A decade of change in sixth amendment confrontation doctrine

International Commentary on Evidence

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2009, Pages

  Kirst, Roger W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

Confrontation; Crawford; Hearsay; Sixth amendment; Testimonial

Indexed keywords

EID: 64549136295     PISSN: 15544567     EISSN: 15544567     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2202/1554-4567.1082     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. 1 541 U.S. 36 (2004).
2. 2 448 U.S. 56 (1980).
3. 3 541 U.S. at 50-53.
4. Id. at 68 n. 10.
5. Id. at 69 (Rehnquist, C.J. & O'Connor, J., concurring).
6. 6 547 U.S. 813 (2006).
7. 7 547 U.S. at 834 (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part).
8. 8 128 S. Ct. 2678 (2008).
9. Id. at 2683.
10. Id. at 2693 (Thomas, J., concurring); id. at 2694 (Alito, J., concurring).
11. Id. at 2694 (Souter & Ginsburg, JJ., concurring in part).
12. Id. at 2695 (Breyer, Stevens & Kennedy, JJ., dissenting).
13. 13 527 U.S. 116 (1999); id. at 140 (Breyer, J., concurring); id. at 143 (Scalia, J., concurring); id. (Thomas, J., concurring); id. at 144 (Rehnquist, C.J. & O'Connor & Kennedy, JJ., concurring in the judgment).
14. Commonwealth v. Melendez-Diaz, 870 N.E.2d 676 (Mass. App. Ct.) (unpublished opinion available at 2007 WL 2189152); rev. denied, 874 N.E.2d 407 (Mass. 2007); cert. granted, 128 S. Ct. 1647 (Mar. 17, 2008) (No. 07-591).
15. Melendez-Diaz, 2007 WL 2189152 at *4, citing Commonwealth v. Verde, 827 N.E.2d 701 (Mass. 2005).
16. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56.
17. Id. at 62.
18. 18 547 U.S. at 833.
19. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400 (1965).
20. Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415 (1965).
21. Nelson v. O'Neill, 402 U.S. 622.
22. Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719 (1968).
23. California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970).
24. Id.; Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980).
25. United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387 (1986); Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987).
26. White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992).
27. Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 64 (1980).
28. Id. at 70-73.
29. Id. at 73.
30. Id. at 66.
31. United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387, 392-94 (1986).
32. White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 353-54 (1992).
33. Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 182-83 (1987).
34. White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 355-36 note 8 (1992).
35. Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530, 543-46 (1986).
36. Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 816-23 (1990).
37. Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116 (1999).
38. Id. at 120 (Stevens, J., joined by Souter, Ginsburg & Breyer, JJ.).
39. Id. at 140 (Breyer, J., concurring); id. at 143 (Scalia, J., concurring); id. (Thomas, J., concurring); id. at 144 (Rehnquist, C.J. & O'Connor & Kennedy, JJ., concurring in the judgment). See generally Roger W. Kirst, Appellate Court Answers to the Confrontation Questions in Lilly v. Virginia, 53 Syr. L. Rev. 87, 93-103 (2003).
40. 40 541 U.S. 36 (2004).
41. Id. at 43-50.
42. Id. at 50-51.
43. Id. at 51-52.
44. Id. at 53 n. 4.
45. Id. at 53-54.
46. Id. at 60.
47. Id.
48. Id. at 63.
49. Id. at 51-52.
50. Id.
51. See, e.g., United States v. Hardwick, 523 F.3d 94, 98 (2nd Cir. 2008); United States v. Bruno, 383 F.3d 65, 78 (2nd Cir. 2004).
52. 52 547 U.S. 813 (2006).
53. Id. at 822.
54. Id.
55. Id. at 826-27.
56. Id. at 829-30.
57. Id. at 832.
58. Id.
59. Id. at 830; see id. at 834, 840 (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part).
60. Id. at 834, 840-41 (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part).
61. Brief of Respondent State of Indiana at 10-11, Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006).
62. Brief of the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Respondent State of Indiana at 10-11, Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006).
63. E.g., Key v. State, 657 S.E.2d 273 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008); Commonwealth v. Nesbitt, 892 N.E.2d 299 (Mass. 2008).
64. E.g., People v. McKinney, 2008 WL 2031350 (Cal. Ct. App. 2008); Long v. United States, 940 A.2d 87 (D.C. 2007); State v. Shea, 2008 WL 3491404 (Vt. 2008).
65. E.g., Cuyuch v. State, 2008 WL 4286646 (Ga. 2008); Allen v. Commonwealth, 2008 WL 2484952 (Ky. 2008); State v. J.A., 949 A.2d 790 (N.J. 2008); Zapata v. State, 232 S.W.3d 254 (Tex. Ct. App. 2007).
66. E.g., Lewis v. United States, 938 A.2d 771 (D.C. 2007); State v. Martin, 885 N.E.2d 18 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); People v. Nieves-Andino, 872 N.E.2d 1188 (N.Y. 2007); State v. Graves, 157 P.3d 295 (Ore. 2007).
67. State v. Buckenberger, 984 So. 2d 751 (La. Ct. App. 2008).
68. E.g., State v. Bonvillain, 2008 WL 2064978 (La. Ct. App. 2008); People v. Thompson, 2007 WL 2141416 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007).
69. Segel v. State, 2008 WL 4140268 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008).
70. E.g., People v. Osorio, 81 Cal. Rptr. 167 (Cal. Ct. App. 2008).
71. State v. Koslowski, 2007 WL 1719930 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007). See also State v. Riley, 2007 WL 625898 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007).
72. People v. Romero, 187 P.3d 56, 81 (Cal. 2008).
73. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53 (2004).
74. Id. at 68.
75. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 824 (2006).
76. 76 127 S. Ct. 1173.
77. Id. at 1183.
78. 78 128 S. Ct. 2678 (2008).
79. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 62.
80. Davis, 547 U.S. at 833.
81. Giles, 128 S.Ct. at 2682.
82. Id. at 2683.
83. Id.
84. Id. at 2684.
85. Id.
86. Id. at 2695, 2705 (Breyer, Stevens & Kennedy, JJ., dissenting).
87. Id. at 2693 (Thomas, J., concurring); id. at 2694 (Alito, J., concurring).
88. Id. at 2694 (Souter & Ginsburg, JJ., concurring).
89. Giles, 128 S. Ct. at 2693.
90. Id. at 2694, 2695 (Souter & Ginsburg, JJ., concurring)
91. Id. at 2698.
92. Id. at 2708.
93. E.g., People v. Faz, 2008 WL 4294946 (Cal. Ct. App. 2008); United States v. Taylor, 2008 WL 4186934 (E.D. Tenn. 2008); Davis v. State, 2008 WL 3918050 (Tex. Ct. App. 2008).
94. Giles, 128 S. Ct. at 2692, quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. at 54.
95. Id. at 2691.
96. Id. at 2695-96 (Breyer, Stevens & Kennedy, JJ., dissenting).
97. Id. at 2700.
98. Id. at 2694 (Souter & Ginsburg, JJ., concurring in part).
99. Id. at 2694-95.
100. Id. at 2695.
101. Id. at 2693 (Thomas, J., concurring).
102. Id. at 2694 (Alito, J., concurring).
103. Transcript of Oral Argument 11, Giles v. California, 128 S. Ct. 2678 (2008).
104. Id. at 13.
105. Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 128 S. Ct. 1647 (Mar 17, 2008) (No. 07-591).
106. Brief of the National Association to Prevent Sexual Abuse of Children's National Child Protection Training Center as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondent, Giles v. California, 128 S. Ct. 2678 (2008); Brief of the National Association of Counsel for Children and the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children in Support of Respondent, Giles v. California, 128 S. Ct. 2678 (2008).
107. Krasky v. Minnesota, 128 S. Ct. 1223 (Feb. 19, 2008); Bentley v. Ohio, 128 S. Ct. 1655 (Mar. 17, 2008); Muttart v. Ohio, 128 S. Ct. 2473 (May 19, 2008).
108. Ohio v. Siler, 128 S. Ct. 1709 (Mar. 24, 2008).
109. Commonwealth v. Melendez-Diaz, 870 N.E.2d 676 (Mass. App. Ct.) (unpublished opinion available at 2007 WL 2189152); rev. denied, 874 N.E.2d 407 (Mass. 2007); cert. granted, 128 S.Ct. 1647 (Mar 17, 2008) (No. 07-591).
110. 110 2007 WL 2189152 at *4 note 3.
111. 111 874 N.E.2d 407 (Mass. 2007).
112. Commonwealth v. Verde, 827 N.E.2d 701, 704-05 (Mass. 2005).
113. Id. at 705.
114. Id.
115. Id.
116. Id. at 706.
117. State v. March, 216 S.W.3d 663, 666 (Mo. 2007), pet. for cert. dismissed, 128 S. Ct. 1441 (2007); State v. Caulfield, 722 N.W.2d 304, 308-10 (Minn. 2006); State v. Johnson, 982 So. 2d 672, 677-81 (Fla. 2008), cert. denied, Florida v. Johnson, 2008 WL 2950826 (U.S. 2008).
118. Crawford v. Washington, 36, 51-52 (2004).
119. E.g., People v. Geier, 161 P.3d 104, 140 (Cal. 2007), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-7770, Nov. 14, 2007); State v. O'Maley, 932 A.2d 1, 12-14 (N.H., 2007), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-7577, Nov. 7, 2007); State v. Crager, 879 N.E.2d 745, 753-54 (Ohio., 2007), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-10191, Mar. 26, 2008).
120. E.g., State v. O'Maley, 932 A.2d at 12-13.
121. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53 n. 4 (2008).
122. Giles v. California, 128 S.Ct. 2678, 2693 (2008) (Thomas, J. concurring).
123. E.g., United States v. Washington, 498 F.3d 225, 232 (4th Cir. 2007), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-8291, Dec. 14, 2007); People v. Geier, 161 P.3d at 139-40; State v. O'Maley, 932 A.2d at 12; State v. Crager, 879 N.E.2d at 753-54.
124. E.g., Washington, 498 F.3d at 231.
125. Brief of Respondent Commonwealth of Massachusetts 59-62, Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, cert. granted, 128 S. Ct. 1647 (No. 07-591, 2008).
126. Id. at 60-61.
127. Brief of the States of Alabama et al. as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent 23-28, Melendez- Diaz v. Massachusetts, cert. granted, 128 S.Ct. 1647 (No. 07-591, 2008); Brief of Amici Curiae The National District Attorneys Association et al. In Support of Respondent 10-27, Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, id.
128. Brief of Respondent Commonwealth of Massachusetts 62-65, Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, cert. granted, 128 S. Ct. 1647 (No. 07-591, 2008).
129. United States v. Moon, 512 F.3d 359 (7th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, Moon v. United States, 2008 WL 936911 (U.S. 2008) & Alexander v. United States, 2008 WL 910056 (U.S. 2008).
130. United States v. Washington, 498 F.3d 225 (4th Cir. 2007), pet. for cert. filed, (U.S., No. 07-8291, Dec. 14, 2007); State v. O'Maley, 879 N.E.2d 1 (N.H. 2007), pet. for cert. filed, (U.S., No. 07-7577, Nov. 7, 2007).
131. People v. Geier, 161 P.3d 104 (Cal. 2007) pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-7770, Nov. 14, 2007); People v. Rawlins, 884 N.E.2d 1019 (N.Y. 2008), pet. for cert. filed sub nom. Meekins v. New York (U.S., No. 07-10845, May 9, 2008); State v. Crager, 879 N.E.2d 745 (Ohio 2007), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-10191, Mar. 26, 2008).
132. Hinojos-Mendoza v. People, 169 P.3d 662 (Colo. 2007) pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-9369, Feb. 4, 2008); Magruder v. Commonwealth, 657 S.E.2d 113 (Va. 2008) pet. for cert. filed sub nom. Briscoe v. Virginia (U.S., No. 07-11191, June 6, 2008).
133. State v. Chun, 943 A.2d 114 (N.J. 2008), cert. denied, 2008 WL 2463761 (U.S. 2008).
134. United States v. De La Cruz, 514 F.3d 121 (1st Cir. 2008), pet. for cert. filed (U.S., No. 07-1602, June 23, 2008).
135. California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 172, 175-76 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring). See generally Symposium: Crawford and Beyond: Exploring the Future of the Confrontation Clause in Light of its Past, 71 Brook. L. Rev. 1-427 (2005); Symposium: Crawford and Beyond: Revisited in Dialogue, 15 J.L. & Policy 333-904 (2007).
136. 136 497 U.S. 805 (1990).
137. Id. at 819.
138. Id.. at 809
139. Id. at 820-25.
140. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 57-58 (2004).
141. Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990) (opinion of the Court by O'Connor, J, joined by Brennan, Marshall, Stevens & Scalia, JJ.).
142. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 58 n. 8 (2004).
143. State v. Krasny, 736 N.W.2d 636 (Minn. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1223 (2008).
144. State v. Muttart, 875 N.E.2d 5 (Ohio 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 2473 (2008).
145. State v. Bentley, 739 N.W.2d 296 (Iowa 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1655 (2008).
146. Seely v. State, 373 Ark. 141 (2008), cert. denied, 2008 WL 2717763 (U.S. 2008). 20 International Commentary on Evidence Vol. 6, No. 2, Article 5 http://www.bepress.com/ice/vol6/iss2/art5
147. People v. Miller, 2003 WL 21465338 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003).
148. Miller v. Stovall, 2008 WL 3974313 (E.D. Mich. 2008).
149. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51-52 (2004).
150. Miller v. Stovall, 2008 WL 3974313 at *22.
151. Giles v. California, 128 S. Ct. 2678, 2693 (2008). Kirst: Decade of Change in Confrontation Doctrine 21