. Available from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5451a2.htm [Accessed December 12, 2008]
    • (2006) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , Issue.54 , pp. 1301-1305
  • 22
    • 35548972589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does labeling prenatal screening test results as negative or positive affect a woman's responses?
    • 528e1-6
    • Zikmund-Fisher B.J., Fagerlin A., Keeton K., and Ubel P.A. Does labeling prenatal screening test results as negative or positive affect a woman's responses?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197 (2007) 528e1-6
    • (2007) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.197
    • Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.1    Fagerlin, A.2    Keeton, K.3    Ubel, P.A.4
  • 23
    • 0034664211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defensive medicine during hospital obstetrical care: A byproduct of the technological age
    • Bassett K.L., Iyer N., and Kazanjian A. Defensive medicine during hospital obstetrical care: A byproduct of the technological age. Soc Sci Med 51 (2000) 523-537
    • (2000) Soc Sci Med , vol.51 , pp. 523-537
    • Bassett, K.L.1    Iyer, N.2    Kazanjian, A.3
  • 24
    • 0037117117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: Randomised controlled trial in everyday practice
    • O'Cathain A., Walters S.J., Nicholl J.P., Thomas K.J., and Kirkham M. Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: Randomised controlled trial in everyday practice. BMJ 324 (2002) 1-5
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 1-5
    • O'Cathain, A.1    Walters, S.J.2    Nicholl, J.P.3    Thomas, K.J.4    Kirkham, M.5
  • 25
    • 33845244831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed consent: Attitudes, knowledge and information concerning prenatal examinations
    • Dahl K., Kesmodel U., Hvidman L., and Olesen F. Informed consent: Attitudes, knowledge and information concerning prenatal examinations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 85 (2006) 1414-1419
    • (2006) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.85 , pp. 1414-1419
    • Dahl, K.1    Kesmodel, U.2    Hvidman, L.3    Olesen, F.4
  • 26
    • 0034853557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding risks and lessons for clinical risk communication about treatment preferences
    • Edwards A., and Elwyn. G. Understanding risks and lessons for clinical risk communication about treatment preferences. Qual Health Care 10 suppl 1 (2001) i9-i13
    • (2001) Qual Health Care , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Edwards, A.1    Elwyn., G.2
  • 27
    • 0037683426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking antenatal group B strep seriously: Women's experiences of screening and perceptions of risk
    • Darbyshire P., Collins C., McDonald H.M., and Hiller J.E. Taking antenatal group B strep seriously: Women's experiences of screening and perceptions of risk. Birth 30 (2003) 116-123
    • (2003) Birth , vol.30 , pp. 116-123
    • Darbyshire, P.1    Collins, C.2    McDonald, H.M.3    Hiller, J.E.4
  • 28
    • 0029774251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fearing the worst: Why do pregnant women feel at risk?
    • Searle J. Fearing the worst: Why do pregnant women feel at risk?. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynecol 36 (1996) 79-86
    • (1996) Aust NZ J Obstet Gynecol , vol.36 , pp. 79-86
    • Searle, J.1
  • 29
    • 2442527519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing pregnant women's perception of risk
    • Heaman M., Gupton A., and Gregory F. Factors influencing pregnant women's perception of risk. Mat Child Nurs 29 (2004) 111-117
    • (2004) Mat Child Nurs , vol.29 , pp. 111-117
    • Heaman, M.1    Gupton, A.2    Gregory, F.3
  • 30
    • 0035458878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and beliefs about childbirth: Results of an educational intervention
    • Cleeton E. Attitudes and beliefs about childbirth: Results of an educational intervention. Birth 28 (2001) 192-202
    • (2001) Birth , vol.28 , pp. 192-202
    • Cleeton, E.1
  • 33
    • 36049008377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childbirth, complications, and the illusion of choice: A case study
    • Crossley M. Childbirth, complications, and the illusion of choice: A case study. Fem Psychol 17 (2007) 543-563
    • (2007) Fem Psychol , vol.17 , pp. 543-563
    • Crossley, M.1
  • 34
    • 19644384380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defensive medicine among high risk specialist physicians in a volatile practice environment
    • Studdart D., Mello M., Sage W., DesRoches C., Peugh J., Zapert K., et al. Defensive medicine among high risk specialist physicians in a volatile practice environment. JAMA 293 (2005) 2609-2617
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 2609-2617
    • Studdart, D.1    Mello, M.2    Sage, W.3    DesRoches, C.4    Peugh, J.5    Zapert, K.6
  • 35
    • 54349114099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the 2006 ACOG survey on professional liability
    • Wilson N., and Strunk A.L. Overview of the 2006 ACOG survey on professional liability. ACOG Clin Rev 12 (2007) 13-16
    • (2007) ACOG Clin Rev , vol.12 , pp. 13-16
    • Wilson, N.1    Strunk, A.L.2
  • 36
    • 0028509441 scopus 로고
    • Risk in pregnancy: The reality, the perception and the concept
    • Enkin M. Risk in pregnancy: The reality, the perception and the concept. Birth 21 (1994) 131-134
    • (1994) Birth , vol.21 , pp. 131-134
    • Enkin, M.1
  • 37
    • 27944479011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status of obstetric and gynecology resident medical-legal education: A survey of program directors
    • Moreno-Hunt C., and Gilbert W.M. Current status of obstetric and gynecology resident medical-legal education: A survey of program directors. Obstet Gynecol 106 (2005) 1382-1384
    • (2005) Obstet Gynecol , vol.106 , pp. 1382-1384
    • Moreno-Hunt, C.1    Gilbert, W.M.2
  • 38
    • 0002636866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The technological imperative in medical practice: The social creation of 'routine' treatment
    • Lock M., and Gordon D. (Eds), Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands
    • Lock M., and Koenig B. The technological imperative in medical practice: The social creation of 'routine' treatment. In: Lock M., and Gordon D. (Eds). Biomedicine examined (1998), Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands 465-496
    • (1998) Biomedicine examined , pp. 465-496
    • Lock, M.1    Koenig, B.2
  • 39
    • 0035202241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The technocratic, humanistic, and holistic paradigms of childbirth
    • Davis-Floyd R. The technocratic, humanistic, and holistic paradigms of childbirth. Int J Obstet Gynaecol 75 suppl 1 (2001) S5-S23
    • (2001) Int J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.75 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Davis-Floyd, R.1
  • 40
    • 1842816604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midwifery and the crisis of modernity: Implications for the role of the midwife
    • Hyde A., and Roche-Reid B. Midwifery and the crisis of modernity: Implications for the role of the midwife. Soc Sci Med 58 (2004) 2613-2623
    • (2004) Soc Sci Med , vol.58 , pp. 2613-2623
    • Hyde, A.1    Roche-Reid, B.2
  • 41
    • 1642281134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine screening for fetal anomalies
    • Goldberg J.D. Routine screening for fetal anomalies. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 31 (2004) 35-50
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am , vol.31 , pp. 35-50
    • Goldberg, J.D.1
  • 43
    • 65349134521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Association of Family Practitioners AAFP, Available from:, Accessed June 29, 2008
    • Diagnostic ultrasound in Ob/Gyn. AAFP Position Paper, 2002. American Association of Family Practitioners (AAFP). Available from: www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/u/ultrasonography.html [Accessed June 29, 2008].
    • Diagnostic ultrasound in Ob/Gyn. AAFP Position Paper, 2002
  • 45
    • 0242426472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine ultrasound in pregnancy
    • Raynor D. Routine ultrasound in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 46 (2003) 882-889
    • (2003) Clin Obstet Gynecol , vol.46 , pp. 882-889
    • Raynor, D.1
  • 46
    • 0043201367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costing the cascade: Estimating the cost of increased obstetrical intervention in childbirth using population data
    • Tracy K., and Tracy M.B. Costing the cascade: Estimating the cost of increased obstetrical intervention in childbirth using population data. Br J Obstet Gynecol 110 (2003) 717
    • (2003) Br J Obstet Gynecol , vol.110 , pp. 717
    • Tracy, K.1    Tracy, M.B.2
  • 47
    • 48549106158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unilateral short femur-What does this mean? Report of 3 cases
    • Oh K.Y., Frias A., Byrne J., and Kennedy A. Unilateral short femur-What does this mean? Report of 3 cases. Ultrasound Q 24 (2008) 89-92
    • (2008) Ultrasound Q , vol.24 , pp. 89-92
    • Oh, K.Y.1    Frias, A.2    Byrne, J.3    Kennedy, A.4
  • 48
    • 0242421872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk: Theoretical or actual
    • Page L.A., and McCandlish R. (Eds), Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh
    • Saxell L. Risk: Theoretical or actual. In: Page L.A., and McCandlish R. (Eds). The new midwifery: Science and sensitivity in practice. 2nd ed (2006), Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh
    • (2006) The new midwifery: Science and sensitivity in practice. 2nd ed
    • Saxell, L.1
  • 49
    • 0026906903 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of childbirth expectations in high risk and low risk pregnant women
    • Heaman M. A comparison of childbirth expectations in high risk and low risk pregnant women. Clin Nurs Res 1 (1992) 252-265
    • (1992) Clin Nurs Res , vol.1 , pp. 252-265
    • Heaman, M.1
  • 50
    • 0032150584 scopus 로고
    • Perception of threat and subjective well being in low risk and high risk pregnant women
    • Hatmaker D.D., and Kemp V.H. Perception of threat and subjective well being in low risk and high risk pregnant women. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 12 (1992) 1-10
    • (1992) J Perinat Neonatal Nurs , vol.12 , pp. 1-10
    • Hatmaker, D.D.1    Kemp, V.H.2
  • 51
    • 0028121770 scopus 로고
    • Handwerker L. Medical risk: Implicating poor pregnant women
    • Handwerker L. Medical risk: Implicating poor pregnant women. Soc Sci Med 38 (1994) 665-675
    • (1994) Soc Sci Med , vol.38 , pp. 665-675
  • 53
    • 15944408742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repositioning the patient: The implications of being 'at risk.'
    • Scott S., Prior F., Wood L., and Gray J. Repositioning the patient: The implications of being 'at risk.'. Soc Sci Med 60 (2005) 1869-1879
    • (2005) Soc Sci Med , vol.60 , pp. 1869-1879
    • Scott, S.1    Prior, F.2    Wood, L.3    Gray, J.4
  • 54
    • 0345491389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternity and its discontent: Getting the body back after pregnancy
    • Upton R., and Han S. Maternity and its discontent: Getting the body back after pregnancy. J Contemp Ethnogr 32 (2003) 670-692
    • (2003) J Contemp Ethnogr , vol.32 , pp. 670-692
    • Upton, R.1    Han, S.2
  • 55
    • 0027361193 scopus 로고
    • "Choice" as a double-edged sword: Information, guilt, and mother-blaming in a high-tech age
    • Gregg R. "Choice" as a double-edged sword: Information, guilt, and mother-blaming in a high-tech age. Women Health 20 (1993) 53-73
    • (1993) Women Health , vol.20 , pp. 53-73
    • Gregg, R.1
  • 57
    • 33645842474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal serum screening and psychosocial attachments to pregnancy
    • Lawson K.L., and Turriff-Janasson I.S. Maternal serum screening and psychosocial attachments to pregnancy. J Psychosom Res 60 (2006) 371-378
    • (2006) J Psychosom Res , vol.60 , pp. 371-378
    • Lawson, K.L.1    Turriff-Janasson, I.S.2
  • 58
    • 0036946391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of childbirth during pregnancy: A study of more than 8000 pregnant women
    • Geissbuehler V., and Eberhard J. Fear of childbirth during pregnancy: A study of more than 8000 pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 23 (2002) 229-235
    • (2002) J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol , vol.23 , pp. 229-235
    • Geissbuehler, V.1    Eberhard, J.2
  • 59
    • 42749087987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performing birth in a culture of fear: An embodied crisis of later modernity
    • Reiger K., and Dempsey R. Performing birth in a culture of fear: An embodied crisis of later modernity. Health Soc Rev 15 (2006) 364-373
    • (2006) Health Soc Rev , vol.15 , pp. 364-373
    • Reiger, K.1    Dempsey, R.2
  • 60
    • 65349183272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lived experience of knowing in childbirth
    • Savage J.S. The lived experience of knowing in childbirth. J Perinat Educ 15 (2006) 10-24
    • (2006) J Perinat Educ , vol.15 , pp. 10-24
    • Savage, J.S.1
  • 61
    • 0036884687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences of security associated with pregnancy and childbirth: A study of pregnant women
    • Melander H.L., and Lauri S. Experiences of security associated with pregnancy and childbirth: A study of pregnant women. Int J Nurs Prac 8 (2002) 289-296
    • (2002) Int J Nurs Prac , vol.8 , pp. 289-296
    • Melander, H.L.1    Lauri, S.2
  • 62
    • 0031453862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reasons for anxiety about childbirth in 100 pregnancies
    • Sjogren B. The reasons for anxiety about childbirth in 100 pregnancies. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 18 (1997) 266-272
    • (1997) J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs , vol.18 , pp. 266-272
    • Sjogren, B.1
  • 63
    • 65349098590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inescapable burden of choice? The impact of a culture of prenatal screening on women's experiences of pregnancy
    • Donovan S. Inescapable burden of choice? The impact of a culture of prenatal screening on women's experiences of pregnancy. Health Soc Rev 15 (2006) 397-405
    • (2006) Health Soc Rev , vol.15 , pp. 397-405
    • Donovan, S.1
  • 65
    • 0032993787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients understanding of medical risks: Implications for genetic counseling
    • Grimes D.A., and Snively G.R. Patients understanding of medical risks: Implications for genetic counseling. Obstet Gynecol 93 (1999) 910-914
    • (1999) Obstet Gynecol , vol.93 , pp. 910-914
    • Grimes, D.A.1    Snively, G.R.2
  • 66
    • 0035085441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General performance on a numeracy scale among highly educated sample [serial online]
    • [Accessed August 18, 2008]
    • Lipkus I.M., Samsa G., and Rima B.K. General performance on a numeracy scale among highly educated sample [serial online]. Med Decis Making 21 (2001) 37-44. Available from: http://mdm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/37?ck=nck [Accessed August 18, 2008]
    • (2001) Med Decis Making , vol.21 , pp. 37-44
    • Lipkus, I.M.1    Samsa, G.2    Rima, B.K.3
  • 67
    • 20444370229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical decision making in the first trimester pregnancy screening
    • Zindler L. Ethical decision making in the first trimester pregnancy screening. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 19 (2005) 122-131
    • (2005) J Perinat Neonatal Nurs , vol.19 , pp. 122-131
    • Zindler, L.1
  • 68
    • 0037117157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care
    • Stapleton H., Kirkham M., and Thomas G. Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care. BMJ 324 (2002) 639
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 639
    • Stapleton, H.1    Kirkham, M.2    Thomas, G.3
  • 69
    • 0006814113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women-centred midwifery: Partners or professional friendships?
    • Kirkham M. (Ed), Macmillan, London
    • Pairman S. Women-centred midwifery: Partners or professional friendships?. In: Kirkham M. (Ed). The midwife-mother relationship (2000), Macmillan, London 207-226
    • (2000) The midwife-mother relationship , pp. 207-226
    • Pairman, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.