Predicting pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors: A model and a test

Journal of Environmental Systems

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 293-317

  Stewart, Anne M ^a   Craig, John L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; PACKAGING MATERIALS; RECYCLING; SOLID WASTES; WEATHERING;

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;

ECOSYSTEMS;

ECOSYSTEMS;

EID: 6444245007     PISSN: 00472433     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/JMYR-C6R4-PB2R-1K38     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. S.P. Johnson, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Graham and Trothmans/Martinus Nijhoff, London, 1993.
2. R. Pieters, T. Bijmolt, F. van Raaij, and M. de Kruijk, Consumers' Attributions of Proenvironmental Behavior, Motivation, and Ability of Self and Others, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 17, pp. 215-225, 1998.
3. J. Thogersen, Monetary Incentives and Environmental Concern: Effects of a Differentiated Garbage Fee, Journal of Consumer Policy, 17, pp. 407-442, 1994.
4. J. Glenn, The State of Garbage in America, Biocycle, 40:4, pp. 60-71, 1999.
5. L. Carlson, S. Grove, N. Kangun, and M. Polonsky, An International Comparison of Environmental Advertising: Substantive versus Associative Claims, Journal of Macromarketing, pp. 57-68, Fall 1996.
6. G. Gallup, Jr. and F. Newport, Americans Strongly in Tune with the Purpose of Earthday, Gallup Poll Monthly, 29, pp. 5-14, 1990.
7. G. Hueber, Americans Report High Levels of Concern, Activity, Gallup Poll Monthly, 307, pp. 6-12, 1991.
8. J.L. Lindsay and A. Strathman, Predictors of Recycling Behavior: An Application of a Modified Health Belief Model, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27:20, pp. 1799-1823, 1997.
9. J.A. Ottman, Green Marketing, NTC, Business Books, Chicago, Illinois, 1993.
10. J.A. Roberts and D.R. Bacon, Exploring the Subtle Relationships Between Environmental Concern and Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior, Journal of Business Research, 40, pp. 79-89, 1997.
11. Roper Organization, The Environment: Public Attitudes and Individual Behavior, Roper Center Princeton, 1990.
12. Roper Organizatiom, Environmental Behavior. North America: Canada, Mexico, United States, Commissioned by S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., 1992.
13. P. Stisser, A Deeper Shade of Green, American Demographics, pp. 24-29, March 1994.
14. M.R. Zimmer, T.F. Stafford, and M.R. Stafford, Green Issues: Dimensions of Environmental Concern, Journal of Business Research, 30, pp. 63-74, May 1994.
15. R. De Young, Exploring the Differences between Recyclers and Non-Recyclers: The Role of Information, Journal of Environmental Systems, 18, pp. 341-351, 1989.
16. W.S. Forester, Solid Waste: There's a Lot More Coming, Environmental Protection Agency Journal, 14, pp. 11-12, May 1988.
17. A.P. Minton and R.L. Rose, The Effects of Environmental Concern on Environmentally Friendly Consumer Behavior: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Business Research, 40, pp. 37-48, 1997.
18. J. Schwartz and T. Miller, The Earth's Best Friends, American Demographics, pp. 26-35, February 1991.
19. Anon, Brand Watch: Environment, Marketing, 13, October 20, 1994.
20. P.L. Grogan, Increasing the Recycling Force, Biocycle, 40:11, p. 70, 1999.
21. K.J. Gaston, Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference, Blackwell, Oxford, 1996.
22. MfE. The State of New Zealand's Environment, Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, 1997.
23. G.C. Daily, Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1997.
24. A. Durning, Limiting Consumption: Toward a Sustainable Culture, The Futurist, pp. 11-15, July-August 1991.
25. C.J.H. Shultz and M.B. Holbrook, Marketing and the Tragedy of the Commons: A Synthesis, Commentary, and Analysis for Action, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 18, pp. 218-229, 1999.
26. G. Fisk, Criteria for a Theory of Responsible Consumption, Journal of Marketing, 37, pp. 24-31, April 1973.
27. H.H. Kassarjian, Incorporating Ecology into Marketing Strategy: The Case of Air Pollution, Journal of Marketing, 35, pp. 61-65, July 1971.
28. G. Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, 162, pp. 1243-1248, 1968.
29. H. Daly, Enough Already! Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development, Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1996.
30. S.L. Hart, Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World, Harvard Business Review, 75, pp. 66-76, January/February 1997.
31. W. Kilbourne, P. McDonagh, and I. Prothero, A Green Advertising: Salvation or Oxymoron, Journal of Macromarketing, 17, pp. 4-24, Spring 1997.
32. R. Costanza, R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R. O'Neil, J. Paruelo, R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt, The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, Nature, 387, pp. 253-260, 1997.
33. D. Albrecht, G. Bultena, E. Holberg, and P. Novak, The New Environmental Scale, Journal of Environmental Education, 12, pp. 39-43, Spring 1982.
34. J.A. Clair, J. Milliman, and K.S. Whelan-Karhan, Towards an Environmentally Sensitive Eco-Philosophy for Business Management, Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 9, pp. 289-326, 1994.
35. W.R. Catton, Jr. and R.E. Dunlap, Environment Sociology: A New Paradigm, The American Sociologist, 13, pp. 41-49, January 1978.
36. W.R. Catton, Jr. and R.E. Dunlap, A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology, American Behavioral Scientist, 24, pp. 15-47, January 1980.
37. M.A. Tarrant and G.T. Green, Outdoor Recreation and the Predictive Validity of Environmental Attitudes, Leisure Sciences, 21, pp. 17-30, 1999.
38. P.S. Ellen, Do We Know What We Need to Know? Objective and Subjective Knowledge Effects on Pro-Environmental Behaviors, Journal of Business Research, 30, pp. 42-52, January 1994.
39. E. Lyons and G.M. Breakwell, Factors Predicting Environmental Concern and Indifference in 13- to 16-Year Olds, Environment and Behavior, 26, pp. 223-238, February 1994.
40. P. Homer and L.R. Kahle, A Structural Equation Test of Values-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, pp. 638-646, March 1988.
41. J.A. McCarty and L.J. Shrum, The Recycling of Solid Wastes: Personal Values, Value Orientations, and Attitudes about Recycling as Antecedents of Recycling Behavior, Journal of Business Research, 30, pp. 53-62, 1994.
42. M. Fishbein, Attitude and the Prediction of Behavior, in Readings in Attitude Theory and Measurement, M. Fishbein (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967.
43. R.H. Weigel, Environmental Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior, in Environmental Psychology: Directions and Perspectives, N.R. Feimer and E.S. Geller (eds.), Praeger, New York, 1983.
44. J. Arbuthnot and S.A. Lingg, Comparison of French and American Environmental Behaviors, International Journal of Psychology, 10, pp. 275-281, 1975.
45. C.A. Kellgren and W. Wood, Access to Attitude-Behavior Information in Memory as a Determinant of Attitude-Behavior Consistency, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, pp. 328-338, 1986.
46. D. Simmons and R. Widmar, Motivations and Barriers to Recycling: Towards a Strategy for Public Education, The Journal of Environmental Education, 22, pp. 13-18, 1990.
47. T. Manieri, E. Barnett, T. Valdero, J. Unipan, and S. Oskamp, Green Buying: The Influence of Environmental Concern on Consumer Behavior, The Journal of Social Psychology, 137:2, pp. 189-204, 1997.
48. S. Oskatnp, M.J. Harrington, J.C. Edwards, D.L. Sherwood, S.M. Okuda, and D.C. Swanson, Factors Influencing Household Recycling Behavior, Environment and Behavior, 23, pp. 494-519, 1991.
49. J. Vining and A. Ebreo, What Makes a Recycler? A Comparison of Recyclers and Non-Recyclers, Environment and Behavior, 22, pp. 55-73, 1990.
50. J.M. Hines, H.R. Hungerford, and A.N. Tomera, Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior: A Meta-Analysis, The Journal of Environmental Education. 18, pp. 1-8, 1986-1987.
51. I.E. Berger and V. Kanetkar, Increasing Environmental Sensitivity via Workplace Experiences, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 14:2, pp. 205-215, 1995.
52. I.E. Berger and A.A. Mitchell, The Effect of Advertising on Attitude Accessibility, Attitude Confidence, and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship, Journal of Consumer Research, 16, pp. 269-279, December 1989.
53. J. Doll and I. Ajzen, Accessibility and Stability of Predictors in the Theory of Planned Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63:5, pp. 754-765, 1992.
54. R.H. Fazio and M. Zanna, Direct Experience and Attitude Behavior Consistency, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 14, L. Berkowitz (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1981.
55. D.T. Regan and R.H. Fazio, On the Consistency between Attitudes and Behavior: Look to the Method of Attitude Formation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13:1, pp. 39-45, 1977.
56. R.E. Smith and W.R. Swinyard, Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Impact of Product Trial versus Advertising, Journal of Marketing Research, 20, pp. 257-267, August 1983.
57. J.V. Couch, T. Garber, and L. Karpus, Response Maintenance and Paper Recycling, Journal of Environmental Systems, 8, pp. 127-137, 1978-1979.
58. W.D. Diamond and B.Z. Loewy, Effects of Probabilistic Rewards on Recycling Attitudes and Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, pp. 1590-1607, 1991.
59. E.S. Geller, J.L. Chaffee, and R.E. Ingram, Promoting Paper Recycling on a University Campus, Journal of Environmental Systems, 5, pp. 39-57, 1975.
60. H. Jacobs and J.S. Bailey, Evaluating Participation in a Residential Recycling Program, Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, pp. 141-152, 1982-1983.
61. E. Aronson and M.H. Gonzales, Alternative Social Influence Processes Applied to Energy Conservation, in Social Influence Processes and Prevention, J. Edwards, R.S. Tindale, L. Heath, and E.J. Posavac (eds.), Plenum, New York, 1990.
62. E.S. Geller, R.A. Winett, and P.B. Everett, Preserving the Environment: New Strategies for Behavior Change, Pergamon, Elmsford, New York, 1982.
63. R.D. Katzev and T. Johnson, Comparing the Effects of Monetary Incentives and Foot-in-the-Door Strategies in Promoting Residential Electricity Conservation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 14, pp. 112-127, 1984.
64. L.G. Pelletier, I. Green-Demers, K.M. Tuscon, K. Noels, and A. Beaton, Why are You Doing Things for the Environment? The Motivation toward the Environment Scale (MTES), Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28:5, pp. 437-468, 1998.
65. T.A. Arcury and T.P. Johnson, Public Environmental Knowledge: A Statewide Survey, Journal of Environmental Education, 18, pp. 31-37, 1987.
66. C.C. Brothers, R.W. Fortner, and V.J. Mayer, The Impact of Television News on Public Knowledge, Journal of Environmental Education, 22, pp. 22-29, 1991.
67. L. Gigliotti, Environmental Issues: Cornell Students Willingness to Take Action, Journal of Environmental Education, 26, pp. 34-42, 1990.
68. L.D. Cameron, P.M. Brown, and J.G. Chapman, Social Value Orientations and Decisions to Take Proenvironmental Action, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28:8, pp. 675-697, 1998.
69. C. Seligman, Information and Energy Conservation, Marriage and Family Review, 2, pp. 135-149, 1985.
70. R.G. Dispoto, Interrelationships among Measures of Environmental Activity, Emotionality and Knowledge, Educational Psychology Measurement, 37, pp. 451-459, Summer 1977.
71. J. Vining and A. Ebreo, Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22:20, pp. 1580-1607, 1992.
72. M.C. Powell and R.H. Fazio, Attitude Accessibility as a Function of Repeated Attitudinal Expression, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, pp. 139-148, 1984.
73. M. Nord, A.E. Luloff, and J.C. Bridger, The Association of Forest Recreation with Environmentalism, Environment and Behavior, 30, pp. 234-246, 1998.
74. T. Metzger and D. McEwen, Measurement of Environmental Sensitivity, The Journal of Environmental Education, 30:4, pp. 38-39, 1999.
75. W. Kalinowski, A Curriculum Outline and Rationale for Outdoor/Environmental Education, The Journal of Environmental Education, 21:3, pp. 8-21, 1990.
76. M.B. Holbrook, The Nature of Customer Value: An Axiology of Services in the Consumption Experience, in Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, 21, R. Rust and R.L. Oliver (eds.), Sage Publications, California, 1998.
77. E.J. Bond, Reason and Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1983.
78. T. Levitt, Marketing Myopia, Harvard Business Review, 38, pp. 24-49, 1960.
79. A.P. Tracy and S. Oskamp, Relationships among Ecologically Responsible Behaviors, Journal of Environmental Systems, 13, pp. 115-126, 1983-1984.
80. P.C. Stern and S. Oskamp, Managing Scarce Environmental Resources, in Handbook of Environmental Psychology, 2, D. Stokols and I. Altman (eds.), Wiley, New York, 1987.
81. F.G. Kaiser, A General Measure of Ecological Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28:5, pp. 395-422, 1998.
82. I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein, Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1980.
83. R.P. Bagozzi and P.A. Dabholkar, Consumer Recycling Goalsand their Effect on Decisions to Recycle: A Means-End Chain Analysis, Psychology and Marketing, 11, pp. 313-341, 1994.
84. R. Bagozzi, Y. Yi, and J. Baumgartner, The Level of Effort Required as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship, European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, pp. 25-59, 1990.
85. L.M. Goldenhar and C.M. Connell, Understanding and Predicting Recycling Behavior: An Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action, Journal of Environmental Systems, 22, pp. 91-103, 1993.
86. S.J. Kantola, G.J. Syme, and N.A. Campbell, The Role of Individual Differences and External Variables in a Test of the Sufficiency of Fishbein's Model to Explain Behavioral Intentions to Conserve Water, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, pp. 70-83, 1982.
87. S.M. Macey and M.A. Brown, Residential Energy Consumption: The Role of Past Experience in Repetitive Household Behavior, Environment and Behavior, 15, pp. 123-141, 1983.
88. I. Ajzen, and M. Fishbein, Attitude-Behavior Relationships: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research, Psychological Bulletin, 84, pp. 888-918, 1977.
89. R.H. Weigel and L.S. Newman, Increasing Attitude-Behavior Correspondence by Broadening the Scope of the Behavioral Measure, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, pp. 793-802, 1976.
90. R.H. Weigel, D.T.A. Vernon, and L.N. Tognacci, Specificity of the Attitude as a Determinant of Attitude-Behavior Congruence, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, pp. 724-728, 1974.
91. P.W. Schultz and S. Oskamp, Effort as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship: General Environmental Concern and Recycling, Social Psychology Quarterly, 59:4, pp. 375-383, 1996.
92. G.D. Lynne and L.R. Rola, Improving Attitude-Behavior Prediction Models with Economic Variables: Farmer Actions towards Soil Conservation, The Journal of Social Psychology, 128, pp. 19-28, 1988.
93. M.A. Tarrant and K.H. Cordell, The Effect of Respondent Characteristics on General Environmental Attitude-Behavior Correspondence, Environment and Behavior, 29:5, pp. 618-637, 1997.
94. S. Taylor and P. Todd, Understanding the Determinants of Consumer Composting Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27:7, pp. 602-628, 1997.
95. I. Ajzen, Attitudes, Traits and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior, in Personality and Social Psychology, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, L. Berkowitz (ed.), pp. 1-63, 1987.
96. H. Assael, Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action (6th Edition), Southwestern College Publishing, California, 1998.
97. M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen, Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1975.
98. Y.K. Van Dam and A.C. Apeldoorn, Sustainable Marketing, Journal of Macromarketing, pp. 45-56, Fall 1996.
99. J.W. Alba and J.W. Hutchinson, Dimensions of Consumer Expertise, Journal of Consumer Research, 13, pp. 411-454, 1987.
100. J.A. Gutman, Means-End Chain Model Based on Consumer Categorization Processes, Journal of Marketing, 46, pp. 60-72, Spring 1982.
101. R.L. Levine and E.E. Langenau, Attitudes toward Clearcutting and their Relationships to the Patterning and Diversity of Forest Recreation Activities, Forest Science, 23, pp. 317-327, 1979.
102. E.E. Langenau, R.B. Peyton, J.M. Wickham, E.W. Caveney, and D.W. Johnston, Attitudes toward Oil and Gas Development among Forest Recreationists, Journal of Leisure Research, 16, pp. 161-177, 1984.
103. I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, pp, 179-211, 1991.
104. R.J. Gamba and S. Oskamp, Factors Influencing Community Residents' Participation in Commingled Curbside Recycling, Environment and Behavior, 26, pp. 586-612, 1994.
105. D. Scott and F. Willits, Environmental Attitudes and Behavior: A Pennsylvania Study, Environment and Behavior, 26, pp. 239-260, 1994.
106. K. Van Liere and R. Dunlap, The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence, Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, pp. 181-197, Summer 1981.
107. P. Hawken, A. Lovins, and H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1999.