The Bikou basalts in the northwestern Yangtze block, South China: Remnants of 820-810 Ma continental flood basalts?

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 120, Issue 11-12, 2008, Pages 1478-1492

  Wang, Xuan Ce ^a,b   Li, Xian Hua ^a,b   Li, Wu Xian ^b   Li, Zheng Xiang ^c   Liu, Ying ^b   Yang, Yue Heng ^a   Liang, Xi Rong ^b   Tu, Xiang Lin ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Continental flood basalts; Mantle plume; Nd Hf isotopes; Neoproterozoic; Rodinia; South China; Yangtze block

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALTS; MANTLE PLUME; ND-HF ISOTOPES; NEOPROTEROZOIC; RODINIA; SOUTH CHINA; YANGTZE BLOCK;

GEOCHRONOLOGY; HAFNIUM; ISOTOPES; LEAD; MELTING POINT; NEODYMIUM; OCEANOGRAPHY; SILICATE MINERALS; THERMAL PLUMES; ZIRCON;

BASALT;

CONTINENTAL BREAKUP; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; FLOOD BASALT; HAFNIUM; MANTLE PLUME; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PROTEROZOIC; RODINIA; SHRIMP DATING; URANIUM-LEAD DATING;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; YANGTZE PLATFORM;

EID: 65049089992     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B26310.1     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Albarède, F., 1992, How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 10,997-11,009, doi: 10.1029/91JB02927.
2. Arndt, N.T., and Christensen, U.C., 1992, The role of the lithospheric mantle in generation of continental flood basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 10,967-10,981, doi: 10.1029/92JB00564.
3. Barovich, K.M., and Foden, J., 2000, A Neoproterozoic flood basalt province in southern-central Australia: Geochemical and Nd isotope evidence from basin fill: Precambrian Research, v. 100, p. 213-234, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(99) 00075-3.
4. Blichert-Toft, J., Frey, F.A., and Albarède, F., 1999, Hf isotope evidence for pelagic sediments in the source of Hawaiian basalts: Science, v. 285, p. 879-882, doi: 10.1126/science.285.5429.879
5. Campbell, I.H., 2001, Identification of ancient mantle plumes, in Ernst, R.E., and Buchan, K.L., eds., Mantle Plumes: Their Identification through Time: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, p. 5-21.
6. Campbell, I.H., 2007, Testing the plume theory: Chemical Geology, v. 241, no. 3-4, p. 153-176, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.024
7. Campbell, I.H., and Griffiths, R.W., 1990, Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 99, p. 79-93, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X (90)90072-6.
8. Condie, K.C., 2001, Plumes as Tracers of Mantle Processes, in Condie, K.C., eds., Mantle plumes and their record in Earth history: Cambridge, Cambridge University, p. 152-163.
9. Druschke, P., Andrew, D.H., Yan, Q.R., Wang, Z.Q., and Wang, T., 2006, Stratigraphic and U-Pb SHRIMP detrital zircon evidence for a Neoproterozoic continental arc, central China: Rodinia implications: The Journal of Geology, v. 114, p. 627-636, doi: 10.1086/506162
10. Eisele, J., Sharma, M., Galer, S.J.G., Blichert-Toft, J., Devey, C.W., and Hofmann, A.W., 2002, The role of sediment recycling in EM-1 inferred from Os, Pb, Hf, Nd, Sr isotope and trace element systematics of the Pitcairn hotspot: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 196, p. 197-212, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01) 00601-X.
11. Ernst, R.E., Wingate, M.T.D., Buchan, K.L., and Li, Z.X., 2008, Global record of 1600-700 Ma large igneous provinces (LIPs): Implications for the reconstruction of the proposed Nuna (Columbia) and Rodinia super-continents: Precambrian Research, v. 160, p. 159-178, doi: 10.1016/ j.precamres.2007.04.019.
12. George, R., Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Morris, J., Nye, C., Ryan, J., and Zheng, S.H., 2003, Melting processes and fluid and sediment transport rates along the Alaska-Aleutian arc from an integrated U-Th-Ra-Be isotope study: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B5, 2252, doi: 10.1029/2002JB001916.
13. Graham, D.W., Blichert-Toft, J., Russo, C.J., Rubin, K.H., and Albarède, F., 2006, Cryptic striations in the upper mantle revealed by hafnium isotopes in Southeast Indian Ridge basalts: Nature, v. 440, p. 199-202, doi: 10.1038/nature 04582.
14. Harry, D. L., and Leeman, W.P., 1995, Partial melting of melt metasomatized subcontinental mantle and the magma source potential of the lower lithosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B6, p. 10,255-10,270, doi: 10.1029/94JB03065. Hauri, E.H., 1996, Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume: Nature, v. 382, p. 415-419, doi: 10.1038/382415a0
15. Hawkesworth, C.J., Lightfoot, P.C., Fedorenko, V.A., Blake, S., Naldrett, A.J., Doherty, W., and Gorbachev, N.S., 1995, Magma differentiation and mineralisation in the Siberian continental flood basalts: Lithos, v. 34, p. 61-88, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(94)00033-X.
16. Hawkesworth, C.J., Gallagher, K., Kirstein, L., Mantovani, M.S.M., Peate, D.W., and Turner, S.P., 2000, Tectonic controls on magmatism associated with continental break-up: An example from the Parana-Etendeka Province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 179, p. 335-349, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X (00)00114-X.
17. Herzberg, C., and O'Hara, M.J., 2002, Plume-associated ultramafic magmas of Phanerozoic age: Journal of Paleontology, v. 43, p. 1857-1883.
18. Herzberg, C., Asimow, P.D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., Lesher, C.M., Fitton, J.G., and Saunders, A.D., 2007, Temperature in ambient mantle and plumes: Constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 8, Q02006, doi: 10.1029/ 2006GC001390.
19. Hill, R.I., Campbell, I.H., Davies, G.F., and Griffiths, R.W., 1992, Mantle plumes and continental tectonics: Science, v. 256, p. 186-193, doi: 10.1126/science.256.5054.186.
20. Kalfoun, F., Ionov, D., and Merlet, C., 2002, HFSE residence and Nb/Ta ratios in metasomatised, rutile-bearing mantle peridotites: Earth and Planetary Science Letters: v. 199, no. 1-2, p. 49-65, doi: 10.1016/ S0012-821X(02)00555-1.
21. Kessel, R., Schmidt, M.W., Peter, U., and Pettke, T., 2005, Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120-180 km depth: Nature, v. 437, p. 724-727, doi: 10.1038/ nature03971.
22. Kleinhanns, I.C., Kreissig, K., Kamber, B.S., Meisel, T., Nagler, T.F., and Kramers, J.D., 2002, Combined chemical separation of Lu, Hf, Sm, Nd, and REEs from a single rock digest: Precise and accurate isotope determinations of Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd using multicollector-ICPMS: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, p. 67-73, doi: 10.1021/ac010705z S0003-2700(01)00705-3.
23. Klemme, S., Blundy, J.D., and Wood, B.J., 2002, Experimental constraints on major and trace element partitioning during partial melting of eclogite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 3109-3123, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02) 00859-1.
24. Kogiso, T., Hirschmann, M.M., and Frost, D.J., 2003, High-pressure partial melting of garnet pyroxenite: Possible maficlithologies in the source of ocean island basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 216, p. 603-617, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00538-7.
25. Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.M., and Plank, T., 1992, Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in Morgan, J.P., Blackman, D.K., and Sinton, J.M., eds., Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 71, p. 183-280.
26. Li, X.H., and McCulloch, M.T., 1996, Secular variation in the Nd isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic sediments from the southern margin of the Yangtze block: Evidence for a Proterozoic continental collision in southeast China: Precambrian Research, v. 76, p. 67-76, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00024-0.
27. Li, X.H., Li, Z.-X., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., and Kinny, P.D., 2002, U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry and Nd isotopic study of Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Kangdian Rift of South China: Implications for the initial rifting of Rodinia: Precambrian Research, v. 113, p. 135-154, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00207-8.
28. Li, X.H., Li, Z.X., Ge, W.C., Zhou, H.W., Li, W.X., Liu, Y., and Wingate, M.T.D., 2003, Neoproterozoic granitoids in South China: Crustal melting above a mantle plume at ca. 825 Ma?: Precambrian Research, v. 122, p. 45-83, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00207-3.
29. Li, X.H., Liu, D., Sun, M.I.N., Li, W.-X., Liang, X.-R., and Liu, Y., 2004, Precise Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopic dating of the supergiant Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit and its host granite, SE China: Geological Magazine, v. 141, p. 225-231, doi: 10.1017/S0016756803008823.
30. Li, X.H., Qi, C.S., Liu, Y., Liang, X.R., Tu, X.L., Xie, L.W., and Yang, Y.H., 2005, Petrogenesis of the Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks along the western margin of the Yangtze block: New constraints from Hf isotopes and Fe/Mn ratios: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 50, p. 2481-2486, doi: 10.1360/982005-287.
31. Li, X.H., Li, Z.-X., Sinclair, J.A., Li, W.-X., and Carter, G., 2006, Revisiting the "Yanbian terrane": Implications for Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the western Yangtze block: South China: Precambrian Research, v. 151, p. 14-30, doi: 10.1016/ j.precamres.2006.07.009.
32. Li, X.H., Li, W.X., Li, Z.X., and Liu, Y., 2008, 850-790 Ma bimodal volcanic and intrusive rocks in northern Zhejiang, South China: A major episode of continental rift magmatism during the breakup of Rodinia: Lithos, v. 102, p. 341-357, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.04.007.
33. Li, X.H., Liu, Y., Yang, Y.H., Chen, F.K., Tu, X.L., and Qi, C.S., 2007, Rapid separation of Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd from a single rock dissolution and precise measurement of Hf-Nd isotopic ratios for national rock standards: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 23, no. 2, p. 221-226.
34. Li, Z.X., Zhang, L., and Powell, C.M., 1995, South China in Rodinia: Part of the missing link between Australia - East Antarctica and Laurentia: Geology, v. 23, p. 407-410, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1995)023<0407:SCIRPO>2.3. CO;2. Li, Z.X., Li, X.H., Kinny, P.D., and Wang, J., 1999, The breakup of Rodinia: Did it start with a mantle plume beneath South China?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 173, p. 171-181, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00240-X.
35. Li, Z.X., Li, X.H., Zhou, H., and Kinny, P.D., 2002, Grenvillian continental collision in South China: New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon results and implications for the configuration of Rodinia: Geology, v. 30, p. 163-166, doi: 10.1130/0091- 7613(2002)030<0163:GCCISC> 2.0.CO;2.
36. Li, Z.X., Li, X.H., Kinny, P.D., Wang, J., Zhang, S., and Zhou, H., 2003, Geochronology of Neoproterozoic syn-rift magmatism in the Yangtze craton, South China, and correlations with other continents: Evidence for a mantle superplume that broke up Rodinia: Precambrian Research, v. 122, p. 85-109, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00208-5.
37. 39Ar dating and SHRIMP U-Pb detrital zircon provenance constraints: Precambrian Research, v. 159, p. 79-94, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.05.003.
38. Li, Z.X., Bogdanova, S.V., Collins, A.S., Davidson, A., De Waele, B., Ernst, R.E., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Fuck, R.A., Gladkochub, D.P., Jacobs, J., Karlstrom, K.E., Lu, S., Natapov, L.M., Pease, V., Pisarevsky, S.A., Thrane, K., and Vernikovsky, V., 2008, Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis: Precambrian Research, v. 760, p. 179-210, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021.
39. Ling, W., Gao, S., Zhang, B., Li, H., Liu, Y., and Cheng, J., 2003, Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the northwestern Yangtze craton, South China: Implications for amalgamation and break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent: Precambrian Research, v. 122, p. 111-140, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(02)00222-X.
40. Liu, T.G., and Ye, L., 1999, Geotectonic environment of formation of the Bikou Group as viewed from their geochemical characters: Acta Mineralogica Sinica, v. 19, p. 446-452.
41. Liu, X.M., Gao, S., Diwu, C.R., and Ling, W.L., 2008, Age and evolution of Yangtze craton, South China: American Journal of Science (in press).
42. Ludwig, K.R., 2003, Isoplot 3.00: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel.: Berkeley, California, Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication No. 4a, 39 p.
43. McKenzie, D., 1989, Some remarks on the movement of small melt fractions in the mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 95, p. 53-72, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90167-2.
44. McKenzie, D., and Bickle, M.J., 1988, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 625-679.
45. McKenzie, D., and O'Nions, R.K., 1995, The source regions of ocean island basalts: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, p. 133-159.
46. Melluso, L., Mahoney, J.J., and Dallai, L., 2006, Mantle sources and crustal input as recorded in high-Mg Deccan Traps basalts of Gujarat (India): Lithos, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 259-274, doi: 10.1016/ j.lithos.2005.12.007.
47. Miyashiro, A., 1974, Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins: American Journal of Science, v. 274, no. 4, p. 321-355.
48. Murphy, J.B., and Dostal, J., 2007, Continental mafic magmatism of different ages in the same terrane: Constraints on the evolution of an enriched mantle source: Geology, v. 35, p. 335-338, doi: 10.1130/ G23072A.1.
49. Niu, Y., and Batiza, R., 1997, Trace element evidence from seamounts for recycled oceanic crust in the Eastern Pacific mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 148, p. 471-483, doi: 10.1016/ S0012-821X(97)00048-4.
50. Norman, M.D. and Garcia, M.O., 1999, Primitive magmas and source characteristics of the Hawaiian plume: Petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 168, no. 1-2, p. 27-44, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00043-6.
51. Pearce, J.A., 1996, A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams, in Wyman, D.A., ed., Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration: Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, v. 12, p. 79-113.
52. Pearce, J.A., and Cann, J.R., 1973, Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 19, p. 290-300, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5.
53. Pertermann, M., and Hirschmann, G., 2003, Anhydrous partial melting experiments on MORB-like eclogite: Phase relations, phase compositions and mineral - melt partitioning of major elements at 2-3 GPa: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 2173-2201, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egg074.
54. Pfänder, J.A., Munker, C., Stracke, A., and Mezger, K., 2007, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf in ocean island basalts - Implications for crust-mantle differentiation and the fate of niobium: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 254, p. 158-172, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.027.
55. Plank, T., and Langmuir, C.H., 1998, The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle: Chemical Geology, v. 145, p. 325-394, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00150-2.
56. Polat, A., Hofmann, A.W., and Rosing, M.T., 2002, Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua green-stone belt, West Greenland: Geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the early Earth: Chemical Geology, v. 184, p. 231-254, doi: 10.1016/ S0009-2541(01)00363-1. Pollack, H.N., 1997, Thermal characteristics of the Archaean, in de Wit, M.J., and Ashwall, L.D., eds., Greenstone Belts: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 35, p. 223-232.
57. Putirka, K.D., 2005, Mantle potential temperatures at Hawaii, Iceland, and the mid-ocean ridge system, as inferred from olivine phenocrysts: Evidence for thermally driven mantle plume: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 6, Q05L08, doi: 10.1029/2005GC000915.
58. Putirka, K.D., Perfit, M., Ryerson, F.J., and Jackson, M.G., 2007, Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry, and active vs. passive upwelling: Chemical Geology, v. 241, p. 177-206, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.014.
59. Richards, M.A., Duncan, R.A., and Courtillon, V.E., 1989, Flood basalts and hotspot tracks: Plume heads and tails: Science, v. 246, p. 103-107, doi: 10.1126/science.246.4926.103.
60. Rollinson, H.R., 1993, Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation: London, Longman Geochemistry Society, p. 184-186.
61. Salters, V.J.M., and White, W.M., 1998, Hf isotope constraints on mantle evolution: Chemical Geology, v. 145, p. 447-460, doi: 10.1016/ S0009-2541(97)00154-X.
62. Saunders, A.D., Tarney, J., Kerr, A.C., and Kent, R.W., 1996, The formation and fate of large oceanic igneous provinces: Lithos, v. 37, p. 81-95, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00030-5.
63. Sharma, M., 1997, Siberian traps, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 100, p. 273-295.
64. Shervais, J.W., 1982, Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 59, p. 101-118, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90120-0.
65. Sprung, P., Schuth, S., Münker, C., and Hoke, L., 2007, Intraplate volcanism in New Zealand: The role of fossil plume material and variable lithospheric properties: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 153, p. 669-687, doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0169-1.
66. Stern, R.J., 2008, Neoproterozoic crustal growth: The solid Earth system during a critical episode of Earth history: Gondwana research, v. 14, p. 33-50, Doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.08.006.
67. Stracke, A., Bizimis, M., and Salters, V.J.M., 2003, Recycling oceanic crust: Quantitative constraints: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 4, 8003, doi: 0.1029/2001GC000223.
68. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 42, p. 528-548.
69. Tanaka, T., Togashi, S., Kamioka, H., Amakawa, H., Kagami, H., Hamamoto, T., Yuhara, M., Orihashi, Y., Yoneda, S., Shimizu, H., Kunimaru, T., Takahashi, K., Yanagi, T., Nakano, T., Fujimaki, H., Shinjo, R., Asahara, Y., Tanimizu, M., and Dragusanu, C., 2000, JNdi-1: A neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with La Jolla neodymium: Chemical Geology, v. 168, p. 279-281, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00198-4.
70. Turner, S., and Hawkesworth, C., 1995, The nature of the sub-continental mantle: Constraints from the major-element composition of continental flood basalts: Chemical Geology, v. 120, p. 295-314, doi: 10.1016/ 0009-2541(94)00143-V.
71. Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Gallagher, K., Stewart, K., Peate, D., and Mantovani, M., 1996, Mantle plume, flood basalts, and thermal models for melt generation beneath continents: Assessment of a conductive heating model and application to the Paraná: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 11,503-11,518, doi: 10.1029/96JB00430.
72. Vervoort, J.D., Patchett, P.J., Blichert-Toft, J., and Albarede, F., 1999, Relationships between Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in the global sedimentary system: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 168, p. 79-99, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00143-V.
73. Wang, J., and Li, Z.X., 2003, History of Neoproterozoic rift basins in South China: Implications for Rodinia breakup: Precambrian Research, v. 122, p. 141-158, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00209-7.
74. Wang, X.C., Li, X.H., Li, W.X., and Li, Z.X., 2007, Ca. 825 Ma komatiitic basalts in South China: First evidence for >1500 °C mantle melts by a Rodinian mantle plume: Geology, v. 35, p. 1103-1106, doi: 10.1130/G23878A.1.
75. Wang, X.-L., Zhou, J.-C., Qiu, J.-S., Zhang, W.-L., Liu, X.-M., and Zhang, G.-L., 2006, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Neoproterozoic igneous rocks from Northern Guangxi, South China: Implications for tectonic evolution: Precambrian Research, v. 145, p. 111-130, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2005.11.014.
76. White, R.S., and McKenzie, D., 1989, Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 7685-7729, doi: 10.1029/JB094iB06p07685.
77. White, R.S., and McKenzie, D., 1995, Mantle plumes and flood basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 17,543-17,585, doi: 10.1029/ 95JB01585.
78. Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous Petrogenesis: London, Chapman & Hall, 466 p.
79. Wilson, M., Rosenbaum, J.M., and Dunworth, E.A., 1995, Melilitites - Partial melts of the thermal-boundary-layer: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 119, p. 181-196.
80. Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1976, Geochemical magma type discrimination: Application to altered and metamorphosed basic igneous rocks: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 28, p. 459-469, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90207-7.
81. Xia, L.Q., Xia, Z.C., and Xu, X.Y., 1996, The characteristics of the mid-late Proterozoic volcanic rocks in south Qinling and continent rifting in the Precambrian: Science in China, ser. D, v. 26, p. 237-243.
82. Xia, L.Q., Xia, Z.C., Xu, X.Y., Li, X.M., and Ma, Z.P., 2007, Petrogenesis of the Bikou Group volcanic rocks: Earth Science Frontiers, v. 14, no. 3, p. 84-101.
83. Xu, X.Y., Xia, Z.C., and Xia, L.Q., 2002, Volcanic cycles of the Bikou Group and their tectonic implications: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 21, p. 478-485.
84. Yan, Q.R., Hanson, A.D., Wang, Z.Q., Druschke, P.A., and Yan, Z., 2004, Neoproterozoic subduction and rifting on the northern margin of the Yangtze plate, China: Implications for Rodinia reconstruction: International Geology Review, v. 46, p. 817-832, doi: 10.2747/ 0020-6814.46.9.817.
85. Ye, M.-F., Li, X.H., Li, W.X., Liu, Y., and Li, Z.-X., 2007, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronological and whole-rock geochemical evidence for an early Neoproterozoic Sibaoan magmatic arc along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block: Gondwana Research, v. 12, p. 144-156, doi: 10.1016/ j.gr.2006.09.001.
86. Zhao, X.S., Ma, S.L., Zou, X.H., and Xiu, Z.L., 1990, The study of the age, sequence, volcanism and mineralization of Bikou Group in Qinling-Dabashan volcanic rocks and volcanism: Bulletin of Xi'an Institute of Geology and Minerals Resources, v. 29, p. 1-117 (in Chinese).
87. Zhou, M.-F., Yan, D.-P., Kennedy, A.K., Li, Y., and Ding, J., 2002, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronological and geochemical evidence for Neoproterozoic arc-magmatism along the western margin of the Yangtze block, South China: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 196, p. 51-67, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00595-7.
88. Zhou, M.-F., Ma, Y., Yan, D.-P., Xia, X., Zhao, J.-H., and Sun, M., 2006, The Yanbian terrane (southern Sichuan Province, SW China): A Neoproterozoic arc assemblage in the western margin of the Yangtze block: Precambrian Research, v. 144, p. 19-38, doi: 10.1016/ j.precamres.2005.11.002.