Indian Ocean studies and the 'new thalassology'

Journal of Global History

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 41-62

  Vink, Markus P M ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT FREDONIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64949116682     PISSN: 17400228     EISSN: 17400236     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1740022807002033     Document Type: Review

References (290)

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2. Peter Lehr, 'Indian Ocean Center Heidelberg', ioch.org/welcome.htm (consulted 24 January 2007)
3. and: Ned Alpers, 'The newest Old World', www.international.ucla.edu/ article.asp?parentid=1299 (consulted 24 January 2007). For his opening address, appropriately styled 'Imagining the Indian Ocean world': www.accd.edu/sac/ history/keller/IndianO/Alpers.html (consulted 24 January 2007)
4. For a comprehensive essay on the various levels of spatial analysis in the 'new thalassology': Markus Vink, 'From port-city to world-system: spatial constructs in Dutch Indian Ocean studies, 1500-1800', Itinerario 28, 2, 2004, pp. 45-116
5. See also John Wills, Jr, 'Maritime Asia, 1500-1800: the interactive emergence of European domination', American Historical Review, 98, 1, 1993, pp. 83-105
6. and Sinnappah Arasaratnam, 'Recent trends in the historiography of the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800', Journal of World History, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 225-48
7. For a more recent, similarly insular perspective: Jean-Louis Guébourg, Petites îles et archipels de l'Océan Indien, Paris: Karthala, 1999
8. Alan Villiers, The Indian Ocean, London: Museum Press, 1952
9. Villiers described the Indian Ocean as 'the most kindly to sailing ships' of the three great oceans (Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific). See Villiers, Monsoon seas: the story of the Indian Ocean, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 3
10. Allen envisaged 'three layers of unity': a racial unity provided by Malay and other migrations; a cultural unity radiating out of the Indian subcontinent; and a religious unity provided by Islam. These three layers 'were regularly refreshed and reinforced, at last until very recently, by a constant intercourse between most of the lands concerned'. See James De Vere Allen, 'A proposal for Indian Ocean studies', Historical relations across the Indian Ocean, Paris: UNESCO, 1980, pp. 137-8, 140, and 149-50
11. For an identical call: Barbara Watson Andaya, 'Oceans unbounded : Transversing Asia across "area studies", Journal of Asian Studies, 65, 4, 2006, pp. 669-90
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15. (republished as: 'Between nation and world: Braudelian regions in Asia', Review, 26, 1, 2003, pp. 1-48)
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17. Maurice Aymard, 'De la Méditerranée à l'Asie: Une comparaison nécessaire (commentaire)', Annales, 56, 1, 2001, p. 43
18. Frederick Wernstedt and Joseph Spencer, The Philippine island world: a physical, cultural, and regional geography, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967
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21. Denys Lombard, 'Une autre "Méditerrannée" dans le Sud-Est Asiatique', Hérodote 88, 1998, pp. 184-92
22. (republished as 'Another "Mediterranean" in Southeast Asia', Japan Focus 4 (2007) http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2371 (consulted March 6 2007)
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25. Giorgio Borsa, ed., Trade and politics in the Indian Ocean: Historical and contemporary perspectives, New Delhi: Manohar, 1990
26. Sugata Bose, A hundred horizons: the Indian Ocean in the age of global empire, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006
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29. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: economy and civilization of the Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990
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31. Rudrangshu Mukherjee and Lakshmi Subramanian, eds., Politics and trade in the Indian Ocean: essays in honour of Ashin Das Gupta, Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
32. Ashin Das Gupta and Michael Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800, Calcutta and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987
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34. Milo Kearney, The Indian Ocean in world history, London: Routledge, 2003
35. Denys Lombard and Jean Aubin, eds., Marchands et hommes d'affaires asiatiques dans l'Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine, 13e-20e siècles, Paris: EHESS, 1988 (republished in English as Asian merchants and businessmen in the Indian Ocean and the China Sea, New Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
36. Kenneth McPherson, The Indian Ocean: a history of people and the sea, Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
37. and Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean, London and New York: Routledge, 2003
38. Michael Pearson, The world of the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800: studies in economic, social and cultural history, Burlington: Ashgate, 2005
39. Chaudhuri, Trade and civilisation, pp. 3-4, 9-10, and 21
40. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe, pp. 104, and 383-7
41. See also Chaudhuri, 'The unity and disunity of Indian Ocean history from the rise of Islam to 1750: the outline of a theory and historical discourse', Journal of World History, 4, 1, 1993, pp. 1, 7
42. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 'The Indian Ocean in world history', in Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds., Vasco da Gama and the linking of Europe and Asia, New Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 16
43. Michael Pearson, 'Introduction I: The state of the subject', in Das Gupta and Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, pp. 12-17
44. Pearson, Indian Ocean, pp. 3-5
45. Kenneth McPherson, 'Cultural exchange in the Indian Ocean region', Westerly 29, 4, 1984, pp. 5-16
46. Kenneth McPherson, 'Processes of cultural interaction in the Indian Ocean: An historical perspective', The Great Circle, 6, 2, 1984, pp. 78-92
47. Indian Ocean, pp. 2-4, and 15
48. René Barendse, The Arabian Seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2002
49. Esmond Martin and Chryssee Martin, Cargoes of the East: the ports, trade and culture of the Arabian Seas and western Indian Ocean, London: Elm Tree Books, 1978
50. Jos Gommans, 'Trade and civilization around the Bay of Bengal, c. 1650-1800', Itinerario 19, 3, 1995, pp. 82-108
51. Kenneth McPherson, 'Trade and traders in the Bay of Bengal: fifteenth to nineteenth centuries', in Mukherjee and Subramanian, eds., Politics and trade, pp. 183-209
52. Om Prakash and Denys Lombard, eds., Commerce and culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1800, New Delhi: Manohar, 1999
53. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The political economy of commerce: Southern India, 1500-1650, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990
54. Victor Lieberman, Strange parallels. Volume I: Integration of the mainland Southeast Asia in global context, c. 800-1830, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003
55. Denys Lombard, Le carrefour javanais: Essai d'histoire globale, 3 vols., Paris: EHESS, 1990
56. Milton Osborne, Southeast Asia: an introductory history, 8th edn, Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2000
57. Norman Owen, ed., The emergence of modern Southeast Asia: a new history, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005
58. Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 2 vols., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988-93
59. Anthony Reid, ed., Southeast Asia in the early modern era: trade, power, and belief, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993
60. Anthony Reid, Charting the shape of early modern Southeast Asia, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2000
61. D. R. SarDesai, Southeast Asia: Past and present, 5th edn, Boulder: Westview Press, 2003
62. Joel Steinberg et al., In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, 2nd edn, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987
63. Nicholas Tarling, ed., The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia. Volume I: from early times to c. 1800, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992
64. O. W. Wolters, History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives, 2nd edn, Ithaca: Cornell University, 1999
65. Leonard Blussé, 'Chinese century: the eighteenth century in the China Sea region', Archipel, 58, 3, 1999, pp. 107-29
66. Gungwu Wang, 'The Nanhai trade', Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31, 2, 1958, pp. 1-135
67. Gungwu Wang, China and the Chinese overseas, Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1991
68. Gungwu Wang, The Chinese overseas: from earthbound China to the quest for autonomy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000
69. Gary Hamilton, ed., Cosmopolitan capitalists: Hong Kong and the Chinese diaspora at the end of the twentieth century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999
70. Lynn Pan, Sons of the yellow emperor: the story of the overseas Chinese, Boston: Little, Brown, 1990
71. Anthony Reid, Sojourners and settlers:histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1996
72. Subrahmanyam, 'Notes on circulation'
73. John E. Wills, Jr, 'Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang: themes in peripheral history', in Jonathan Spence and John E. Wills, Jr, eds., From Ming to Ch'ing: conquest, region and continuity in seventeenth-century China, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp. 201-38
74. Pierre Chaunu, European expansion in the later Middle Ages, Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. Co., 1979, pp. 218-19
75. Niels Steensgaard, 'The Indian Ocean network and the emerging world-economy, c. 1500-1750', in Chandra, ed., Indian Ocean, pp. 127-8, 138 and 149
76. Similar doubts for Southeast Asia can be found in: Heather Sutherland, 'Southeast Asian history and the mediterranean analogy', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34, 1, 2003, pp. 1-20
77. Horden and Purcell, 'The Mediterranean', pp. 732-3, and 739. For their dismissal of Chaudhuri and Pearson: Horden and Purcell, pp. 738-9 fn. 74
78. Edward Alpers, 'The newest Old World', www.international.ucla.edu/ article.asp?parentid=1299 (consulted 25 January 2007)
79. Lee Cassanelli, Brian Spooner, and Robert Nichols, 'Indian Ocean: cradle of globalization', http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/indianocean/index.html (consulted 25 January 2007)
80. Gwyn Campbell, 'The Indian Ocean world: the first global economy', Culture and commerce in the Indian Ocean, Leiden, The Netherlands, 25-27 September 2006 (unpublished paper)
81. 'International conference on cultural exchange and transformation in the Indian Ocean world', Los Angeles, 5-6 April 2002
82. 'Islam and Hinduism in the Indian Ocean world: global truths and local practices', Los Angeles, 15-16 April 2005
83. 'Sex, power and slavery: The dynamics of carnal relations under enslavement', Montreal, Canada, 19-21 April 2007
84. SIOS: www.sios-india.org; IORAG: www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/multilateral/ inter/iorarc.htm; OQOI: www.oqoi.gq.ca; IORG: www.iorgroup.org; IOCH: ioch.org; IOWC: www.indianoceanworldcentre.com (consulted 24 January 2007)
85. Alvin So, Social change and development: modernisation, dependency, and world-system theories, Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990, pp. 91-109, and 169-99
86. Journal of World-Systems Research, 6, 2 and 6, 3, 2000 (special issues)
87. Immanuel Wallerstein, World-systems analysis: an introduction, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004
88. Wallerstein, The essential Wallerstein, New York: New Press, 2000
89. Terence Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein, World-systems analysis: theory and methodology, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982
90. Wallerstein, 'The incorporation of the Indian subcontinent into the capitalist world economy', in Chandra, ed., Indian Ocean, pp. 222-53
91. Wallerstein, 'World-systems analysis and historical particularity: some comments', in Bose, ed., South Asia, pp. 21-6
92. (published also in Peter Marshall, Robert Van Niel et al., India and Indonesia during the ancien regime, Leiden and New York: Brill, 1989, pp. 33-72)
93. Richard Eaton, 'Islamic history as global history', in Michael Adas, ed., Islamic and European expansion: the forging of a global order, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993, pp. 1-36
94. Sugata Bose, 'The world economy and regional economies in South Asia: some comments on linkages', in Sugata Bose, ed., South Asia and world capitalism, Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 357-62
95. David Washbrook, 'South Asia, the world system and world capitalism', in Bose, ed., South Asia, pp. 40-84
96. (originally published in Journal of Asian Studies, 49, 3, 1990, pp. 479-508)
97. David Washbrook, 'Progress and problems: South Asian economic and social history, c. 1720-1860', Modern Asian Studies 22, 1, 1988, pp. 57-96
98. Frank Perlin, 'Disarticulation of the world: writing India's economic history', Comparative Studies of Society and History, 30, 2, 1988, pp. 379-87
99. The focus here is on the Asian side. For the European component of the 'modern world-system' debate see Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch capitalism and world capitalism, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982
100. Frank Perlin, Unbroken landscape: Commodity, category, sign and identity: Their production as myth and knowledge from 1500, Brookfield: Ashgate, 1994, p. 96
101. Andre Gunder Frank and Barry Gills, 'World system cycles, crises, and hegemonial shifts, 1700 BC to 1700 AD', in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry Gills, eds., The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?, London and New York: Routledge, 1993, pp. 143-99
102. (originally published in Review, 15, 4, 1992, pp. 621-87)
103. Immanuel Wallerstein, 'World system versus world systems: a critique', in Wallerstein, pp. 292-6
104. Samuel Adshead, Central Asia in world history, London: Macmillan, 1993
105. Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
106. See Kenneth Pomeranz, The great divergence: China, Europe, and the making of the modern world economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000
107. R. Bin Wong, China transformed: historical change and the limits of European experience, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997
108. R. Bin Wong, 'The search for European differences and domination in the early modern world: a view from Asia', American Historical Review, 107, 2, 2002, pp. 447-69
109. R. Bin Wong, 'Integrating China into world economic history', 2003, www.aasianst.org/catalog/wong.pdf (consulted 25 January 2007). For important discussions of these seminal works: Journal of Asian Studies, 61, 2, 2002, pp. 501-662; 62, 1, 2003, pp. 157-81
110. Itinerario, 24, 3/4, 2000, pp. 9-134
111. Journal of World History, 10, 2, 1999, pp. 413-30
112. Journal of World History 12, 2, 2001, pp. 407-46
113. American Historical Review, 106, 2, 2001, pp. 508-25
114. Past and Present 176, 2002, pp. 175-93
115. Journal of Modern History 78, 4, 2006, pp. 878-931
116. For example, Stephen Dale, Indian merchants and Eurasian trade, 1600-1750, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994
117. Stephen Dale, 'Indo-Russian trade in the eighteenth century', in Bose, ed., South Asia, pp. 140-58
118. René Barendse, 'Trade and state in the Arabian Seas: a survey from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century', Journal of World History, 11, 2, 2000, pp. 183-9, and 193
119. Niels Steensgaard, The Asian trade revolution of the seventeenth century: The East India companies and the decline of the caravan trade, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 171-2
120. For a similar distinction between market economy and a world-economy: Kirti N. Chaudhuri, 'The world system east of longitude 20: the European role in Asia, 1500-1750', Review, 5, 2, 1981, p. 226
121. Jan Kienewicz, 'Contact and transformation: The European pre-colonial expansion in the Indian Ocean world-system in the 16th-17th centuries', Itinerario, 8, 2, 1984, pp. 45-6
122. Michael Pearson, Before colonialism: theories on Asian-European relations, 1500-1750, Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 9, 13, 17, 21, 34-6, 38-9, 46, 50, and 67-8
123. Barendse, 'Trade and state', pp. 189-90
124. McPherson, Indian Ocean, pp. 216-22
125. Members of the 'Aligarh School' include Irfan Habib, Satish Chandra, M. Athar Ali, Noman Siddiqi, S. Nurul Hasan, Iqtidar Alam Khan, Zahiruddin Malik, and Shireen Moosvi
126. Prakash, European commercial enterprise, pp. 337-9
127. For a discussion of these concerns in England, and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic, see Vink, 'Spatial constructs', pp. 112-3 fn. 116
128. Paul Bairoch, 'International industrialization levels from 1750-1980', Journal of European Economic History, 11, 2, 1982, pp. 269-333
129. David Washbrook, 'From comparative sociology to global history: Britain and India in the pre-history of modernity', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 40, 4, 1997, pp. 416-8
130. Ravi Palat et al., 'The incorporation and peripheralization of South Asia, 1600-1950', Review 10, 1 1986, pp. 171-208
131. Ashin Das Gupta, 'India and the Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century', in Das Gupta and Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, p. 132
132. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe; Chaudhuri, 'The world system', p. 226
133. Steensgaard, 'Indian Ocean network', pp. 131, 133, 148, and 149
134. Michael Pearson, 'Maritime history theory and empirical testing', Review (Asian Studies Association of Australia) 11, 1, 1987, pp. 23-31
135. Das Gupta and Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean
136. Pearson, Before colonialism, pp. 39-41, and 59-62
137. For historians of Muslim India, see Irfan Habib, 'The eighteenth century in Indian economic history', in Leonard Blussé and Femme Gaastra, eds., On the eighteenth century as a category of Asian history: Van Leur in retrospect, Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 217-23
138. M. Athar Ali, 'Recent theories of eighteenth-century India', Indian Historical Review, 12, 1:2, 1986-7, pp. 102-10
139. Zahiruddin Malik, 'The core and the periphery: a contribution to the debate on the eighteenth century', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 51st Session, Delhi: T.K. Venkatasubramanian, 1990, pp. 169-99
140. John Richards, 'Mughal state finance and the pre-modern world economy', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23, 2, 1981, p. 296
141. Wink, 'A-Hind', pp. 44-6, 54-5, 59, and 65-9
142. Peter Marshall, ed., The eighteenth century in Indian history: Evolution or revolution?, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003
143. Remco Raben, 'The broad weft and fragile warp: conference on the eighteenth century as a category in Asian history', Itinerario 18, 1, 1994, p. 16
144. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'World-economies and South Asia, 1600-1750: a sceptical note', Review 12, 1, 1992, pp. 141-8
145. Elsewhere, however, he styles Gujarat the 'linchpin of the western Indian Ocean trade' and emphasizes the crucial role of Gujarati traders and their 'forgotten thalassocracy' in the region. Subrahmanyam, 'Of imârat and tijârat: Asian merchants and state power in the western Indian Ocean, 1400 to 1750', Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, 4, 1995, pp. 754-5, and 763-7
146. Washbrook, 'South Asia', pp. 58-9
147. See also Chris Bayly, 'Beating the boundaries: South Asian history, c. 1700-1850', in Bose, ed., South Asia, pp. 35-8
148. Chris Bayly, 'Indigenous social formations and the "world- system": North India since c. 1700', in Bayly, pp. 114-6
149. Chris Bayly, 'The British military-fiscal state and indigenous resistance: India 1750-1820', in Lawrence Stone, ed., An imperial state at war: Britain from 1689 to 1815, London and New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 322-54
150. David Ludden, 'World economy and village India, 1600-1900: exploring the agrarian history of capitalism', in Bose, ed., South Asia, pp. 159, 162-4, and 174-6
151. Peter Marshall, 'Retrospect on J.C. van Leur's essay on the eighteenth century as a category in Asian history', Itinerario 17, 1, 1993, p. 47
152. Marshall, 'A free though conquering people': eighteenth-century Britain and its empire, Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2003, 13, pp. 2-3, and 15-8; 15, pp. 4-11, and 14-6; Marshall, ed., Eighteenth century
153. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. Trans. Siân Reynolds, 2 vols., New York: HarperCollins, 1972, vol. 1, p. 224
154. Bose, Hundred horizons, p. 5
155. Chaudhuri, Trade and civilisation, p. 160
156. Between 1999-2001, the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Society, with funding from the Ford Foundation, jointly offered International Predissertation Fellowships, calling for 'context-sensitive social science': www.ssrc.org/fellowships/ipfp (consulted 25 January 2007)
157. 'Regional worlds at the University of Chicago', regionalworlds.uchicago. edu/about.html (consulted 25 January 2007). See also Chris Burgess, 'Asian perspectives: the Asian studies "crisis": Putting cultural studies into Asian studies and Asia into cultural studies', International Journal of Asian Studies, 1, 1, 2004, pp. 121-36
158. David Ludden, 'Area studies in the age of globalisation', Frontiers, 6, 2000, pp. 1-22
159. Leila Fawaz and Chris Bayly, eds., Modernity and culture: from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 2-7
160. Martin Lewis and Kären Wigen, 'A maritime response to the crisis in area studies', Geographical Review, 89, 2, 1999, pp. 161-8; and Crossing borders: revitalizing area studies, New York: Ford Foundation, 1999 (available at: http://www.fordfound.org/publications/recent_articles/docs/crossingborders. pdf). Apart from 'Regional words' (see above), other individual projects of the 'Crossing borders' initiative include: 'Oceans connect: Culture, capital, and commodity flow across basins', http://www.duke.edu/web/oceans; 'Crossing borders: areas studies and the new geographies', http://globetrotter.berkeley. edu/CrossingBorders (consulted 25 January 2007)
161. Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996, p. 33
162. Appadurai, 'Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy', Public Culture 2, 2, 1990, pp. 1-23
163. Appadurai, 'Global ethnoscapes: notes and queries for a transnational anthropology', in Richard Fox, ed., Recapturing anthropology: Working in the present, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1991, pp. 191-210
164. James Clifford, Routes: travel and translation in the late twentieth century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 21, 25, and 36
165. Manuel Castells, The rise of the network society, 2nd edn, Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2000, pp. 500-9
166. Roland Robertson, 'Glocalization: time-space and homogeneity- heterogeneity', in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson, eds., Global modernities: from modernism to hypermodernism and beyond, London and Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1995, pp. 25-44
167. John R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The human web: a bird's-eye view of world history, New York: W.W. Norton, 2003
168. Anthony Reid, 'Intra-Asian networks: global and local in Southeast Asian history', International Journal of Asian Studies, 1, 1, 2004, pp. 5-6
169. David Ludden, 'History outside civilisation and the mobility of South Asia', South Asia, 17, 1, 1994, pp. 7-8
170. Subrahmanyam, Merchant networks
171. Claude Markovits, The global world of Indian merchants, 1750-1947: traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
172. Claude Markovits, Jean Pouchepadass, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds., Society and circulation: mobile people and itinerant cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950, London: Anthem, 2003
173. Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the sea: port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, pp. 3, and 21
174. Michael Pearson, 'Littoral society: A case for the coast', The Great Circle 7, 1, 1985, pp. 1-9
175. (republished in Pearson, World of the Indian Ocean, VI, pp. 1-9)
176. Pearson, 'Littoral society: The concept and the problems', Journal of World History 17, 4, 2006, pp. 353-73
177. Paul Ottino, 'La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Mantacassi des xvi et xviie siècles', Tantara (Antanarivo, Société d'Histoire de Madagascar) 1, 4, 1973, pp. 53-89
178. Braudel, Mediterranean, p. 168
179. Chaudhuri, Trading world, pp. 81-90, and 282-99
180. Braudel, Mediterranean I, pp. 168-70
181. Wigen, 'Introduction', pp. 720-1
182. 'Crossing borders: area studies and the new geographies', http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/CrossingBorders; Lionel Casson, The ancient mariners: Seafarers and sea fighters of the Mediterranean in ancient times, Sec. Edn., Princeton University Press, 1991
183. Andre Gunder Frank, 'A theoretical introduction to 5,000 years of world system history', Review 13, 2, 1990, pp. 155-248
184. Gunder Frank, 'Bronze age world system cycles', Current Anthropology 34, 4, 1993, pp. 383-405
185. Gunder Frank, ReOrient: global economy in the Asian age, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998
186. Frank and Gills, eds., World system; Philippe Beaujard, 'The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the sixteenth century', Journal of World History 16, 4, 2006, pp. 420-1, 437, 446, and 459
187. The 'millenarians' include an extremely heterogenous group, ranging from orthodox Eurocentrists to confirmed 'globocentrists': Abu-Lughod, Before European hegemony
188. Richard Britnell, The commercialisation of English society 1000-1500, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993
189. David Landes, The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor, New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
190. David Levine, At the dawn of modernity: biology, culture and material life in Europe after the year 1000, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000
191. Lieberman, Strange parallels
192. Alan Macfarlane, The culture of capitalism, Oxford and New York: Blackwell, 1987
193. Michael Mann, The sources of social power, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986
194. Wallerstein, Modern world system I
195. Pomeranz, Great divergence
196. Bin Wong, China transformed
197. Richard Von Glahn, Fountain of fortune: money and monetary policy in China, 1000-1700, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996
198. See also Jack Goldstone, 'Efflorescences and economic growth in world history: rethinking the "rise of the West" and the industrial revolution', Journal of World History 13, 2, 2002, pp. 323-89
199. Goldstone, 'The problem of the "early modern" world', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, 3, 1998, pp. 249-84
200. Games, 'Atlantic history', p. 747
201. Alfred Crosby, The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural consequences of 1492, Westport: Greenwood, 1972, chapter 5
202. John R. McNeill, 'From Magellan to Miti: Pacific Rim economies and Pacific island ecologies since 1521', in Sally Miller, A. J. H. Latham, and Dennis Flynn, eds., Studies in the economic history of the Pacific Rim
203. Guillermo Algaze, The Uruk world system: the dynamics of expansion of early Mesopotamian civilization, 2nd edn, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004
204. Shereen Ratnagar, Trading encounters: from the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age, 2nd edn, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004
205. Lynda Shaffer, 'Southernization', Journal of World History 5, 1, 1994, pp. 1, and 4
206. For an insightful critique: John Voll, '"Southernization" as a construct in post-civilizational narrative', in Ross Dunn, ed., The new world history: A teacher's companion, Boston and New York: Bedford and St. Martin's, 2000, pp. 193-5
207. Apart from the numerous works by Michael Pearson (most recent: Pearson, Indian Ocean, chapter 4)
208. see also Patricia Risso, Merchants and faith: Muslim commerce and culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995
209. John Voll, 'Islam as a special world system', Journal of World History, 5, 2, 1994, pp. 213-26
210. Richard Eaton, 'Islamic history as world history', in Michael Adas, ed., Islamic and European expansion, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993, pp. 1-36
211. (republished in Richard Eaton, Essays on Islam and Indian history, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 9-44)
212. Wink, Asia before Europe
213. Wink, 'The unity and disunity'
214. Das Gupta and Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, pp. 11-20
215. Kavalam M. Panikkar, Asia and Western dominance: a survey of the Vasco da Gama epoch of Asian history, 1498-1945, 2nd edn, London: Allen & Unwin, 1959, pp. 13-5
216. Odayamadath K. Nambiar, The Kunjalis, admirals of Calicut, New York: Asia Pub. House, 1963
217. Bernard Vlekke, Nusantara: a history of Indonesia, 6th edn, The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1965
218. Clifford Rogers, ed., The military revolution debate: readings on the military transformation of early modern Europe, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995
219. Geoffrey Parker, The military revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500-1800, 2nd edn, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996
220. Carlo Cipolla, Guns, sails, and empires: technological innovation and the early phases of European expansion, 1400-1700, New York: Minerva Press, 1965, pp. 138-46
221. Peter Marshall, 'Western arms in maritime Asia in the early phases of expansion', Modern Asian Studies 14, 1, 1980, pp. 13-28
222. Holden Furber, Rival empires of trade in the Orient, 1600-1800, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976, p. 324
223. Furber, John Company at work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948
224. Furber, 'Asia and the West as partners before "empire" and after', Journal of Asian Studies 28, 4, 1969, pp. 711-21
225. It also forms the theme of the Festschrift edited by Blaire Kling and Michael Pearson, The age of partnership: Europeans in Asia before dominion, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1979
226. Anthony Reid, 'An "age of commerce" in Southeast Asian history', Modern Asian Studies 24, 1, 1990, pp. 1-30
227. Reid, 'The structure of cities in Southeast Asia, fifteenth to seventeenth centuries', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11, 2, 1980, pp. 235-50
228. Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce
229. Reid, Charting the shape
230. Reid, ed., Southeast Asia in the early modern era, pp. 17-18
231. Michael Pearson, The Portuguese in India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 2, 61, 81, 103-106, and 115
232. A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese empire, 1415-1808: a world on the move, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, pp. xxi, 21, and 220
233. Ashin Das Gupta, 'Europeans in India before the empire', in Dasgupta, ed., Indian Ocean merchant, pp. 229-30
234. Subrahmanyam, Political economy, p. 254
235. Om Prakash, 'European corporate enterprises and the politics of trade in India, 1600-1800', in Mukherjee and Subramanian, eds., Politics and trade, pp. 173-4
236. See also Om Prakash, European commercial enterprise, pp. 337-43
237. Chris Bayly, The birth of the modern world, 1780-1914: Global connections and comparisons, Malden: Blackwell, 2004, p. 476
238. Bayly, 'Indigenous social formations', pp. 119-20
239. Marshall, 'A free though conquering people', vol. 1, p. 16; vol. 15, p. 6
240. Ludden, 'World economy and village India', pp. 166-7
241. Geoffrey Gunn, First globalization: the Eurasian exchange, 1500-1800, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003
242. Chris Bayly, "Archaic" and "modern" globalization in the Eurasian and African arena', in Anthony Hopkins, ed., Globalization in world history, New York: Norton, 2002, pp. 47-73
243. Bayly, 'From archaic globalization to international networks, circa 1600-2000', in Jerry Bentley, Renate Bridenthal, and Anand Yang, eds., Interactions: transregional perspectives on world history, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005, pp. 14-29
244. Andre Wink, 'World trade, merchant empires, and the economy of the Indian Ocean', International History Review 15, 1, 1993, p. 112
245. For specific measuring sticks of this process: Vink, 'Spatial constructs', pp. 70-82
246. Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, eds., Metals and monies in an emerging global economy, Aldershot and Brookfield: Variorum, 1997
247. Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, 'Born with a "silver spoon": The origin of world trade in 1571', Journal of World History 6, 2, 1995, pp. 201-21
248. Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, 'Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century', Journal of World History 13, 2, 2002, pp. 391-427
249. Flynn and Giráldez, 'Cycles of silver'. For a recent estimate of total exports of bullion from Europe to Asia see Jan de Vries, 'Connecting Europe and Asia: a quantitative analysis of the Cape-route trade, 1497-1795', in Flynn, Giraldéz, and Von Glahn, eds., Global connections, Table 2.9, p. 78
250. See also: Das Gupta and Pearson, India and the Indian Ocean, p. 39
251. Wink, Al-Hind I, p. 3
252. Burton Stein, A history of India, Oxford and Maiden: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 198-200
253. Shmuel Eisenstadt and Wolfgang Schluchter, 'Introduction: Paths to early modernity - a comparative view', Daedalus 127, 3, 1998, pp. 1-18
254. Joseph Fletcher, 'Integrative history: parallels and interconnections in the early modern period, 1500-1800', Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia, Aldershot and Brookfield: Variorum, 1995, vol. 10, pp. 1-33
255. Denys Lombard, 'Networks and synchronisms in Southeast Asian history', Journal of Southeast Asian History 26, 1, 1995, pp. 10-16
256. See also Lombard, Carrefour javanais
257. Victor Lieberman, ed., Beyond binary histories: re-imagining Eurasia to c. 1830, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999, pp. 1-102
258. Jack Goody, The East in the West, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996
259. Bernhard Klein and Gesa Mackenthun, eds., Sea changes: historicizing the ocean, New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 1-12
260. Sugata Bose makes a passionate plea 'for keeping in play the inter-regional arena as an analytical unit ... Indian Ocean history ought not to begin an end with the early modern' (personal communication to the author, 22 October 2006)
261. Jerry Bentley, 'Sea and ocean basins as frameworks of historical analysis', Geographical Review 89, 2, 1999, pp. 215-24
262. Chaudhuri, 'Unity and disunity', pp. 1, 7
263. Pearson, 'Introduction I'
264. See also Geoffrey Scammell, 'Series editor's preface', in Pearson, Indian Ocean, p. ix
265. Barendse, Arabian Seas, p. 60
266. Sugata Bose, 'Space and time on the Indian Ocean Rim: theory and history', in Fawaz and Bayly, eds., Modernity and culture, pp. 368-9
267. John Elliott, 'Afterword', in Armitage and Braddick, eds., British Atlantic world, pp. 239-40, and 249
268. Vink, 'From port-city to world-system'
269. Armitage, 'Three concepts'
270. The literature on merchant networks and diasporic communities is vast. E.g., for the African diaspora in the Indian Ocean alone: Kenneth Robbins and John McLeod eds., African elites in India: Habshi amarat. Usmanpura : Mapin Publishing, 2006
271. Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy and Edward Alpers, eds., Sidis and scholars: essays on African Indians, Trenton: Red Sea Press, 2004
272. Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya and Richard Pankhurst, eds., The African diaspora in the Indian Ocean, Trenton: Africa World Press, 2003
273. Edward Alpers, 'Recollecting Africa: diasporic memory in the Indian Ocean world', African Studies Review 43, 1, 2000, pp. 83-99
274. Yusuf Talib, 'The African diaspora in Asia', in Muhammad Fasi and Ivan Hrbek, eds., Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century, Paris: UNESCO, 1988, pp. 704-33
275. Gwyn Campbell, ed., Abolition and its aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, London and New York: Routledge, 2005, pp. vii-xxxii
276. Markus Vink, '"The world's oldest trade": Dutch slavery and slave trade in the Indian Ocean in the seventeenth century', Journal of World History 14, 2, 2003, pp. 131-77
277. Richard Allen, 'The Mascarene slave trade and labour migration in the Indian Ocean during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', Slavery and Abolition 24, 2, 2003, pp. 33-50
278. Janet Ewald, 'Crossers of the sea: slaves, freedmen, and other migrants in the northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750-1914', American Historical Review 105, 1, 2000, pp. 69-91
279. Pier Larson, 'Reconsidering trauma, identity, and the African diaspora: Enslavement and historical memory in nineteenth-century highland Madagascar', William and Mary Quarterly 56, 2, 1999, pp. 335-62
280. Paul Gilroy, The black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993
281. Marcus Rediker, 'The red Atlantic, or "A terrible blast swept over the heaving sea"', in Klein and Mackenthun, eds., Sea changes, pp. 111-30
282. Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The many-headed hydra: sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic, Boston: Beacon Press, 2000
283. Seymour Drescher, 'White Atlantic? The choice for African slave labor in the plantation Americas', in David Eltis, Frank Lewis, and Kenneth Lee Sokoloff, eds., Slavery in the development of the Americas, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 31-69
284. Kevin Whelan, 'The green Atlantic: radical reciprocities between Ireland and America in the long eighteenth century', in Kathleen Wilson, ed., A new imperial history: culture, identity and modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 216-38
285. See also Jared Diamond, Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies, New York, W. W. Norton, 1997
286. Matsuda, 'The Pacific', pp. 759-60, 761, and 763-4
287. John Legge, 'The writing of Southeast Asian history', in Tarling, ed., Cambridge history I, pp. 1-50
288. Ian Glover, 'National and political uses of archaeology in South-East Asia', Indonesia and the Malay World, 31, 89, 2003, pp. 16-30
289. Nicholas Tarling, Southeast Asia: a modern history, Oxford: South Melbourne and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 503-27
290. Vink, '"The world's oldest trade"', pp. 132-5