Sexual harassment comes of age: A comparative analysis of the United States and Japan

Sociological Quarterly

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 201-234

  Uggen, Christopher ^a,b   Shinohara, Chika ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b 909 Social Science Tower ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64649096023     PISSN: 00380253     EISSN: 15338525     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01138.x     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Akamatsu, Ryoko. 2003. Kintoho wo tsukuru (Making the EEO Law). Tokyo, Japan : Keiso Shobo.
2. Akamatsu, Ryoko, Arvonne Fraser Fusako Fujiwara. 1990. Onna No Chikara Wa Do Kawaru (How Will the Power of Women Change?)? Tokyo, Japan : Iwanami Shoten.
3. Antecol, Heather Deborah Cobb-Clark. 2004 The Changing Nature of Employment-Related Sexual Harassment: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Government, 1978-1994 Industrial & Labor Relations Review 57 : 443 61.
4. Asahi Shimbun. 1989 Sekushuaru Harasumento: Houtei No Ronsen Hibuta, Fukuoka Chisai (Sexual Harassment: Dispute on Fire at Fukuoka District Court) Asahi Shimbun (Evening News), November 16, p. 18.
5. Benson, Rodney Abigail C. Saguy. 2005 Constructing Social Problems in an Age of Globalization: A French-American Comparison American Sociological Review 70 : 233 59.
6. Brinton, Mary C. 1989 Gender Stratification in Contemporary Urban Japan American Sociological Review 54 : 549 64.
7. Brinton, Mary C. 1993. Women and the Economic Miracle. Berkeley : University of California Press.
8. Brinton, Mary C. 2001 Married Women's Labor in East Asian Economies Pp. 1 37 in Women's Working Lives in East Asia, edited by Mary C. Brinton. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press.
9. Brinton, Mary C. Takehiko Kariya. 1998 Institutional Embeddedness in Japanese Labor Markets Pp. 181 207 in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton Victor Nee. New York : Russell Sage Foundation.
10. Brinton, Mary C. Hang-Uue Ngo. 1993 Age and Sex in the Occupational Structure: A United States-Japan Comparison Sociological Forum 8 : 93 111.
11. Cabinet Office of Japan. 2005. Heisei 17 Nen Ban: Danjo Kyodo Sankaku Hakusho (White Paper on Gender Equality 2005). Tokyo, Japan : Cabinet Office.
12. Cabinet Office of Japan. 2007a. Heisei 19 Nen Ban: Danjo Kyodo Sankaku Hakusho (White Paper on Gender Equality 2007). Tokyo, Japan : Cabinet Office.
13. Cabinet Office of Japan. 2007b. Heisei 19 Nen Ban: Shoshika Shakai Hakusho (White Paper on Society with Fewer Children 2007). Tokyo, Japan : Cabinet Office.
14. Cahill, Mia L. 2001. The Social Construction of Sexual Harassment Law: The Role of the National, Organizational, and Individual Context. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT : Ashgate/Dartmouth.
15. Chang, Mariko Lin. 2000 The Evolution of Sex Segregation Regimes American Journal of Sociology 105 : 1658 701.
16. Chang, Mariko Lin. 2004 Growing Pains: Cross-National Variation in Sex Segregation in Sixteen Developing Countries American Sociological Review 69 : 114 37.
17. Charles, Maria Karen Bradley. 2002 Equal but Separate? A Cross-National Study of Sex Segregation in Higher Education American Sociological Review 67 : 573 99.
18. Charles, Maria, Mariko Chang Joon Han. 2004 Gender and Age in the Japanese Labor Market, 1950-1995 Pp. 179 203 in Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men, edited by Maria Charles David B. Grusky. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press.
19. Charles, Maria David B. Grusky. 1995 Models for Describing the Underlying Structure of Sex Segregation American Journal of Sociology 100 : 931 71.
20. Charles, Maria David B. Grusky. 2004. Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press.
21. Cheng, Mariah Mantsun Arne L. Kalleberg. 1996 Labor Market Structures in Japan: An Analysis of Organizational and Occupational Mobility Patterns Social Forces 74 : 1235 60.
22. Cohen, Philip N. Matt L. Huffman. 2003 Occupational Segregation and the Development of Women's Work across U.S. Labor Markets Social Forces 81 : 881 908.
23. Convention for Elimination of All the Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), United Nations. 2003. Consideration of the Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention (Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Its Twenty-Ninth Session [a/58/38], Paras. 337-378). New York : The Division for the Advancement of Women, United Nations.
24. Dawson, Myrna. 2005 Predicting the Quantity of Law: Single versus Multiple Remedies in Sexual Harassment Cases The Sociological Quarterly 46 : 699 718.
25. De Coster, Stacy, Sarah Beth Estes Charles W. Mueller. 1999 Routine Activities and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Work and Occupations 26 : 21 49.
26. Edelman, Lauren B. 1990 Legal Environments and Organizational Governance: The Expansion of Due Process in the Workplace American Journal of Sociology 95 : 1401 40.
27. Ewick, Patricia Susan S. Silbey. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
28. Fain, Terri C. Douglas L. Anderton. 1987 Sexual Harassment: Organizational Context and Diffuse Status Sex Roles 17 : 291 311.
29. Fujimoto, Kayo. 2004 Feminine Capital: The Forms of Capital in the Female Labor Market in Japan The Sociological Quarterly 45 : 91 111.
30. Gelb, Joyce. 2000 The Equal Employment Opportunity Law: A Decade of Change for Japanese Women? Law & Policy 22 : 385 407.
31. Gelb, Joyce. 2003. Policies in Japan and the United States. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.
32. Gottfried, Heidi. 2000 Compromising Positions: Emergent Neo-Fordisms and Embedded Gender Contracts The British Journal of Sociology 51 : 235 59.
33. Grauerholz, Elizabeth. 1996 Sexual Harassment in the Academy: The Case of Women Professors Pp. 29 50 in Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Perspectives, Frontiers, and Response Strategies, edited by Margaret S. Stockdale. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
34. Gruber, James E. 1998 The Impact of Male Work Environments and Organizational Policies on Women's Experiences of Sexual Harassment Gender and Society 12 : 301 20.
35. Gruber, James E. Mark Smith. 1995 Women's Responses to Sexual Harassment: A Multivariate Analysis Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17 : 545 62.
36. Gutek, Barbara A. 1985. Sex and the Workplace: The Impact of Sexual Behavior and Harassment on Women, Men, and Organizations. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
37. Haruno, Mayumi. 2001. Saraba Genkoku Eiko: Fukuoka Sekushuaru Harasumento Saiban Shuki (Good-Bye Plaintiff "Ms. A": Note on Fukuoka Sexual Harassment Legal Case). Fukuoka, Japan : Kaichosha.
38. Hatarakukoto to seisabetsu wo kangaeru Santamano Kai (Santamanokai Association for Thinking about Working and Gender Discrimination). 1991. Onna 6500 Nin No Shougen: Hataraku Onna No Mune No Uchi (6500 Women's Testimony: Working Women's Unrevealed Feelings). Tokyo, Japan : Gakuyou Shobo.
39. Hayashi, Hiroko. 2000 The Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Its Limitation Presentation at New York University Lipton Hall on July 5, 2000, New York.
40. Hirakawa, Hiroko. [1998] 2000a Inverted Orientalism and the Discursive Construction of Sexual Harassment: A Study of Mass Media and Feminist Representations of Sexual Harassment in Japan Purdue University. Digital Dissertation. Ann Arbor, MI: Bell & Howell.
41. Hirakawa, Hiroko. 2000b The Politics of Gender and Mass Media in Post-1975 Japan: Its Implications for 'US U.S.-Japan Women's Journal 19 : 49 82.
42. Hisatake, Ayako, Tamie Kainou, Noriko Wakao Akemi Yoshida, eds. 2000. Data Book on the Family. Tokyo, Japan : Yuhikaku.
43. Inoue, Teruko Yumiko Ehara, eds. 2005. Women's Data Book. Tokyo, Japan : Yuhikaku.
44. International Labour Organization (ILO). 1997 Unwelcome, Unwanted and Increasingly Illegal: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace World of Work 16 : 7 9. Retrieved November 11, 2004 (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/ download/magazine/pdf/mag19.pdf).
45. International Labour Organization (ILO). 2004 Law on Securing Etc. Equal Employment Opportunity and Treatment between Men and Women in Employment (EEOL) - Japan In E.Quality@Work: An Information Base for Equal Employment Opportunities for Women and Men. Retrieved March 8, 2005 (http://www.ilo.org/ public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/japan/eeol.htm).
46. Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Somushou). 1996. Rodoryoku Chosa Tokubetsu Chosa (Special Study on the Labour Force Investigation). August, Heisei 8 nen. Tokyo, Japan : Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
47. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. 2001 Fuhyou 60: Sangyou, kibo, sekushuaru harasumento no kanouseibetsu kigyouwariai (Table 58: Sexual Harassment Probability Statistics by Industry, Workplaces Size) In Heisei 13 Nendoban Hataraku Joseino Jitsujou (Year 2001 Working Women's Reality), edited by the Equal Employment, Children and Families Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Tokyo, Japan : Japanese Ministry of Heath, Labor and Welfare. Retrieved March 13, 2009 (http://www.hakusyo.mhlw.go.jp/wpdocs/ hpwj200101/appmat.html).
48. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. 2003. Shusseizengono Shuugyouhenkanikansuru Toukei Heisei 15-Nen (Statistics about Changes in the Labor Force Participation before and after Childbirth 2003). Tokyo, Japan : Japanese Ministry of Heath, Labor and Welfare.
49. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. 2005 Dai 1 Hyo: Sangyobetsu roudoukumiaiinsuu oyobi suiteisoshikiritsu suii (Table 1: Changes in the Labor Union Membership and Unionization Estimate Rates) In Roudou Kumiai Kiso Chosa (Labor Union Basic Study), edited by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Tokyo, Japan : Japanese Ministry of Heath, Labor and Welfare. Retrieved March 13, 2009 (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/itiran/roudou/ roushi/kiso/05/index.html).
50. Kalleberg, Arne L. James R. Lincoln. 1988 Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure The American Journal of Sociology 94 (Supplement S121 53.
51. Kanegae, Haruhiko Hiroko Hirose. 1994. Sekushuaru Harasumento Wa Naze Mondaika (Why Is Sexual Harassment a Problem?)? Tokyo, Japan : Akashi Shoten.
52. Kariya, Takehiko James E. Rosenbaum. 2003 Stratified Incentives and Life Course Behaviors Pp. 51 80 in Handbook of the Life Course from the Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Series, edited by Jeylan T. Mortimer. New York : Kluwer.
53. Kimoto, Kimiko. 2000 Family-Company Relationship in Japan after World War II Kazoku Shakaigaku Kenkyu (Japanese Journal of Family Sociology) 12 : 27 40.
54. Krumme, Günter. 1969 Identifying Regional Economic Change: A Variation of the Theme 'Shift and Share.' The Canadian Geographer 13 (1 76 80.
55. Krumme, Günter. 2005 Shift-Share Analysis Günter Krumme's Homepage. Seattle: University of Washington. Retrieved September 1, 2007 (http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/350/shiftshare.html).
56. Lam, Alice. 1992. Women and Japanese Management: Discrimination and Reform. London, England : Routledge.
57. Lenz, Ilse. 2004 Globalization, Gender and Work Pp. 29 52 in Equity in the Workplace: Gendering Workplace Policy Analysis, edited by Heidi Gottfried Laura Reese. Lanham, MD : Lexington Press.
58. Liu, Dongxiao Elizabeth Heger Boyle. 2001 Making the Case: The Women's Convention and Equal Employment Opportunity in Japan International Journal of Comparative Sociology 42 : 389 404.
59. Luthar, Harsh K. Vipan K. Luthar. 2007 A Theoretical Framework Explaining Cross-Cultural Sexual Harassment: Integrating Hofstede and Schwartz Journal of Labor Research 28 : 169 88.
60. MacKinnon, Catharine. 1979. Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
61. Markert, John. 2005 The Globalization of Sexual Harassment Pp. 133 60 in Advances in Gender Research, Vol. 9, Gender Realities: Local and Global, edited by Marcia Texler Segal Vasilikie Demos. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier.
62. Marshall, Anna-Maria. 2003 Injustice Frames, Legality, and the Everyday Construction of Sexual Harassment Law & Social Inquiry 28 : 659 89.
63. Marshall, Anna-Maria. 2005a. Confronting Sexual Harassment: The Law and Politics of Everyday Life. Burlington, VT : Ashgate.
64. Marshall, Anna-Maria. 2005b Idle Rights: Employees' Rights Consciousness and the Construction of Sexual Harassment Policies Law & Society Review 39 : 83 123.
65. McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
66. McKinney, Kathleen. 1994 Sexual Harassment and College Faculty Members Deviant Behavior 15 : 171 91.
67. Molony, Barbara. 1995 Japan's Equal Employment Opportunity Law and the Changing Discourse on Gender Signs 10 : 268 302.
68. Morgan, Phoebe A. 1999 Risking Relationships: Understanding the Litigation Choices of Sexually Harassed Women Law and Society Review 33 : 201 26.
69. Muta, Kazue. 2004 Sexual Harassment and Empowerments of Women in Japan NIAS Nytt - Asia Insight 1 : 12 13. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Retrieved September 10, 2007 (http://www.nias.ku.dk/nytt/2004-1/ 2004-11.pdf).
70. National Personnel Authority of Japan. 1997. National Civil Servant Sexual Harassment Survey. Tokyo, Japan : National Personnel Authority of Japan.
71. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2005. OECD Employment Outlook 2005. Paris, France : OECD Publishing.
72. Osawa, Mari, ed. [2000] 2002. 21-Seiki No Josei Seisaku to Danjo Kyodo Sankaku Shakai Kihonho (Policies for Women for the 21st Century and the Basic Law for the Gender-Equal Society). Tokyo, Japan : Gyosei.
73. Peng, Ito. 2002a Gender and Generation: Japanese Child Care and the Demographic Crisis Pp. 31 56 in Child Care Policy at the Crossroads: Gender and Welfare State Restructuring, edited by Sonya Michel Rianne Mahon. New York : Routledge.
74. Peng, Ito. 2002b Social Care in Crisis: Gender, Demography, and Welfare State Restructuring in Japan Social Politics 9 : 411 43.
75. Perloff, Harvey S., Edgar S. Dunn, Jr., Eric E. Lampard Richard F. Muth. 1960. Regions, Resources and Economic Growth. Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press.
76. Raymo, James M. Miho Iwasawa. 2005 Marriage Market Mismatches in Japan: An Alternative View of the Relationship between Women's Education and Marriage American Sociological Review 70 : 801 22.
77. Rospenda, Kathleen M., Judith A. Richman Stephanie J. Nawyn. 1998 Doing Power: The Confluence of Gender, Race, and Class in Contrapower Sexual Harassment Gender & Society 12 : 40 60.
78. Rudman, Laurie A., Eugene Borgida Barbara A. Robertson. 1995 Suffering in Silence: Procedural Justice versus Gender Socialization Issues in University Sexual Harassment Grievance Procedures Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17 : 519 41.
79. Ryder, Norman. 1965 The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change American Sociological Review 30 : 843 61.
80. Saguy, Abigail. 2000 Employment Discrimination or Sexual Violence? Defining Sexual Harassment in American and French Law Law and Society Review 34 : 1091 128.
81. Saguy, Abigail. 2003. What Is Sexual Harassment? From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne. Berkeley : University of California Press.
82. Sarat, Austin Thomas R. Kearns. 1995 Beyond the Great Divide: Forms of Legal Scholarship and Everyday Life Pp. 116 22 in Law in Everyday Life, edited by Austin Sarat Thomas R. Kearns. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
83. Schnittker, Jason, Jeremy Freese Brian Powell. 2003 Who Are Feminists and What Do They Believe? The Role of Generations American Sociological Review 68 : 607 22.
84. Shinotsuka, Eiko. 1995. Josei to Kazoku, Kindaika No Jitsujou: 20 Seiki No Nippon (Women and the Family, Reality in Modernization: Japan during the 20th Century). Tokyo, Japan : Yomiuri Shimbunsha.
85. Shirahase, Sawako. 2005. The Unseen Gaps in an Aging Society: Locating Gender, Generation, and Class in Japan. Tokyo, Japan : University of Tokyo Press.
86. Silbey, Susan S. 2005 Everyday Life and the Constitution of Legality Pp. 332 45 in The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Culture, edited by Mark Jacobs Nancy Weiss Hanrahan. Malden, MA : Blackwell.
87. Statistical Research and Training Institute. 2005. Japan Statistical Year Book 2005. Tokyo, Japan : Statistics Bureau, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved July 13, 2005 (http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/) .
88. Strober, Myra H. Agnes Miling Kaneko Chan. 1999. The Road Winds Uphill all the Way: Gender, Work, and Family in the United States and Japan. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
89. Tangri, Sandra S., Martha R. Burt Leanor B. Johnson. 1982 Sexual Harassment at Work: Three Explanatory Models Journal of Social Issues 38 : 33 54.
90. Tsunoda, Yukiko. 1993 Sexual Harassment in Japan: Recent Legal Decisions U.S.-Japan Women's Journal 5 : 52 98.
91. U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. U.S. Census Bureau Homepage. Washington, DC : U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2008 (http://www.census.gov/).
92. U.S. Department of Labor. 2005 Union Members in 2005 Technical Information: (202) 691-6378, USDL 06-99, January 20, 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved March 5, 2007 (ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/news. release/History/union2.01202006.news).
93. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 1980. Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex. Federal Regulations 43 : 74676 7.
94. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. 1995. Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, and Continuing Challenges. Washington, DC : U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. Retrieved September 10, 2007 (http://www.mspb.gov/netsearch/viewdocs.aspx?docnumber=253661&version= 253948&application=ACROBAT).
95. Uggen, Christopher Amy Blackstone. 2004 Sexual Harassment as a Gendered Expression of Power American Sociological Review 69 : 64 92.
96. Weeden, Kim A. 2002 Why Do Some Occupations Pay More than Others? Social Closure and Earnings Inequality in the United States American Journal of Sociology 108 : 55 101.
97. Welsh, Sandy. 1999 Gender and Sexual Harassment Annual Review of Sociology 25 : 169 90.
98. Women's Bureau, Department of Women, the Ministry of Labor, Japan. 1997. Shokuba Ni Okeru Sekushuaru Harasumento Ni Kansuru Chousakenkyuukaihoukoku Ni Tsuite (Reports on the Sexual Harassment Investigation and Research at Workplace). Tokyo, Japan : Ministry of Labor.
99. Yamaguchi, Kazuo. 1998 Kieyuku shousuuha: Shougaimishuugyoujosei no rekishiteki genshou to sonoketteiyouin ni tsuite (Disappearing the Minority: Historic Decline of Never Employed Women in Lifetime and Their Decisive Factors) Shokugyou kyaria to Raifukohsu no nichibeihikakukenkyu (Occupational Career and Life Course: U.S.-Japan Comparison). Research Report 112.
100. Yamaguchi, Kazuo. 2004a The Declining Fertility Rate at the Below - Replacement Level: Determining Factors and Countermeasures - The Roles of Husbands, Workplaces, the Government and Society Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) Discussion Paper Series 2004/12 04-J-045. Tokyo, Japan.
101. Yamaguchi, Kazuo. 2004b The Realities and Changes of 'Lifetime Employment': Trends from 1945 to 1995 Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) Discussion Paper Series 2004/12 04-J-044. Tokyo, Japan.
102. Yamazaki, Fumio. 2000. Sekushuaru Harasumento No Houri (Law and Theory of Sexual Harassment). Tokyo, Japan : Sougo Roudo Kenkyujo.
103. Zippel, Kathrin. 2003 Practices of Implementation of Sexual Harassment Policies: Individual versus Collective Strategies The Review of Policy Research 20 : 175 97.
104. Zippel, Kathrin. 2006. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union and Germany. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.