The preconditions of modern Russia's first civil war

Russian History

Volumn 25, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 119-131

  Dunning, Chester ^a,b  

^a Texas A and M University ^*

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64949182154     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633198X00095     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. V. O. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, 8 vols. (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1956-59), 3: 48
2. S. F. Platonov, Ocherki po istorii Smuty v Moskovskom gosudarstve XVI-XVII vv., 3d ed. (St Petersburg: Ia. Bashmakov, 1910), 305
3. I. I. Smirnov, Vosstanie Bolotnikova 1606-1607 (Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1951), 493, 495
4. A. A. Zimin, "Nekotorye voprosy istorii krest'ianskoi voiny v Rossii v nachàle XVII v.," Voprosy istorii, no. 3 (1958): 97-99
5. idem, "K itogam izucheniia istorii pervoi krest'ianskoi voiny v Rossii," in Ezhegodnik po agrarnoi istorii Vostochnoi Evropy 1971 g. (Vil'nius: AN SSSR, 1974), 80-88
6. A. P. Pronshtein, "Reshennye i nereshennye voprosy istorii krest'ianskikh voin v Rossii," Voprosy istorii, no. 7 (1967): 156-57
7. Vladislav Nazarov, "The Peasant Wars in Russia and their Place in the History of the Class Struggle in Europe," in The Comparative Historical Method in Soviet Mediaeval Studies (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1979), 118-19
8. Bol'shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia, 3d ed. (1973), 13: 398-400
9. D. P. Makov'skii, Pervaia krest'ianskaia voina v Rossii (Smolensk: "Moskovskii rabochii," 1967)
10. V. I. Buganov, Krest'ianskie voiny v Rossii XVII-XVIII vv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1976), 6-50
11. See, for example, B. D. Grekov, Krest'iane na Rusi, 2 vols. (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1952-54), 2: 310
12. V. I. Koretskii, Formirovanie krepostnogo prava i pervaia krest'ianskaia voina v Rossii (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), 364-66
13. A. A. Zimin, V kanun groznykh potriasenii: Predposylki pervoi krest'ianskoi voiny v Rossii (Moscow: Mysl', 1986), 209-11, 236-40
14. Istoriia krest'ianstva SSSR s drevneishikh vremen do Velikoi Oktiabr'skoi sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii, vol. 2: Krest'ianstvo v periody rannego i razvitogo feodalizma (Moscow: Nauka, 1990), 422-34
15. R. G. Skrynnikov, Rossiia v nachale XVII v. 'Smuta' (Moscow: Mysl', 1988)
16. idem, Smuta v Rossii v nachale XVII v. Ivan Bolotnikov (Leningrad: Nauka, 1988)
17. A. L. Stanislavskii, Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii XVII v.: Kazachestvo na perelome istorii (Moscow: Mysl', 1990)
18. Chester Dunning, "R. G. Skrynnikov, the Time of Troubles, and the 'First Peasant War' in Russia," Russian Review 50 (1991): 71-81
19. idem, "Cossacks and the Southern Frontier in the Time of Troubles," Russian History 19 (1992): 57-74
20. V. V. Polikarpov, "V Rossii grazhdanskuiu voinu nazyvaiut Smutoi," Voprosy istorii, no. 2 (1994): 189
21. R. G. Skrynnikov, "Spornye problemy vosstaniia Bolotnikova," Istoriia SSSR, no. 5 (1989): 92-110
22. idem, "The Civil War in Russia at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century (1603-1607): Its Character and Motive Forces," in New Perspectives on Muscovite History, ed. Lindsey Hughes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), 61-79
23. Chester Dunning, "Byla li v Rossii v nachale XVII veka krest'ianskaia voina?" Voprosy istorii, no. 9 (1994): 21-34
24. Skrynnikov, Smuta v Rossii, 3. Though it belonged to the pre-modern era, one could regard the dynastic struggle between Grand Prince Vasilii II and his uncle Iurii (and Iurii's successors) in the period 1425-62 as a civil war. Fundamental issues of royal succession and national sovereignty were at stake, and significant attitudinal and institutional changes in the Muscovite political system and society resulted from that conflict
25. For example, a French soldier and a Dutch merchant who both witnessed the Time of Troubles referred to it as a civil war. See Pierre de la Ville, Discours sommaire de ce qui est arrivé en Moscovie depuis le règne de Juan Vassilyvich Empereur, jusques a Vassily Juanovits Sousky (Paris: A. Franck, 1859), 9
26. Isaak Massa, Kratkoe izvestie o Moskovii v nachale XVII v. (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel'stvo, 1937), 151
27. I. I. Smirnov et al., Krest'ianskie voiny v Rossii XVII-XVIII vv. (Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka, 1966), 307-09
28. Vladislav Nazarov, "The Peasant Wars in Russia," 115-16, 136-39
29. L. V. Cherepnin, Voprosy metodologii istoricheskogo issledovaniia (Moscow: Nauka, 1981), 153, 159, 164-65, 213, 225, 258
30. Skrynnikov, "Civil War," 70-72, 75, 78
31. Stanislavskii, Grazhdanskaia voina, 7-8, 36, 38, 243-47
32. Eric Hobsbawm, 'The Overall Crisis of the European Economy in the Seventeenth Century," Past & Present, no. 5 (1954): 33-53
33. Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe 1560-1660 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965)
34. Theodore K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1975), 3-28
35. Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-21
36. Perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982), 1:28-30, 36, 136-39
37. Parker and Smith, General Crisis, 14-15, 37-40
38. Yves-Marie Bercé, Revolt and revolution in early modern Europe (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1987), 220
39. Roland Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia, and China (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 327-32
40. Parker and Smith, General Crisis, 4-12
41. Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings, 312-18
42. Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings, 163-65, 331, 348
43. Peter B. Brown, "Muscovy, Poland, and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis," Polish Review 27, nos. 3-4 (1982): 55-58
44. Michael Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 195-225
45. Michael Duffy, ed., The Military Revolution and the State, 1500-1800 (Exeter: Exeter Univ. Press, 1980), 1
46. J. R. Hale, War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450-1620 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985), 232, 235-36, 247
47. Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988), 61-64
48. See Nicholas Henshall, Myth of Absolutism (London: Longman, 1992), 1-5
49. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power (New York: Knopf, 1989), xvii
50. Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1992), 3, 10-11, 56, 77-78
51. John L. H. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 1
52. Richard Hellie, "Warfare, Changing Military Technology, and the Evolution of Muscovite Society," in Tools of War: Instruments, Ideas, and Institutions of Warfare, 1445-1871, ed. John A. Lynn (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1990), 74-99
53. Marc D. Zlotnik, "Muscovite Fiscal Policy, 1462-1584," Russian History 6 (1979): 243-58
54. Gustave Alef, "The Origin of Muscovite Autocracy: The Age of Ivan III," Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 39 (1986):7-9, 96, 136
55. Keep, Soldiers, 15
56. Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450-1725 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1982), 23
57. E. I. Kolycheva, Agrarnyi stroi Rossii XVI veka (Moscow: Nauka, 1987), 174, 176-83, 187, 189, 195-201
58. Richard Hellie, Enserfinent and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971), 34, 39, 94-95, 97
59. R. G. Skrynnikov, "Glavnye vekhi razvitiia Russkogo dvorianstva v XVI-nachale XVII v.," Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 34, nos. 1-2 (1993): 100-1
60. Hellie, "Warfare," 82-83
61. idem, Enserfment, 8-10, 16-17, 21, 31, 39, 95, 146-47, 262
62. idem, "The Stratification of Muscovite Society: The Townsmen," Russian History 5 (1978): 136, 140
63. Kolycheva, Agrarnyi stroi, 195-201
64. Skrynnikov, "Civil War," 72
65. Skrynnikov, Smuta v Rossii, 6-7
66. Hellie, Enserfment, 48-49, 240-41
67. idem, Slavery, 4, 16
68. idem, "Stratification," 119
69. idem, "Warfare," 81, 83-84
70. Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings, 165, 331, 346
71. Hellie, Enserfment, 9-10
72. idem, "Warfare," 80
73. Hellie, Enserfment, 45, 100, 115
74. Skrynnikov, "Civil War," 70-71
75. A. A. Zimin, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo (Moscow: Mysl', 1964), 389-430
76. Karl von Loewe, "Juridical Manifestations of Serfdom in West Russia," Canadian-American Slavic Studies 6 (1972): 397-98
77. Jerome Blum, "Prices in Russia in the Sixteenth Century," Journal of Economic History 16 (1956): 198-99
78. Hellie, "Warfare," 75, 79
79. Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1991), xxvi, 4-7, 37, 459
80. For example, Fernand Braudel ignored the Time of Troubles in his remarks about the development of a "strong state" in Russia. See Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 444-48
81. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion, 31-35, 102-23, 425
82. See, for example, reviews in American Historical Review 97 (1992): 1488-89
83. Comparative Political Studies 25 (1993): 608-11
84. History Today no. 41 (December 1991): 56-57
85. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 526 (March 1993): 195-96
86. Social Forces 70 (1992): 829-32
87. See Journal of Social History 26 (1993): 876-77
88. The Journal of Asian Studies 50 (1991): 886
89. Journal of Economic History 54 (1994): 199
90. William S. Atwell, "A Seventeenth-Century 'General Crisis' in East Asia?" Modern Asian Studies 24 (1990): 672-73
91. V. Ts. Urlanis, Rost naseleniia v Evrope (Moscow: Statizdat, 1941), 190
92. A. I. Kopanev, "Naselenie Russkogo gosudarstva v XVI v.," Istoricheskie zapiski 64 (1959): 233-54
93. Ia. E. Vodarskii, Naselenie Rossii za 400 let (XVI-nachalo XX vv.) (Moscow: "Prosveshchenie," 1973), 27-29
94. Kopanev, "Naselenie," 241-42
95. Henry L. Eaton, "Decline and Recovery of the Russian Cities from 1500 to 1700," Canadian-American Slavic Studies 11 (1977): 227
96. Eaton, "Decline," 220, 227
97. Vodarskii, Naselenie, 27-29
98. Hellie, "Warfare," 80
99. R. E. F. Smith, Peasant Farming in Muscovy (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977), 127-28
100. Urlanis, Rost, 190
101. Kopanev, "Naselenie," 245, 254
102. Carsten Goehrke, "Zur Problem von Bevölkerungsziffer und Bevölkerungsdichte des Moskauer Reiches im 16. Jahrhundert," Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 24 (1978): 65-85
103. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), 13
104. N. Rozhkov, Sel'skoe khoziaistvo moskovskoi Rusi v XVI veke (Moscow: Universiletskaia tipografiia, 1899), 202-19, 283-86, 495-97
105. A. G. Man'kov, Tseny i ikh dvizhenie v russkom gosudarstve XVI veka (Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1951), 6, 32-34, 40-41, 53, 99-101
106. G. V. Abramovich, "Novyi istochnik po istorii khlebnykh tsen v Rossii XVI v.," Istoriia SSSR, no. 2 (1968): 117-18
107. Blum, "Prices," 182-99
108. Koretskii, Formirovanie, 129, 145, 231-32
109. Smith, Peasant Farming, 143-46
110. Rozhkov, Sel'skoe khoziaistvo, 202-19, 283-86, 495-97
111. Man'kov, Tseny, 6, 32-33, 40-41, 53, 99-101
112. Others have estimated that the increase in livestock prices in the sixteenth century was on the order of 300 percent. See Smith, Peasant Farming, 237
113. Paul Bushkovitch, The Merchants of Moscow 1580-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980), 52, 54
114. Blum, "Prices," 182, 198-99
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118. D. P. Makovskii, Razvitie tovarno-denezhnykh otnoshenii v sel'skom khoziaistve Russkogo gosudarstva v XVI veke (Smolensk: Smolenskoe knizhskoe izd - vo, 1963), 180, 189
119. Skrynnikov, "Glavnye vekhi," 89-106
120. idem, "Civil War," 70
121. Zimin, V kanun groznykh potriasenii, 104-233
122. Skrynnikov, Rossiia v nachale XVII v., 28-37, 79-103
123. A. P. Pavlov, Gosudarev dvor i politicheskaia bor'ba pri Borise Godunove (St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1992)
124. Skrynnikov, "Glavnye vekhi," 96, 100
125. Kolycheva, Agrarnyi stroi, 172, 179-80, 182-83, 187, 189, 195
126. Man'kov, Tseny, 33-34, 119-20
127. Kolycheva, Agrarnyi stroi, 189, 195-201
128. Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings, 181, 331, 346
129. Makovskii, Razvitie, 226
130. Smith, Peasant Farming, 107, 226
131. Stanislavskii, Grazhdanskaia voina, 10-14, 19-20
132. Skrynnikov, Smuta v Rossii, 179, 183, 252
133. Dunning, "Cossacks," 59-63
134. Hellie, "Stratification," 145
135. Mousier, Peasant Uprisings, 312-18
136. Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1981), 42-43, 112-16
137. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1971), 224-27, 297, 312
138. Peter Clark, ed., The European Crisis of the 1590's (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985), 3-1
139. Rotberg and Rabb, Climate and History, 63-83
140. Parker and Smith, General Crisis, 38
141. Henry Kamen, The Iron Century: Social Change in Europe 1550-1660 (London: Cardinal, 1976), 366-80
142. Clark, European Crisis, 6-7
143. Kamen, Iron Century, 368-75, 383
144. Le Roy Ladurie, Times of Feast, 289
145. Andrew B. Appleby, Famine in Tudor and Stuart England (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1978), 109, 112, 133-34
146. David Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 13
147. David Kirby, Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492-1772 (New York: Longman, 1990), 150
148. V. I. Koretskii, "Golod 1601-1603 gg. v Rossii i tserkov," Voprosy istorii religii i ateizma. Sbornik statei 7 (1959): 229-30
149. I. M. Boldakov, Sbornik materialov po russkoi istorii nachala XVII veka (St. Petersburg: Izd. S. D. Sheremeteva, 1896), 17, 46-52
150. Kamen, Iron Century, 366, 370-75, 384
151. Kirby, Northern Europe, 151-53
152. A. S. Zherbin and I. P. Shaskol'skii, "Krest'ianskaia voina v Finliandii v kontse XVI v.," Voprosy istorii, no. 8 (1981): 76-90
153. Stewart P. Oakley, War and Peace in the Baltic 1560-1790 (New York: Routledge, 1992), chap. 4
154. Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648 (Glasgow: Fontana, 1979), chap. 3
155. William H. McNeill, Europe's Steppe Frontier 1500-1800 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964), chap. 3
156. Hellie, Enserfment, 102-03
157. idem, "Warfare," 84-85
158. idem, Rossiia v nachale XVII v., 110-15