Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Initial Diagnosis and Staging with PET/CT

PET Clinics

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 469-480

  Shah, Gaurang V ^a   Wong, Ka Kit ^a   Gandhi, Dheeraj ^a   Parmar, Hemant ^a   Mukherji, Suresh K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

FDG PET; Head and neck cancer; PET CT; Squamous cell carcinoma; Staging

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18;

CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CERVICAL LYMPH NODE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISTANT METASTASIS; HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 64749100634     PISSN: 15568598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2008.06.003     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2008. American Cancer Society surveillance research. Available at:. www.cancer.org Accessed March 31, 2008
2. Parker S.L., Tong T., Bolden S., et al. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 46 (1996) 5-27
3. Forastiere A., Koch W., Trotti A., et al. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1890-1900
4. Schwartz D.L., Ford E., Rajendran J., et al. FDG-PET/CT imaging for preradiotherapy staging of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 (2005) 129-136
5. Dammann F., Horger M., Mueller-Berg M., et al. Rational diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region: comparative evaluation of CT, MRI, and 18FDG PET. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184 (2005) 1326-1331
6. Gordin A., Golz A., Keidar Z., et al. The role of FDG-PET/CT imaging in head and neck malignant conditions: impact on diagnostic accuracy and patient care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137 (2007) 130-137
7. Conti P.S., Lilien D.L., Hawley K., et al. PET and [18F]-FDG in oncology: a clinical update. Nucl Med Biol 23 (1996) 717-735
8. Bailet J.W., Abemayor E., Jabour B.A., et al. Positron emission tomography: a new, precise imaging modality for detection of primary head and neck tumors and assessment of cervical adenopathy. Laryngoscope 102 (1992) 281-288
9. Adams S., Baum R.P., Stuckensen T., et al. Prospective comparison of 18F-FDG PET with conventional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) in lymph node staging of head and neck cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 25 (1998) 1255-1260
10. Braams J.W., Pruim J., Freling N.J., et al. Detection of lymph node metastases of squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck with FDG-PET and MRI. J Nucl Med 36 (1995) 211-216
11. Hannah A., Scott A.M., Tochon-Danguy H., et al. Evaluation of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography with histopathologic correlation in the initial staging of head and neck cancer. Ann Surg 236 (2002) 208-217
12. Jungehulsing M., Scheidhauer K., Damm M., et al. 2[F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a sensitive tool for the detection of occult primary cancer (carcinoma of unknown primary syndrome) with head and neck lymph node manifestation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123 (2000) 294-301
13. Laubenbacher C., Saumweber D., Wagner-Manslau C., et al. Comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, MRI and endoscopy for staging head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas. J Nucl Med 36 (1995) 1747-1757
14. Lowe V.J., Boyd J.H., Dunphy F.R., et al. Surveillance for recurrent head and neck cancer using positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 651-658
15. Wong R.J., Lin D.T., Schoder H., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 4199-4208
16. Hafidh M.A., Lacy P.D., Hughes J.P., et al. Evaluation of the impact of addition of PET to CT and MR scanning in the staging of patients with head and neck carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 263 (2006) 853-859
17. Keyes Jr. J.W., Watson Jr. N.E., Williams III D.W., et al. FDG PET in head and neck cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169 (1997) 1663-1669
18. Macapinlac H.A., Yeung H.W., and Larson S.M. Defining the role of FDG PET in head and neck cancer. Clin Positron Imaging 2 (1999) 311-316
19. Roh J.L., Yeo N.K., Kim J.S., et al. Utility of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in the preoperative staging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 43 (2007) 887-893
20. Schmid D.T., Stoeckli S.J., Bandhauer F., et al. Impact of positron emission tomography on the initial staging and therapy in locoregional advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 113 (2003) 888-891
21. Stokkel M.P., ten Broek F.W., Hordijk G.J., et al. Preoperative evaluation of patients with primary head and neck cancer using dual-head 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Surg 231 (2000) 229-234
22. Gambhir S.S., Czernin J., Schwimmer J., et al. A tabulated summary of the FDG PET literature. J Nucl Med 42 (2001) 1S-93S
23. Gil Z., Even-Sapir E., Margalit N., et al. Integrated PET/CT system for staging and surveillance of skull base tumors. Head Neck 29 (2007) 537-545
24. Beyer T., Townsend D.W., Brun T., et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med 41 (2000) 1369-1379
25. Townsend D.W., Carney J.P., Yap J.T., et al. PET/CT today and tomorrow. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 4S-14S
26. Ha P.K., Hdeib A., Goldenberg D., et al. The role of positron emission tomography and computed tomography fusion in the management of early-stage and advanced-stage primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132 (2006) 12-16
27. Hany T.F., Steinert H.C., Goerres G.W., et al. PET diagnostic accuracy: improvement with in-line PET-CT system: initial results. Radiology 225 (2002) 575-581
28. von Schulthess G.K., Steinert H.C., and Hany T.F. Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology 238 (2006) 405-422
29. Branstetter B.F.T., Blodgett T.M., Zimmer L.A., et al. Head and neck malignancy: is PET/CT more accurate than PET or CT alone?. Radiology 235 (2005) 580-586
30. Antoch G., Saoudi N., Kuehl H., et al. Accuracy of whole-body dual-modality fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for tumor staging in solid tumors: comparison with CT and PET. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 4357-4368
31. Schoder H., Yeung H.W., Gonen M., et al. Head and neck cancer: clinical usefulness and accuracy of PET/CT image fusion. Radiology 231 (2004) 65-72
32. Syed R., Bomanji J.B., Nagabhushan N., et al. Impact of combined (18)F-FDG PET/CT in head and neck tumours. Br J Cancer 92 (2005) 1046-1050
33. Fakhry N., Lussato D., Jacob T., et al. Comparison between PET and PET/CT in recurrent head and neck cancer and clinical implications. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264 (2007) 531-538
34. Keidar Z., Haim N., Guralnik L., et al. PET/CT using 18F-FDG in suspected lung cancer recurrence: diagnostic value and impact on patient management. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 1640-1646
35. Kamel I.R., Cohade C., Neyman E., et al. Incremental value of CT in PET/CT of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 29 (2004) 663-668
36. Lardinois D., Weder W., Hany T.F., et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 2500-2507
37. Zimmer L.A., Branstetter B.F., Nayak J.V., et al. Current use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 115 (2005) 2029-2034
38. Reinartz P., Wieres F.J., Schneider W., et al. Side-by-side reading of PET and CT scans in oncology: which patients might profit from integrated PET/CT?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 (2004) 1456-1461
39. Rohren E.M., Turkington T.G., and Coleman R.E. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology 231 (2004) 305-332
40. Kim M.R., Roh J.L., Kim J.S., et al. Utility of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the preoperative staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Eur J Surg Oncol 33 (2007) 633-638
41. Paulus P., Sambon A., Vivegnis D., et al. 18FDG-PET for the assessment of primary head and neck tumors: clinical, computed tomography, and histopathological correlation in 38 patients. Laryngoscope 108 (1998) 1578-1583
42. Rege S., Maass A., Chaiken L., et al. Use of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with extracranial head and neck cancers. Cancer 73 (1994) 3047-3058
43. Wong W.L., Chevretton E.B., McGurk M., et al. A prospective study of PET-FDG imaging for the assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 22 (1997) 209-214
44. Blodgett T.M., Fukui M.B., Snyderman C.H., et al. Combined PET-CT in the head and neck: part 1. Physiologic, altered physiologic, and artifactual FDG uptake. Radiographics 25 (2005) 897-912
45. Popperl G., Lang S., Dagdelen O., et al. Correlation of FDG-PET and MRI/CT with histopathology in primary diagnosis, lymph node staging and diagnosis of recurrency of head and neck cancer. Rofo 174 (2002) 714-720 (in German)
46. Ng S.H., Yen T.C., Liao C.T., et al. 18F-FDG PET and CT/MRI in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study of 124 patients with histologic correlation. J Nucl Med 46 (2005) 1136-1143
47. Byers R.M., Wolf P.F., and Ballantyne A.J. Rationale for elective modified neck dissection. Head Neck Surg 10 (1988) 160-167
48. Giacomarra V., Tirelli G., Papanikolla L., et al. Predictive factors of nodal metastases in oral cavity and oropharynx carcinomas. Laryngoscope 109 (1999) 795-799
49. McGuirt W.F., Williams III D.W., Keyes Jr. J.W., et al. A comparative diagnostic study of head and neck nodal metastases using positron emission tomography. Laryngoscope 105 (1995) 373-375
50. Manolidis S., Donald P.J., Volk P., et al. The use of positron emission tomography scanning in occult and recurrent head and neck cancer. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 534 (1998) 1-11
51. Curtin H.D., Ishwaran H., Mancuso A.A., et al. Comparison of CT and MR imaging in staging of neck metastases. Radiology 207 (1998) 123-130
52. Jabour B.A., Choi Y., Hoh C.K., et al. Extracranial head and neck: PET imaging with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and MR imaging correlation. Radiology 186 (1993) 27-35
53. Kresnik E., Mikosch P., Gallowitsch H.J., et al. Evaluation of head and neck cancer with 18F-FDG PET: a comparison with conventional methods. Eur J Nucl Med 28 (2001) 816-821
54. Nishioka T., Shiga T., Shirato H., et al. Image fusion between 18FDG-PET and MRI/CT for radiotherapy planning of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53 (2002) 1051-1057
55. Koshy M., Paulino A.C., Howell R., et al. F-18 FDG PET-CT fusion in radiotherapy treatment planning for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 27 (2005) 494-502
56. Scarfone C., Lavely W.C., Cmelak A.J., et al. Prospective feasibility trial of radiotherapy target definition for head and neck cancer using 3-dimensional PET and CT imaging. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 543-552
57. Menda Y., and Graham M.M. Update on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of squamous head and neck cancers. Semin Nucl Med 35 (2005) 214-219
58. Benchaou M., Lehmann W., Slosman D.O., et al. The role of FDG-PET in the preoperative assessment of N-staging in head and neck cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 116 (1996) 332-335
59. Fukui M.B., Blodgett T.M., Snyderman C.H., et al. Combined PET-CT in the head and neck: part 2. Diagnostic uses and pitfalls of oncologic imaging. Radiographics 25 (2005) 913-930
60. Hyde N.C., Prvulovich E., Newman L., et al. A new approach to pre-treatment assessment of the N0 neck in oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of sentinel node biopsy and positron emission tomography. Oral Oncol 39 (2003) 350-360
61. Stoeckli S.J., Steinert H., Pfaltz M., et al. Is there a role for positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the initial staging of nodal negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 24 (2002) 345-349
62. van den Brekel M.W. Lymph node metastases: CT and MRI. Eur J Radiol 33 (2000) 230-238
63. Murakami R., Uozumi H., Hirai T., et al. Impact of FDG-PET/CT imaging on nodal staging for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 (2007) 377-382
64. Schoder H., Erdi Y.E., Larson S.M., et al. PET/CT: a new imaging technology in nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30 (2003) 1419-1437
65. Basu D., Siegel B.A., McDonald D.J., et al. Detection of occult bone metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: impact of positron emission tomography computed tomography with fluorodeoxyglucoseF18. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133 (2007) 801-805
66. de Bree R., Deurloo E.E., Snow G.B., et al. Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 110 (2000) 397-401
67. Brouwer J., Bree R., Hoekstra O.S., et al. Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer: what is the current clinical practice?. Clin Otolaryngol 30 (2005) 438-443
68. Preciado D.A., Sebring L.A., and Adams G.L. Treatment of patients with spinal metastases from head and neck neoplasms. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 (2002) 539-543
69. Merino O.R., Lindberg R.D., and Fletcher G.H. An analysis of distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 40 (1977) 145-151
70. Calhoun K.H., Fulmer P., Weiss R., et al. Distant metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Laryngoscope 104 (1994) 1199-1205
71. Al-Othman M.O., Morris C.G., Hinerman R.W., et al. Distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 25 (2003) 629-633
72. Johnson J.T. Proposal of standardization on screening tests for detection of distant metastases from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 63 (2001) 256-258
73. Troell R.J., and Terris D.J. Detection of metastases from head and neck cancers. Laryngoscope 105 (1995) 247-250
74. Brown D.H., and Leakos M. The value of a routine bone scan in a metastatic survey. J Otolaryngol 27 (1998) 187-189
75. Ferlito A., Shaha A.R., Silver C.E., et al. Incidence and sites of distant metastases from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 63 (2001) 202-207
76. Wax M.K., Myers L.L., Gabalski E.C., et al. Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of synchronous lung lesions in patients with untreated head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 (2002) 703-707
77. Perlow A., Bui C., Shreve P., et al. High incidence of chest malignancy detected by FDG PET in patients suspected of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28 (2004) 704-709
78. Teknos T.N., Rosenthal E.L., Lee D., et al. Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of stage III and IV head and neck cancer. Head Neck 23 (2001) 1056-1060
79. Carlson E.R., and Ord R.A. Vertebral metastases from oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60 (2002) 858-862
80. Gordin A., Daitzchman M., Doweck I., et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in patients with carcinoma of the larynx: diagnostic accuracy and impact on clinical management. Laryngoscope 116 (2006) 273-278
81. Silva P., Hulse P., Sykes A.J., et al. Should FDG-PET scanning be routinely used for patients with an unknown head and neck squamous primary?. J Laryngol Otol 121 (2007) 149-153
82. van Veen S.A., Balm A.J., Valdes Olmos R.A., et al. Occult primary tumors of the head and neck: accuracy of thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127 (2001) 406-411
83. Nguyen C., Shenouda G., Black M.J., et al. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes from unknown primary mucosal sites. Head Neck 16 (1994) 58-63
84. Maulard C., Housset M., Brunel P., et al. Postoperative radiation therapy for cervical lymph node metastases from an occult squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 102 (1992) 884-890
85. Harper C.S., Mendenhall W.M., Parsons J.T., et al. Cancer in neck nodes with unknown primary site: role of mucosal radiotherapy. Head Neck 12 (1990) 463-469
86. Koch W.M., Bhatti N., Williams M.F., et al. Oncologic rationale for bilateral tonsillectomy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary source. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124 (2001) 331-333
87. Mendenhall W.M., Mancuso A.A., Parsons J.T., et al. Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site. Head Neck 20 (1998) 739-744
88. Miller F.R., Hussey D., Beeram M., et al. Positron emission tomography in the management of unknown primary head and neck carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131 (2005) 626-629
89. Davidson B.J., Spiro R.H., Patel S., et al. Cervical metastases of occult origin: the impact of combined modality therapy. Am J Surg 168 (1994) 395-399
90. Talmi Y.P., Wolf G.T., Hazuka M., et al. Unknown primary of the head and neck. J Laryngol Otol 110 (1996) 353-356
91. Nieder C., Gregoire V., and Ang K.K. Cervical lymph node metastases from occult squamous cell carcinoma: cut down a tree to get an apple?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 (2001) 727-733
92. Grau C., Johansen L.V., Jakobsen J., et al. Cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary tumours. Results from a national survey by the Danish Society for Head and Neck Oncology. Radiother Oncol 55 (2000) 121-129
93. McQuone S.J., Eisele D.W., Lee D.J., et al. Occult tonsillar carcinoma in the unknown primary. Laryngoscope 108 (1998) 1605-1610
94. Os A.A., Fischbein N.J., Caputo G.R., et al. Metastatic head and neck cancer: role and usefulness of FDG PET in locating occult primary tumors. Radiology 210 (1999) 177-181
95. Braams J.W., Pruim J., Kole A.C., et al. Detection of unknown primary head and neck tumors by positron emission tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26 (1997) 112-115
96. Bohuslavizki K.H., Klutmann S., Kroger S., et al. FDG PET detection of unknown primary tumors. J Nucl Med 41 (2000) 816-822
97. Johansen J., Eigtved A., Buchwald C., et al. Implication of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography on management of carcinoma of unknown primary in the head and neck: a Danish cohort study. Laryngoscope 112 (2002) 2009-2014
98. Goerres G.W., von Schulthess G.K., and Steinert H.C. Why most PET of lung and head-and-neck cancer will be PET/CT. J Nucl Med 45 Suppl 1 (2004) 66S-71S
99. Tepperman B.S., and Fitzpatrick P.J. Second respiratory and upper digestive tract cancers after oral cancer. Lancet 2 (1981) 547-549
100. Wax M.K., Myers L.L., Gona J.M., et al. The role of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of the N-positive neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 (2003) 163-167
101. Choi J.Y., Lee K.S., Kwon O.J., et al. Improved detection of second primary cancer using integrated [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography for initial tumor staging. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 7654-7659
102. Kamel E.M., Thumshirn M., Truninger K., et al. Significance of incidental 18F-FDG accumulations in the gastrointestinal tract in PET/CT: correlation with endoscopic and histopathologic results. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 1804-1810