Commercial Indians: Authenticity, nature, and industrial capitalism in advertising at the turn of the twentieth century

Michigan Historical Review

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 71-95

  Armitage, Kevin C ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 64949199677     PISSN: 03601846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. For more on Iron Eyes Cody as an exemplar of stereotypes about Indians and nature, see Shepard Krech, The Ecological Indian: Myth and History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999)
2. Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press), 8-81, 322-23
3. George S. Evans, "The Wilderness," Overland 43 (January 1904): 31-33
4. Robert F. Berkhofer, The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978)
5. James Willard Schultz, Friends of My Life as an Indian (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1923), 7
6. Roderick Nash, "The American Cult of the Primitive," American Quarterly 18 (Autumn 1966): 517-37
7. T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981)
8. For more on antimodernism, see James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988)
9. and Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1993)
10. Theodore Roosevelt, A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1916), viii
11. quoted in Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 14
12. For the best biography of Seton, see H. Allen Anderson, The Chief: Ernest Thompson Seton and the Changing West (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986)
13. See also John Henry Wadland, Ernest Thompson Seton: Man in Nature and the Progressive Era, 1880-1915 (New York: Arno, 1978)
14. For the variety of scouting movements and a larger context, see David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983)
15. For Seton as an antimodernist and appropriator of Indian images, see Philip J. Deloria, Playing Indian (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 95-128
16. Seton, Gospel, 1-2
17. Woods Hutchinson, "The Physical Basis of Brain Work," North American Review 146 (May 1888): 522-31
18. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 182
19. S. Elizabeth Bird, ed., Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in American Popular Culture (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996)
20. Carter Jones Meyer and Diana Royer, eds., Selling the Indian: Commercializing & Appropriating American Indian Cultures (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001)
21. George Catlin, North American Indians, Being Letters and Notes on Their Manners, Customs, and Conditions, Written during Eight Years' Travel amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America, 1832-1839 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1841), 1: 293
22. Stewart Hall Holbrook, The Golden Age of Quackery (New York: Macmillan, 1959), 208-15
23. "Untitled Pamphlet," RG-74, box 6, Warshaw Collection
24. Quoted on the website: http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/sst/f01/SST395-01/ PublicPages/PerfectDrugs/ Kendra/USMedicineShows/KickapooIndianMediCo/
25. Quoted in Anderson, Snake Oil, 63-64
26. Quoted in T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 146
27. U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Varieties of Medical Ephemera," website: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/ephemera/ephemera. html
28. Jeffrey Steele, "Reduced to Images: American Indians in Nineteenth-Century Advertising," in Dressing in Feathers, ed. Bird, 61
29. Judith Williamson, Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising (London: Boyars, 1984), 103. Williamson's explanation of the way advertising works is best read in conjunction with works on the history of advertising. The field is vast
30. Stephen Fox, The Mirror Makers: A History of American Advertising and Its Creators (New York: Morrow, 1984)
31. and Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986)
32. For more on neurasthenia, see Tom Lutz, American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991)
33. Barbara Sicherman, "The Uses of a Diagnosis," Journal of the History of Medicine 32 (1977): 33-54
34. See Lears, Fables of Abundance, especially 102-13
35. H. Carrington Bolton, "Injun-Giving," Journal of American Folk-Lore 5 (1892): 68
36. "Seeds," box 15, Warshaw Collection
37. All images from the Bradley Fertilizer Company are taken from "Fertilizer," box 1, Bradley folder, Warshaw Collection
38. Frederick A. Bushee, "Science and Social Progress, Popukr Science Monthly 79 (September 1911): 237
39. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), 11
40. Steele, "Reduced to Images," 51
41. Lears, Fables of Abundance, 10
42. Daniel B. Shepp and James W. Shepp, Shepp's World's Fair Photographed (Chicago: Global Bible Publishing, 1893), 306
43. David F. Burg, Chicago's White City of 1893 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 211
44. Ralph W. Dexter, "Putnam's Problems in Popularizing Anthropology," American Anthropologist 54 (1996): 315-16