Chemical and biological sensors for time-series research: Current status and new directions

Marine Technology Society Journal

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 121-143

  Daly, Kendra L ^a   Byrne, Robert H ^a   Dickson, Andrew G ^b   Gallagher, Scott M ^c   Perry, Mary Jane ^d   Tivey, Margaret K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOSENSORS; CHEMICAL SENSORS; COASTAL ZONES; OBSERVATORIES; TECHNOLOGY; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; VENTS;

BIOLOGICAL SENSORS; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; SENSING SYSTEMS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

MARINE TECHNOLOGY; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; OBSERVATORY; OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SENSOR;

EID: 6444229532     PISSN: 00253324     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4031/002533204787522767     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT). 2003. Biofouling Prevention Technologies for Coastal Sensors/Sensor Platforms. Solomons, Nov. 2003, ACT No. 03-05/UMCES Technical Report Series TS-426-04-CML, www.actonline.ws/Technologies.html.
2. Alupoaei, C.E., Olivares, J.A. and García-Rubio, L.H. 2004. Quantitative spectroscopy analysis of prokaryotic cells: vegetative cells and spores. Biose. Bioelectron. 19:893-903.
3. Angel, S.M., Carter, J.C., Stratis, D.N., and Marquardt, B.J. 1999. Some new uses for filtered fiber-optic Raman probes: In situ drug identification, and in situ and remote Raman imaging. J Raman Spectrosc. 30:795-805.
4. Angel, S.M., Stratis, D.N., Eland, K.L., Lai, T., Berg, M.A., and Gould, D.A. 2001. LIBS using dual-and ultra-short laser pulses. Fresen J Anal Chem. 369:320-327.
5. Atkinson, M.J., Thomas, F., and Larson, N. 1996. Effects of pressure on oxygen sensors. J Atm Ocean Technol. 13:1,267-1,274.
6. Atkinson, M.J., Thomas, F.I.M., Larson, N., Terrill, E., Morita, K., and Liu, C.C. 1995. A micro-hole potentiostatic oxygen sensor for oceanic CTDs. Deep-Sea Res. I 42:761-771.
7. 2 measurements in a lake during turnover and stratification: Observations and modeling. Limnol Oceanogr. 49:330-340.
8. 2 measurements in the Sargasso Sea. Mar Chem. 72:239-255.
9. Bellerby, R.G.J., Olsen, A., Johannessen, T., and Croot, P. 2002. A high precision spectrophotometric method for on-line shipboard seawater PH measurements: the automated marine pH sensor (AMPS). Talanta 56:61-69.
10. Benfield, M.C., Schwehm, C.J., Fredericks, R.G., Squyres, G., Keenan, S.F., and Trevorrow, M.V. 2003. Measurement of zooplankton distributions with a high-resolution digital camera system. In: Strutton, P. and Seuront, L., eds., Scales in Aquatic Ecology: Measurement, Analysis and Simulation. pp. 17-30. CRC Press.
11. Brewer, P.G., Malby, G., Pasteris, J.D., White, S.N., Peltzer, E.T., Wopenka, B., Freeman, J., and Brown, M.O. 2004. Development of a laser Raman spectrometer for deep-ocean science. Deep-Sea Res. 151:739-753.
12. Brierley, A.S., Fernandes, P.G., Brandon, M.A., Armstrong, F., Millard, N.W., McPhail, S.D., Stevenson, P., Pebody, M., Perrett, J., Squires, M., Bone, D.G., and Griffiths, G. 2002. Antarctic krill under sea ice: Elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of the ice edge. Science 295:1,890-1,892.
13. Byrne, R. H., Kaltenbacher, E.A., and Waterbury, R. 1999. Autonomous in situ analysis of the upper ocean. Sea Tech. 40:71-75.
14. Byrne, R.H., Liu, X., Kaltanbacher, E.A., and Sell, K. 2002. Spectrophotometric measurement of total inorganic carbon in aqueous solutions using a liquid core waveguide. Anal Chim Acta 451:221-229.
15. Callahan, M.R., Kaltenbacher, E.A., and Byrne, R.H. 2004. In-situ measurements of Cu in an estuarine environment using a potable spectrophotometric analysis system. Environ Sci Tech. 38:587-593.
16. Callahan, M.R., Rose, J.B., and Garcia-Rubio, L. 2003. Use of multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy for the characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: Quantitative interpretation. Environ Sci Tech. 37:5,254-5,261.
17. Chapin, T. P., Jannasch, H.-W., and Johnson, K.S. 2002. In situ osmotic analyzer for the year-long continuous determination of Fe in hydrothermal systems. Anal Chim Acta 463:265-274.
18. Chavez, F.P., Wright, D., Herlien, R., Kelley, M., Shane, F., and Strutton, P.G. 2000. A device for protecting moored spectroradiometers from bio-fouling. J Ocean Atmos Tech. 17:215-219.
19. Chavez, F.P., Strutton, P.G., Friederich, G.E., Feely, R.A., Feldman, G.C., Foley, D.G., and McPhaden, M.J. 1999. Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino. Science 286:2,126-2,131.
20. Choi, Y.S., Lvova, L., Shin, J.H., Oh, S.H., Lee, C.S., Kim, B.H., Cha, G.S., and Nam, H. 2002. Determination of oceanic carbon dioxide using a carbonate-selective electrode. Anal Chem. 74:2,435-2,440.
21. Clark, L. C., Wolf, R., Granger, D., and Taylor, Z., 1953. Continuous recording of blood oxygen tension by polarography. J Appl Physiol. 6:189-193.
22. Daly, K.L. 2000. Meeting explores sensor technology for remote, interactive aquatic experiments. EOS, Trans Am Geophys Union 81:580.
23. Daniel, A., Birot, D., Lehaitre, M., and Poncin, J. 1995a. Characterization and reduction of interferences in flow-injection analysis for the in situ determination of nitrate and nitrite in sea water. Anal Chim Acta 308:413-424.
24. Daniel, A., Birot, D., Blain, S, Treguer, P., Leilde, B., and Menut, E. 1995b. A submersible flow-injection analyzer for the in-situ determination of nitrite and nitrate in coastal waters. Mar Chem. 51:67-77.
25. Davis, C.S., Gallager, S.M., Marra, M., and Stewart, W.K. 1996. Rapid visualization of plankton abundance and taxonomic composition using the video plankton recorder. Deep-Sea Res. II 43:1,947-1,970.
26. Davis, C.S., Hu, Q., Gallager, S.M., Tang, X., and Ashjian, C.J. Real-time observation of taxa-specific plankton distributions: An optical sampling method. Mar Ecol Progr Set., submitted.
27. 2 using a renewable-reagent fiber optic sensor with colorimetric detection. Anal Chem. 65:331-337.
28. Degrandpre, M.D. and Baehr, M.M. 1999. Calibration free optical chemical sensors. Anal Chem. 71:1,152-1,159.
29. 2. In: Chemical Sensors in Oceanography, ed. M.S. Vaney. pp. 123-141. Gordon and Breach Publishers.
30. 2. Limnol Oceanogr. 40:969-975.
31. 2 fluxes on the US Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res. II 49:4,355-4,367.
32. Dickey, T.D. and Chang, G.C. 2001. Recent advances and future visions: Temporal variability of optical and bio-optical properties of the ocean. Oceanography 14:15-29.
33. 2 in supercritical aqueous fluids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1063-1073.
34. Ding, K. and Seyfried, W.E. Jr. 1996b. Direct pH measurement of NaCl-bearing fluid with an in situ sensor at 400°C and 40 megapascals. Science 272 (5268):1,634-1,636.
35. 2S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 186:417-425.
36. Ding, K., Seyfried, W.E. Jr., Tivey, M.K., Von Damm, K.L., Bradley, A.M., and Zhang, Z., In-situ PH measurement of hydrothermal fluids at Mid-ocean ridges, in prep.
37. Emerson, S., Stump, C., Johnson, B., and Karl, D.M., 2002. In situ determination of oxygen and nitrogen dynamics in the upper ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 49:941-952.
38. Fernandez, P.G., Stevenson, P., Brierley, A.S., Armstrong, F., and Simmonds, E.J. 2003. Autonomous underwater vehicles: future platforms for fisheries acoustics. ICES J Mar Sci. 60:684-691.
39. Finch, M.S., Hydes, D.J., Clayson, C.H., Weigl, B., Dakin, J., and Gwilliam, P. 1998. A low power ultra violet spectrophotometer for measurements of nitrate in seawater: introduction, calibration and initial sea trials. Anal Chim Acta 377:167-177.
40. Floch, J., Blain, S., Birot, D., and Treguer, P. 1998. In situ determination of silicic acid in sea water based on FIA and colorimetric dual-wavelength measurements. Anal Chim Acta 377:157-166.
41. Franks, P.J.S. and Jaffe, J.S. 2001. Microscale distribution of phytoplankton: initial results from a two-dimensional imaging fluorometer, OSST. Mar Ecol Progr Ser. 220:59-72.
42. 2 from a moored buoy. Deep-Sea Res. I 42:1175-1186.
43. Fries, D.P., Short, R.T., and Byrne, R.H. 2004. Portable underwater mass spectrometer, US Patent No. US6,727,498B2.
44. Fuchs, E., Jaffe, J.S., Long, R.A., and Azam, F. 2002. Thin laser light sheet microscope for microbial oceanography. Optics Express 10(2):145-154.
45. Gallager, S.M., and Whelan, J., eds. 2004. The Next Generation of In Situ Biological and Chemical Sensors in the Ocean: A Workshop Report, 85 pp. [www.whoi.edu/institutes/oli/images/final_report.pdf]
46. Gallager, S-M.,Yamazaki, H., and Davis, C.S. 2004. The contribution of fine-scale structure and swimming behavior to the formation of plankton layers on Georges Bank. Mar Ecol Progr Series. 267:27-43.
47. Gamo, T., Sakai, H., Nakayama, E. Ishida, K., and Kimoto, K. 1994. A submersible flow through analyzer for in situ colorimetric measurement down to 2000 m depth in the ocean. Anal Sci. 10:843-848.
48. Glazer, B.T., Marsh, A.G., Stierhoff, K. and Luther, III, G.W. 2004. The dynamic response of optical oxygen sensors and voltammetric eletrodes to temporal changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations. Anal Chim Acta. 518:93-100.
49. Glenn, S.M. and Dickey, T.D. 2003. SCOTS: Scientific Cabled Observatories for Time Series, NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative Workshop Report, Portsmouth VA, 80 pp.
50. Gordon, H.R., Brown, O.B., and Jacobs, M.M. 1975. Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat, homogeneous ocean. App Optics 14:417-427.
51. Gorsky, G., Picheral, M., and Stemmann, L. 2000. Use of the Underwater Video Profiler for the study of aggregate dynamics in the North Mediterranean. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 50:121-128.
52. Graßhoff, K, Kremling, G., and Ehrhardt, M., eds., 1999. Methods of Seawater Analysis. Wiley-VCH, 600 pp.
53. Griffiths, G., Fielding, S., and Roe, H.S.J. 2002. Biological-physical-acoustic interactions. The Sea 12:441-474.
54. Gundersen, J.K., Ramsing, N.B., and Glud, N.R. 1998. Predicting the signal of O-2 microsensors from physical dimensions, temperature, salinity, and O-2 concentration. Limnol Oceanogr. 43:1,932-1,937.
55. Hanson, A.K. and Moore, C. 2001. Real-Time Nutrient Surveys in Coastal Waters. Sea Tech. 42:10-14.
56. Herman, A.W. 1992. Design and calibration of a new optical plankton counter capable of sizing small zooplankton. Deep-Sea Res. Part A. 39(3-4a):395-415.
57. Heywood, K.J. 1996. Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in the Northeast Atlantic. J Plank Res. 18:163-184.
58. Holliday D.V, Donaghay, P.L., Greenlaw, C.F., McGehee, D.E., McManus, M.M., Sullivan, J.M., and Miksis, J.L. 2003. Advances in defining fine- and micro-scale pattern in marine plankton. Aquatic Liv Resour. 16:131-136.
59. 2 in the Greenland Sea gyre using high-frequency time series data from CARIOCA drift buoys. J Geophys Res. 104:20,571-20,583.
60. Jaffe, J.S., Ohman, M.D., and De Robertis, A. 1998. OASIS in the sea: measurement of the acoustic reflectivity of zooplankton with concurrent optical imaging. Deep-Sea Res. II 45:1,239-1,253.
61. Jaffe, J.S., Moore, K.D., McLean, J., and Strand, M.P. 2001. Underwater optical imaging: Status and prospects. Oceanography 14:64-75.
62. Jahnke, R. ed. 2003. Coastal Observatory Research Arrays: A Framework for Implementation Planning. Coastal Ocean Processes Program (CoOP) Report Number 9, 66 pp.
63. Jannasch, H., Johnson, K.S., and Sakamoto, C.M. 1994. Submersible, osmotically pumped analyzers for continuous determination of nitrate in situ. Anal Chem. 66:3,352-3,361.
64. Jannasch, H.W., Wheat, C.G., Plant, J., Kastner, M., and Stakes, D. Continuous chemical monitoring with osmotically pumped water samplers: OsmoSampler design and applications. Limnol Oceanogr., in press.
65. Jannasch, H.W., Davis, E.E., Kastner, M., Morris, J.D., Pettigrew, T.L., Plant, J.N., Solomon, E.A., Villinger, H.W., and Wheat, C.G. 2003. CORK II: Long-Term monitoring of fluid chemistry, fluxes, and hydrology in instrumented boreholes at the Costa Rica subduction zone. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts. 205: 1-36 [CD-ROM], College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
66. Johnson, K.S. and Coletti L.J. 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 49:1291-1305.
67. Johnson, K.S., Beehler, C.L., and Sakamoto-Arnold, C.M. 1986. A submersible flow analysis system. Anal Chim Acta 179:245-257.
68. Joos, F., Stocker, T, Körtzinger, A., and Wallace, D.W.R. 2003. Trends in marine dissolved oxygen: implications for ocean circulation changes and the carbon budget. EOS, Trans Amer Geophys Union 84(21): 197, 201.
69. Kadko, D., Tivey, M.K., Bradley, A.M., Sarrazin, J., Butterfield, D., Schultz, A., and Wheat, C.G. 2000. Tidal variability in temperature, flow-rate, and chemistry of diffusely venting fluids in the Main Endeavour Vent Field. EOS, Trans Am Geophys Union 81:F641 [abstract].
70. Kirkpatrick, G.J., Orrico, C., Moline, M.A., Oliver, M., and Schofield, O.M. 2003. Continuous hyperspectral absorption measurements of colored dissolved organic material in aquatic systems. Appi Optics 42:6,564-6,568.
71. Klinkhammer, G.P. 1994. Fiber optic spectrometers for in-situ measurements in the oceans: the ZAPS probe. Mar Chem. 47:13-20.
72. Le Bris, N., Sarradin, M.-P., Birot, D., and Alasye-Danet, A.-M. 2000. A new chemical analyzer for in situ measurement of nitrate and total sulfide over hydrothermal vent biological communities. Mar Chem. 72:1-15.
73. Le Bris, N., Sarradin, P.-M., and Pennec, S. 2001. A new deep-sea probe for in situ pH measurement in the environment of hydrothermal vent biological communities. Deep-Sea Res. 148:1,941-1,951.
74. 2 measurements in seawater. Mar Chem. 42:189-198.
75. Lilley, M., Butterfield, D., Kelley, D., Tivey, M.K., Robigou, V., and Delaney, J. 2000. Long and short term variability in hydrothermal activity at the Endeavour RIDGE Observatory site, EOS, Trans Amer Geophys Union 81:628 [abstract].
76. Lorenzen, C.J. 1966. A method for the continuous measurement if in vivo chlorophyll concentrations. Deep-Sea Res. 13:223-227.
77. -2) and pH in porewaters. Environ Sci Technol. 33:4352-4356.
78. Luo, T., Kramer, K., Goldgof, D., Hall, L., Samson, S., Remsen, A., and Hopkins, T. 2004. Recognizing plankton images from the Shadow Image Particle Profiling Evaluation Recorder. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part B. Vol. 34(4), in press.
79. Martz, T.R., Carr, J.J., French, C.R., and DeGrandpre, M.D. 2003. A submersible autonomous sensor for spectrophotometric PH measurements of natural waters. Anal Chem. 75:1,844-1,850.
80. Masserini, R.T., Jr. and Fanning, K.A. 2000. A sensor package for the simultaneous determination of nanmolar concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in seawater by fluorescence detection. Mar Chem. 68:323-333.
81. Massoth, G. J. and Milburn. H.B. 1997. SUAVE (Submersible System Used to Assess Vented Emissions): a diverse tool to probe the submarine hydrothermal environment, Proceedings of Marc'h mor Workshop, IUEM Brest, pp. 80-87.
82. McDonald, M.A., Webb, S.C., and Hildebrand, J.A. 1995. Blue and fin whales observed on a seafloor array in the Northeast Pacific. J Acous Soc Am. 98(2), Pt. 1:712-721.
83. McGillicuddy, Jr., D.J., Robinson, A.R., Siegel, D.A., Jannasch, H.W., Johnson, R., Dickey, T.D., McNeil, J., Michaels, A.F., and Knap, A.H. 1998. Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea. Nature 394:263-266.
84. McMurtry, G. M. and Smith, S.J. 2001. Mass SURFER: a low-power underwater mass spectrometer for monitoring dissolved gas, solutes and large organic compounds. In: Proceed. Oceans 2001. pp. 259-263. Marine Tech. Soc. and IEEE, Honolulu.
85. Nakamura, K., Veirs, S., Sarason, C.P., McDuff, R.E., Stahr, F., Yoerger, DR., and Bradley, A.M. 2000. Electrochemical signals in rising buoyant plumes and tidally oscillating plumes at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge, EOS, Trans Am Geophys Union. 81:F628 [abstract].
86. st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. 195 pp. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press.
87. Owens, W.B. and Millard, R.C., Jr. 1985. A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration. J Phys. Oceanogr. 15:621-631
88. Prien, R.D. and Hydes, D.J. 2003. A full ocean depth UV-spectrophotometer for nitrate measurements. OCEANS 2003 - 22-26 September 2003 - San Diego, California, USA.
89. Radford-Knoery, J., Baker, E., Charlou, J.-L., Donval, J.-P., Fouquet, Y., German, C.R., and Massoth, G.J. 1997. Hydrothermal plume traced by dissolved sulfide. Proceedings of Marc'h mor Workshop, IUEM Brest, pp. 165-168.
90. Remson, A., Hopkins, T.L., and Samson, S. 2004. What you see is not what you catch: a comparison of concurrently collected net, Optical plankton Counter, and Shadowed Image Particle Profiling Evaluation Recorder data from the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:129-151.
91. Reysenbach, A.-L., Longnecker, K., and Kirshtein, J. 2000. Novel bacterial and archaeal lineages from an in-situ growth chamber deployed at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal vent. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:3,798-3,806.
92. Robert-Baldo, G.L., Morris, M.J., and R.H. Byrne. 1985. Spectrophotometric determination of seawater pH using phenol red. Anal Chem. 57:2,564-2,567.
93. Rudnik, D.L. and Perry, M.J., eds. 2003. Autonomous and Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors, Workshop Report, 64 pp., www.geo-prose.com/ALPS.
94. Samson, S., Hopkins, T., Remson, A., Langebrake, L., Sutten, T., and Patten, J. 2001. A system for high-resolution zooplankton imaging. IEEE J Ocean Eng. 26:671-676.
95. Scholin, C., Massion, G., Mellinger, E., Brown, M., Wright, D., and Cline, D. 1998. The development and application of molecular probes and novel instrumentation for detection of harmful algae. Ocean Community Conference '98 Proceedings, Vol. 1. pp. 367-370. Marine Technology Society.
96. Seyfried, W.E., Johnson, K.S., and Tivey, M.K. 2000. In-Situ Sensors: Their Development and Application for the Study of Chemical, Physical and Biologic Systems at Mid-Ocean Ridges. RIDGE Workshop Report, 58 pp.
97. Short, R.T., Fries, D.P., Toler, S.K., Lembke, C.E., and Byrne, R.H. 1999. Development of an underwater mass spectrometry system for in-situ chemical analysis. Meas Sci Technol. 10:1195-1202.
98. Short, R.T., Fries, D.P., Kerr, M.L., Lembke, C.E., Toler, S.K., Wenner, P.G., and Byrne, R.H. 2001. Underwater mass spectrometers for in-situ chemical analysis of the hydrosphere. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 12:676-682.
99. Smith, M.C., Casper, E.T., Farmer, A.S., Fries, D.P., and Paul, J. 2004. Towards autonomous in situ microbial monitoring - The Autonomous Microbial Genosensor (AMG). Ocean Research Conference, 15-20 February, Honolulu, Hawaii.
100. Steimle, E.T., Kaltenbacher, E.A., and Byrne, R.H. 2002. In-situ nitrate measurements using a compact spectrophotometric analysis system. Mar Chem. 77:255-262.
101. 2 measurements in seawater. Anal Chem. 71:154-161.
102. Tang, X., Stewart, W.K., Huang, H., Gallager, S.M., Davis, C.S., Vincent, L., and Marra, M. 1998. Automated plankton image recognition. Artificial Intelligence Rev. 12:177-199.
103. Tang, X., Lin, F., Samson, S., and Remsen, A. Binary Plankton Image Classification. IEEE J Ocean Eng., in press.
104. Tapp, M., Hunter, K, Currie, K., and Mackaskill, B. 2000. Apparatus for continuous-flow underway spectrophotometric measurement of surface water PH. Mar Chem. 72:193-202.
105. Tivey, M.K., Stakes, D.S., Bradley, A., Seewald, J., Wheat, C.G., Reysenbach, A.-L., Page, A,. Koski, R.A., and Leg 2 GOC Scientific Party. 2003. Use of thermocouple arrays to investigate the environment within actively forming chimney deposits, Guaymas Basin, EOS, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract OS32A-0233, F827.
106. Voegeli, F.A., Smale, M.J., Webber, D.M., Andrade, Y, and O'Dor, R.K. 2001. Ultrasonic telemetry, tracking and automated monitoring technology for sharks. Environ Biol Fishes 60:267-281.
107. Wang, W., Reimers, C.E., Wainright, S.C., Shahriari. M.R., and Morris, M.J. 1999. Applying fiber-optic sensors for monitoring dissolved oxygen. Sea Tech. 40(3):69.
108. Weeks, D.A. and Johnson, K.S. 1996. Solenoid pumps for flow injection analysis. Anal Chem. 68:2,717-2,719.
109. Wenner, P.G., Bell, R.J., van Amerom, F.H.W, Toler, S.K., Edkins, J.E., Hall, M.L., Koehn, K., Short, R.T., and Byrne, R.H. 2004. Environmental chemical mapping using an underwater mass spectrometer. Trends in Anal Chem., in press.
110. Wheat, C.G., Jannasch, H.W., Kastner, M., Plant, J.N., and DeCarlo, E.H. 2003. Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a mid-ocean ridge flank environment. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 216:549-564.
111. Wheat, C. G., Jannasch, H.W., Plant, J.N., Moyer, C.L., Sansone, F.J., and McMurtry, G.M. 2000. Continuous sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount after the 1996 event. J Geophys Res. 105:19,353-19,368.
112. White, S.N., Chave, A.D., and Reynolds, G.T. 2002. Investigations of ambient light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, J Geophys Res. 107 (B1):10.1029/2000JB000015.
113. Wiebe, P.H. and Benfield, M.C. 2003. From the Henson net toward four-dimensional biological oceanography. Progr Oceanogr. 56:7-136.
114. Wiebe, P.H., Prada, K.E., Austin, T.C., Stanton, T.K., and Dawson, J.J. 1995. New tool for bioacoustical oceanography. Sea Tech. 36:10-14.
115. Woodd-Watker, R.S., Gallienne, C.P., and Robins, D.B. 2000. A test model for optical plankton counter (OPC) coincidence and a comparison of OPC-derived and conventional measures of plankton abundance. J Plank Res. 22:473-483.
116. Zhang, X., Roman, M., Sanford, A., Adolf, H., Lascara, C., and Burgett, R. 2000. Can an optical plankton counter produce reasonable estimates of zooplankton abundance and biovolume in water with high detritus? J Plank Res. 22:137-150.
117. Zhou, M. and Tande, K., ed. 2002. Optical Plankton Counter Workshop. GLOBEC Report No. 17, 17-20 June 2001, Tromso, Norway.
118. Zhou, M. and Dorland, R.D. Aggregation an vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba. Deep-Sea Res., in press.