Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sleep Medicine Clinics

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 463-476

  Fleming, Peter ^a,b   Blair, Peter S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 64749096346     PISSN: 1556407X     EISSN: 15564088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Rognum T.O., and Willinger M. The story of the "stavanger definition". In: Rognum T.O. (Ed). Sudden infant death syndrome. New trends in the nineties (1995), Scandinavian University Press, Oslo (Norway) 21-25
2. Limerick S.R. Sudden infant death in historical perspective. J Clin Pathol 45 Suppl (1992) 3-6
3. Beal S., and Blundell H. Sudden infant death syndrome related to position in the cot. Med J Aust 2 (1978) 217-218
4. Nelson E.A.S., Taylor B.J., and Weatherall I.L. Sleeping position and infant bedding may predispose to hyperthermia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1 (1989) 199-201
5. Davies D.P. Cot death in Hong Kong: a rare problem?. Lancet 2 (1985) 1346-1349
6. de Jonge G.A., Engleberts A.C., Koomen-Liefting, et al. Cot death and prone sleeping position in the Netherlands. BMJ 298 (1989) 722
7. Mitchell E.A., Scragg R., Stewart A.W., et al. Results from the first year of the New Zealand cot death study. N Z Med J 104 (1991) 71-76
8. Fleming P.J., Gilbert R., Azaz Y., et al. Interaction between bedding and sleeping position in the sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study. BMJ 301 (1990) 85-89
9. Blair P.S., Sidebotham P., Berry P.J., et al. Major changes in the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome: a 20-year population based study of all unexpected deaths in infancy. Lancet 367 (2006) 314-319
10. Limerick S.R., and Bacon C.J. Terminology used by pathologists in reporting on sudden infant deaths. J Clin Pathol 57 3 (2004) 309-311
11. Froggatt P., Lynas M.A., and MacKenzie G. Epidemiology of sudden unexpected death in infants ('cot death') in Northern Ireland. Br J Prev Soc Med 25 (1971) 119-134
12. Fedrick J. Sudden unexpected death in infants in the oxford record linkage area. An analysis with respect to time and space. Br J Prev Soc Med 27 (1973) 217-224
13. McGlashan N.D. Sudden deaths in Tasmania, 1980-1986: a seven year prospective study. Soc Sci Med 29 (1989) 1015-1026
14. Daltveit A.K., Øyen N., Skjærven R., et al. The epidemic of SIDS in Norway 1967-93: changing effects of risk factors. Arch Dis Child 77 (1997) 23-27
15. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Bacon C., et al. Sudden unexpected death in infancy. The CESDI SUDI studies 1993-1996 (2000), The Stationery Office, London (UK) ISBN 0 11 322299 8
16. Leach C.E.A., Blair P.S., Fleming P.J., et al. Sudden unexpected deaths in infancy: similarities and differences in the epidemiology of SIDS and explained deaths. Pediatrics 104 (1999) e43. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/4/e43 Available at:
17. Bouvier-Colle M.H., Inizan J., and Michel E. Postneonatal mortality, sudden infant death syndrome: factors preventing the decline of infant mortality in France from 1979 to 1985. Paediatr Perinat Epidemol 3 (1989) 256-267
18. Kraus J.F., Greenland S., and Bulteys M. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Int J Epidemiol 18 (1989) 113-119
19. Wagner M., Samson-Dollfus D., and Menard J. Sudden unexpected infant death in a French county. Arch Dis Child 59 (1984) 1082-1087
20. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Ward Platt M., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and social deprivation. J Paediatr Perinat Epidemol 17 (2003) 272-280
21. Beal S.M. Sleeping position and SIDS: past, present and future. In: Rognum T.O. (Ed). SIDS: new trends in the nineties (1995), Scandinavian University Press, Oslo (Norway) 147-151
22. Prone or supine?. [editorial]. BMJ (1961) 1304
23. Greene D. Asymmetry of the head and face in infants and in children. Am J Dis Child 41 (1930) 1317-1326
24. Abramson H. Accidental mechanical suffocation in infants. J Pediatr 25 (1944) 404-413
25. Masterson J., Zucker C., and Schulze K. Prone and supine positioning effects on energy expenditure and behaviour of low birthweight neonates. Pediatrics 89 (1987) 689-692
26. Martin R.J., Herrell N., Rubin D., et al. Effect of supine and prone positions on arterial tension in the preterm infant. Pediatrics 63 (1979) 528-531
27. Yu V. Effect of body positioning on gastric emptying in the neonate. Arch Dis Child 50 (1975) 500-504
28. Schwartz F.C.M., Fenner A., and Wolfsdrop J. The influence of body position on pulmonary function in low birth babies. S Afr Med J 49 (1975) 79-81
29. Fleming P.J., Muller N., Bryan M.H., et al. The effects of abdominal loading on ribcage distortion in premature infants. Pediatrics 64 (1979) 425-428
30. Hiley C. Babies' sleeping position. BMJ 305 (1992) 115
31. Gilbert R., Rudd P., Berry P.J., et al. Combined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden unexpected infant death. Arch Dis Child 67 (1992) 171-177
32. Ponsonby A.-L., Dwyer T., Gibbons L.E., et al. Thermal environment and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ 304 (1992) 277-282
33. Klonnoff-Cohen H.S., and Edelstein S.L. A case-control study of routine and death scene sleep position and sudden infant death syndrome in Southern California. JAMA 273 (1995) 790-794
34. Williams S., Taylor B., and Mitchell E. Sudden infant death syndrome: insulation from bedding and clothing and its effect modifiers. Int J Epidemiol 25 (1996) 366-375
35. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Bacon C., et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ 313 (1996) 191-195
36. Mitchell E.A., Ford R.P.K., Stewart A.W., et al. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 91 (1993) 893-896
37. Klonoff-Cohen H.S., Edelstein S.L., Lefkowitz E.S., et al. The effect of passive smoking and tobacco exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 273 (1995) 795-798
38. Blair P.S., Fleming P.J., Bensley D., et al. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ 313 (1996) 195-198
39. Mitchell E.A., and Milerad J. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Rev Environ Health 21 2 (2006) 81-103
40. Blair P.S., Ward Platt M.P., Smith I.J., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and sleeping position in pre-term and low birthweight infants: an opportunity for targeted intervention. Arch Dis Child 91 2 (2006) 101-106
41. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Ward Platt M., et al. The accelerated immunisation programme in the UK & sudden unexpected death in infancy. BMJ 322 (2001) 822-825
42. Kahn A., Blum D., and Hennart P. A critical comparison of the history of sudden-death infants and infants hospitalised for near-miss for SIDS. Eur J Pediatr 143 (1984) 103-107
43. Tonkin S.L. Infant mortality. Epidemiology of cot deaths in Auckland. N Z Med J 99 (1986) 324-326
44. Mitchell E.A., Taylor B.J., Ford R.P.K., et al. Four modifiable and other major risk factors for cot death: the New Zealand study. J Paediatr Child Health 28 Suppl (1992) S3-S8
45. Skadberg B.T., Morild I., and Markestad T. Abandoning prone sleeping: effect on the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 132 2 (1998) 340-343
46. Scragg R.K., and Mitchell E.A. Side sleeping position and bed sharing in the sudden infant death syndrome. [review]. Ann Med 30 4 (1998) 345-349
47. L'Hoir M.P., Engleberts A.C., van Well G.T., et al. Risk and preventive factors for cot death in the Netherlands, a low-incidence country. Eur J Pediatr 157 8 (1998) 681-688
48. Li D.K., Petitti D.B., Willinger M., et al. Infant sleeping position and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in California, 1997-2000. Am J Epidemiol 157 5 (2003) 446-455
49. Carpenter P.R., Irgens P.L., Blair P.S., et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet 363 9404 (2004) 185-191
50. Cullen A., Kiberd B., McDonnell M., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome-are parents getting the message?. Ir J Med Sci 169 1 (2000) 40-43
51. Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U., Peglow U.P., Kiechl S., et al. Epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the tyrol before and after an intervention campaign. Wein Klin Wochenschr 113 1-2 (2001) 27-32
52. Rose M., Murphy M., Macfarlane J.A., et al. 'Back to sleep': the position in Oxfordshire and Northampton. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 12 2 (1998) 217-227
53. Nelson E.A.S., Serra A., Cowan S., et al. Maternity advice survey: sleeping position in Eastern Europe. Arch Dis Child 83 (2000) 304-306
54. Hein H.A., and Pettit S.F. Back to Sleep: good advice for parents but not for hospitals?. Pediatrics 107 3 (2001) 537-539
55. Pastore G., Guala A., and Zaffaroni M. Back to sleep: risk factors for SIDS as targets for public health campaigns. J Pediatr 142 4 (2003) 453-454
56. Byard R.W., and Beal S.M. Gastric aspiration and sleeping position in infancy and early childhood. J Paediatr Child Health 36 4 (2000) 403-405
57. Fleming P.J., and Stewart A. What is the ideal sleeping position for infants?. Dev Med Child Neurol 34 (1992) 916-919
58. Hunt L., Fleming P., Golding J., et al. Does the supine sleeping position have any adverse effects on the child? :I. Health in the first six months. Pediatrics 100 1 (1997) e11
59. Ponsonby A.L., Dwyer T., and Couper D. Sleeping position, infant apnoea, and cyanosis: a population-based study. Pediatrics 99 1 (1997) E3
60. Hunt C.E., Lesko S.M., Vezina R.M., et al. Infant sleep position and associated health outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 469-474
61. Hutchison B.L., Thompson J.M., and Mitchell E.A. Determinants of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly: a case-control study. Pediatrics 112 4 (2003) e316
62. Dewey C., Fleming P.J., Golding J., et al. Does the supine position have any adverse effects on the child?: II. Development in the first 18 months. Pediatrics 101 1 (1998) e5. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/1/e5 Available at:
63. Majnemer A., and Barr R.G. Association between sleep position and early motor development. J Pediatr 149 (2006) 623-629
64. Kemp J.S. Asymmetric heads and failure to climb stairs. J Pediatr 149 (2006) 594-595
65. Mitchell E.A., Scragg J., and Clements M. Soft cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Z Med J 109 (1996) 206-207
66. Geib L.T., and Nunes N.L. The incidence of sudden death syndrome in a cohort of infants. J Pediatr (Rio J) 82 1 (2006) 21-26
67. Flick L., White D.K., Vemulapolli C., et al. Sleep position and the use of soft bedding during bed sharing among African American infants at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 138 3 (2001) 338-343
68. Hauck F.R., Herman S.M., Donovan M., et al. Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago infant mortality study. Pediatrics 111 5 Pt 2 (2003) 1207-1214
69. Sawczenko A., and Fleming P.J. Thermal stress, sleeping position, and the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep 19 Suppl 10 (1996) S267-S270
70. Scheers N.J., Dayton C.M., and Kemp J.S. Sudden infant death with external airways covered: case-comparison study of 206 deaths in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152 6 (1998) 540-547
71. Byard R.W., and Beal S.M. V-shaped pillows and unsafe infant sleeping. J Paediatr Child Health 33 2 (1997) 171-173
72. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics 116 (2005) 1245-1255
73. Foundation for the Study of Infant deaths. BabyZone leaflet. Available at: http://www.sids.org.uk/fsis/fsid.
74. Wooley P.V. Mechanical suffocation during infancy. J Pediatr 26 (1945) 572-575
75. Davison W.H. Accidental infant suffocation. BMJ 2 (1945) 251-252
76. Werne J., and Garrow I. Sudden deaths of infants allegedly due to mechanical suffocation. Am J Public Health 37 (1947) 675
77. Bowden K. Sudden death or alleged accidental suffocation in babies. Med J Aust 1 (1950) 65-72
78. Nelson E.A.S., Taylor B.J., and Weatherall I.L. Sleeping position and infant bedding may predispose to hyperthermia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1 8631 (1989) 199-201
79. Dix J. Homicide and the baby-sitter. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19 4 (1998) 321-323
80. Thach B.T. Sudden infant death syndrome: old causes rediscovered?. N Engl J Med 315 2 (1986) 126-128
81. Schellscheidt J., Ott A., and Jorch G. Epidemiological features of sudden infant death after a German intervention campaign in 1992. Eur J Pediatr 156 8 (1997) 655-660
82. Nelson T., To K.-F., Wong Y.-Y., et al. Hong Kong case-control study of sudden unexpected infant death. N Z Med J 118 1227 (2005) U1788
83. L'Hoir M.P., Engelberts A.C., van Well G.T., et al. Case-control study of current validity of previously described risk factors for SIDS in the Netherlands. Arch Dis Child 79 5 (1998) 386-393
84. Markestad T., Skadberg B., Hordvik E., et al. Sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): effect of an intervention programme to avoid prone sleeping. Acta Paediatr 84 (1995) 375-378
85. Ponsonby A.-L., Dwyer T., Couper D., et al. Association between use of a quilt and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ 316 7126 (1998) 195-196
86. Spock B., and Rothenberg M.B. Baby and child care (1985), Pocket Books, New York p. 219
87. Leach P. Baby and child (1980), Michael Joseph, London p. 93-4
88. McKenna J. An anthropological perspective on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): the role of parental breathing cues and speech breathing adaptations. Med Anthropol 10 (1986) 9-91
89. Scragg R.K.R., Mitchell E.A., Stewart A.W., et al. Infant room-sharing and prone sleep position in sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 347 (1996) 7-12
90. Tappin D., Ecob R., and Brooke H. Bedsharing, roomsharing, and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: a case-control study. J Pediatr 147 1 (2005) 32-37
91. Blair P.S., Fleming P.J., Smith I.J., et al., the CESDI SUDI research group. Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ 319 (1999) 1457-1462
92. Blair P.S., Ward Platt M., Smith I.J., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and the time of death: factors associated with night-time and day-time deaths. Int J Epidemiol 35 (2006) 1563-1569
93. Tappin D., Brooke H., Ecob R., et al. Used infant mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: case-control study. BMJ 325 7371 (2002) 1007
94. McGarvey C., McDonnell M., Chong A., et al. Factors relating to the infant's last sleep environment in sudden infant death syndrome in the Republic of Ireland. Arch Dis Child 88 12 (2003) 1058-1064
95. Takeda K.A. A possible mechanism of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Journal of Kyoto Prefecture University Medicine 96 (1987) 965-968
96. Gantley M., Davies D.P., and Murcott A. Sudden infant death syndrome. Links with infant care practices. BMJ 16 (1993) 263-282
97. Farooqi S., Lip G.Y.H., and Beevers D.G. Bed-sharing and smoking in sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ 308 (1994) 204-205
98. Tuohy P.G., Counsell A.M., and Geddis D.C. Sociodemographic factors associated with sleeping position and location. Arch Dis Child 69 (1993) 664-666
99. Wailoo M., Ball H., Fleming P.J., et al. Infants bedsharing with mothers: helpful, harmful or don't know?. Arch Dis Child 89 (2004) 1082-1083
100. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., and McKenna J.J. New knowledge, new insights and new recommendations: scientific controversy and media hype in unexpected infant deaths. Arch Dis Child 91 (2006) 799-801
101. McGarvey C., McDonnell M., O'Regan M., et al. An eight year study of risk factors for SIDS: bedsharing vs non bedsharing. Arch Dis Child 91 (2006) 318-323
102. Mosko S., McKenna J., Dickel M., et al. Parent-infant co-sleeping: the appropriate context for the study of infant sleep and implications for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) research. J Behav Med 16 (1993) 589-610
103. Anderson G.C. Current knowledge about skin-to-skin (Kangaroo) care for preterm infants. J Perinatol 11 (1991) 216-226
104. Ludington-Hoe S.M., Hadeed A.J., and Anderson G.C. Physiological responses to skin-to-skin contact in hospitalised premature infants. J Perinatol 11 (1991) 19-24
105. McKenna J. Sudden infant death syndrome in cross-cultural perspective. Is infant-parent cosleeping protective?. Ann Rev of Anthropol 25 (1996) 201-216
106. Ball H.L., Hooker E., and Kelly P.J. Where will the babies sleep? Attitudes and practices of new and experienced parents regarding co-sleeping with their new-born infant. American Anthropologist 101 (1999) 143-151
107. Fleming P.J., Young J., and Blair P.S. The importance of mother-baby interactions in determining night time thermal conditions for sleeping infants: observations from the home and the sleep laboratory. Pediatr Child Health 11 Suppl (2006) 7A-11A
108. Gessner B.D., and Porter T.J. Bed sharing with unimpaired parents is not an important risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 990-991
109. Kattwinkel J., Hauck F., Moon R.Y., et al. In reply. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 994-996
110. Mitchell E.A., Taylor B.J., Ford R.P.K., et al. Dummies and the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child 68 (1993) 501-504
111. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Pollard K., et al. Pacifier use and sudden infant death syndrome: results from the CESDI/SUDI case control study. Arch Dis Child 81 (1999) 112-116
112. L'Hoir M.P., Engelberts A.C., van Well G.T., et al. Dummy use, thumb sucking, mouth breathing and cot death. Eur J Pediatr 158 (1999) 896-901
113. Brooke H, Tappin DM, Beckett C, et al. Dummy use on the day/night of death: case-control study of sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) in Scotland, 1996-99 [abstract]. Presented at the sixth SIDS International Conference, Auckland (New Zealand), February 2000.
114. Vennemann M.M.T., Findeisen M., Butterfaß-Bahloul T., et al. Modifiable risk factors for SIDS in Germany: results of GeSID. Acta Paediatr 94 6 (2005) 655-660
115. Li D.K., Willinger M., Petitti D.B., et al. Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep & risk of SIDS: population based case-control study. BMJ 332 7532 (2006) 18-22
116. Blair P.S., and Fleming P.J. Dummies and SIDS: causality has not been established. BMJ 332 7534 (2006) 178
117. Righard L. Sudden infant death syndrome and pacifiers: a proposed connection could be a bias. Birth 25 (1998) 128-129
118. Cozzi F., Morini F., Tozzi C., et al. Effect of pacifier use on oral breathing in healthy newborn infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 33 (2002) 368-373
119. Franco P., Scaillet S., Wermenbol V., et al. The influence of a pacifier on infants' arousals from sleep. J Pediatr 136 (2000) 775-779
120. Weiss P.P., and Kerbl R. The relative short duration that a child retains a pacifier in the mouth during sleep: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 160 (2001) 60-70
121. Pollard K., Fleming P.J., Young J., et al. Night time non-nutritive sucking in infants aged 1 to 5 months: relationship with infant state, breast feeding, and bed- versus room-sharing. Early Hum Dev 56 (1999) 185-204
122. Stubbs A.J., and Aburn N.S. Penetrating eye injury from a rigid infant pacifier. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 24 (1996) 71-73
123. Barros F.C., Victora C.G., Semer T.C., et al. Use of pacifiers is associated with decreased breast-feeding duration. Pediatrics 95 (1995) 497-499
124. Righard L., and Alade M.O. Breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers. Birth 24 (1997) 116-120
125. Howard C.R., Howard F.M., Lanphear B., et al. The effects of early pacifier use on breastfeeding duration. Pediatrics 103 (1999) E33
126. Vogel A.M., Hutchison B.L., and Mitchell E.A. The impact of pacifier use on breastfeeding: a prospective cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health 37 (2001) 58-63
127. Warren J.J., Levy S.M., Kirchner H.L., et al. Pacifier use and the occurrence of otitis media in the first year of life. Pediatr Dent 23 (2001) 103-107
128. Uhari M., Mantysaari K., and Niemela M. A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 22 (1996) 1079-1083
129. North K., Fleming P.J., and Golding J. Socio-demographic associations with digit and pacifier sucking at 15 months of age and possible associations with infant infections. Early Hum Dev 60 (2000) 137-148
130. Mattos-Graner R.O., de Moraes A.B., Rontani R.M., et al. Relation of oral yeast infection in Brazilian infants and use of a pacifier. J Dent Child 68 (2001) 33-36
131. Simkiss D.E., Sheppard I., and Pal B.R. Airway obstruction by a child's pacifier-could flange design be safer?. Eur J Pediatr 157 (1998) 252-254
132. Feldman K.W., and Simms R.J. Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course. Pediatrics 65 (1980) 1079-1085
133. Adair S.M., Milano M., Lorenzo I., et al. Effects of current and former pacifier use on the dentition of 24- to 59-month-old children. Pediatr Dent 17 (1995) 437-444
134. Poets C.F. Apparent life-threatening events and sudden infant death on a monitor. Paediatr Respir Rev 5 Suppl A (2004) S383-S386
135. Meny R., Carroll J., Carbone M.T., et al. Cardiorespiratory recordings from infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly at home. Pediatrics 93 (1994) 44-49
136. Morris J.A. The common bacterial toxins hypothesis of sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 25 (1999) 11-17
137. Fleming P.J., Howell T., Clements M., et al. Thermal balance and metabolic rate during upper respiratory tract infection in infants. Arch Dis Child 70 (1994) 187-191
138. Azaz Y., Fleming P.J., Levine M., et al. The relationship between environmental temperature, metabolic rate, sleep state and evaporative water loss in infants from birth to three months. Pediatr Res 32 (1992) 417-423
139. Arkell S., Blair P., Henderson A.J., et al. Is the mattress important in helping babies keep warm?-Paradoxical effects of a sleeping surface with negligible thermal resistance. Acta Paediatr 96 (2006) 199-205
140. Wigfield R.E., Fleming P.J., Azaz Y., et al. How much wrapping do babies need at night?. Arch Dis Child 69 (1993) 181-186
141. Lodemore M.R., Petersen S.A., and Wailoo M.P. Factors affecting the development of night time temperature rhythms. Arch Dis Child 67 10 (1992) 1259-1261
142. Morris J.A. Common bacterial toxins and physiological vulnerability to sudden infant death: the role of deleterious genetic mutations. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 42 (2004) 42-47
143. Blackwell C.C., and Weir D. The role of infection in sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 25 (1999) 1-6
144. Dashash M., Pravica V., Hutchinson I.V., et al. Association of sudden infant death syndrome with VEGF and IL-6 gene polymorphisms. Hum Immunol 67 (2006) 627-633
145. Vege A., Rognum T.O., Scott H., et al. SIDS cases have increased levels of interleukin -6 in cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Paediatr 84 (1995) 193-196
146. Moscovis S., Gordon A.E., Hall S.T., et al. Interleukin1-β responses to bacterial toxins and sudden infant death stndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 42 (2004) 139-145
147. Weese-Mayer D.E., Berry-Kravis E.M., Zhou L., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome: case-control frequency differences at genes pertinent to early autonomic nervous system embryologic development. Pediatr Res 56 (2004) 391-395
148. Ackerman M.J., Siu B.L., Sturner W.Q., et al. Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 286 (2001) 2264-2269
149. Kinney H.C., Randall L.L., Sleeper L.A., et al. Serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in northern plains Indians with the sudden infant death syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62 (2003) 1178-1191
150. Paterson D.S., Trachtenbert F.L., Thompson E.G., et al. Multiple serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in the sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 296 (2006) 2124-2132
151. Gunteroth W.G., and Spiers P.S. The triple risk hypotheses in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 110 (2002) e64. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/5/e64 Available at:
152. Emery J.L. Is sudden infant death syndrome a diagnosis? Or is it just a diagnostic dustbin?. BMJ 299 (1989) 1240
153. Huber J. Sudden infant death syndrome: the new clothes of the emperor. Eur J Pediatr 152 (1993) 93-94
154. Fleming P.J., Blair P.S., Sidebotham P., et al. Investigating sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and childhood and caring for bereaved families: an integrated multiagency approach. BMJ 328 (2004) 331-334
155. Kennedy H., Epstein J., Fleming P.J., et al. Sudden unexpected death in infancy. A multi-agency protocol for care and investigation. The report of a working group convened by the Royal College of Pathologists and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2004), Royal College of Pathologists and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, London (UK). Available at: www.rcpch.ac.uk
156. Working together to safeguard children. A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Department for Education and Skills, UK. Available at: http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/search/IG00060/2006. Accessed June 30, 2007.
157. Krous H.F. 'The international standardised autopsy protocol for sudden unexpected infant death. In: Rognum T.O. (Ed). Sudden infant death syndrome: new trends in the nineties (1995), Scandinavian University Press, Oslo (Norway) 81-85
158. Krous H.F., Beckwith B., Byard R., et al. Sudden infant death and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics 114 (2004) 234-238
159. Bajanowski T., Vege A., Byard R., et al. Sudden infant death (SIDS)-standardised investigations and classification: recommendations. Forensic Sci Int 165 (2007) 129-143