Toward a global history of same-sex sexuality

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 287-302

  Rupp, Leila J ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6444221267     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sex.2001.0039     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Stephen O. Murray, "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, cites a number of schemes for the social structuring of homosexuality and adopts that of Barry Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality," Journal of Homosexuality 11 (1986): 19-33. This includes age-structured, gender-defined, profession-defined, and egalitarian. In Murray's most recent book, Homosexualities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), he includes "profession-defined" under "gender-defined." John Howard, in his comment on the paper I delivered at Oslo, added race and ethnicity to this list, citing Nayan Shah's work on Indian and Chinese men arrested in British Columbia for their sexual relations with Anglo-Canadian men, and his own work on African American and white same-sex interactions in the U.S. South. See Nayan Shah, "The Race of Sodomy: Asian Men, White Boys, and the Policing of Sex in North America" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians conference, St. Louis, April 2000); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
2. Stephen O. Murray, "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, cites a number of schemes for the social structuring of homosexuality and adopts that of Barry Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality," Journal of Homosexuality 11 (1986): 19-33. This includes age-structured, gender-defined, profession-defined, and egalitarian. In Murray's most recent book, Homosexualities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), he includes "profession-defined" under "gender-defined." John Howard, in his comment on the paper I delivered at Oslo, added race and ethnicity to this list, citing Nayan Shah's work on Indian and Chinese men arrested in British Columbia for their sexual relations with Anglo-Canadian men, and his own work on African American and white same-sex interactions in the U.S. South. See Nayan Shah, "The Race of Sodomy: Asian Men, White Boys, and the Policing of Sex in North America" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians conference, St. Louis, April 2000); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
3. Stephen O. Murray, "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, cites a number of schemes for the social structuring of homosexuality and adopts that of Barry Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality," Journal of Homosexuality 11 (1986): 19-33. This includes age-structured, gender-defined, profession-defined, and egalitarian. In Murray's most recent book, Homosexualities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), he includes "profession-defined" under "gender-defined." John Howard, in his comment on the paper I delivered at Oslo, added race and ethnicity to this list, citing Nayan Shah's work on Indian and Chinese men arrested in British Columbia for their sexual relations with Anglo-Canadian men, and his own work on African American and white same-sex interactions in the U.S. South. See Nayan Shah, "The Race of Sodomy: Asian Men, White Boys, and the Policing of Sex in North America" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians conference, St. Louis, April 2000); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
4. Stephen O. Murray, "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, cites a number of schemes for the social structuring of homosexuality and adopts that of Barry Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality," Journal of Homosexuality 11 (1986): 19-33. This includes age-structured, gender-defined, profession-defined, and egalitarian. In Murray's most recent book, Homosexualities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), he includes "profession-defined" under "gender-defined." John Howard, in his comment on the paper I delivered at Oslo, added race and ethnicity to this list, citing Nayan Shah's work on Indian and Chinese men arrested in British Columbia for their sexual relations with Anglo-Canadian men, and his own work on African American and white same-sex interactions in the U.S. South. See Nayan Shah, "The Race of Sodomy: Asian Men, White Boys, and the Policing of Sex in North America" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians conference, St. Louis, April 2000); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
5. Stephen O. Murray, "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, cites a number of schemes for the social structuring of homosexuality and adopts that of Barry Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality," Journal of Homosexuality 11 (1986): 19-33. This includes age-structured, gender-defined, profession-defined, and egalitarian. In Murray's most recent book, Homosexualities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), he includes "profession-defined" under "gender-defined." John Howard, in his comment on the paper I delivered at Oslo, added race and ethnicity to this list, citing Nayan Shah's work on Indian and Chinese men arrested in British Columbia for their sexual relations with Anglo-Canadian men, and his own work on African American and white same-sex interactions in the U.S. South. See Nayan Shah, "The Race of Sodomy: Asian Men, White Boys, and the Policing of Sex in North America" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians conference, St. Louis, April 2000); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
6. Jens Rydström, "Beasts and Beauties: Bestiality and Male Homosexuality in Rural Sweden, 1880-1950" (paper presented at the 19th International Congress of Historical Sciences, Oslo, Norway, August 2000).
7. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
8. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
9. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
10. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
11. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
12. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
13. The classic work is K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (New York: Vintage, 1978). More recent studies include Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds., Homosexuality in the Ancient World (New York: Garland, 1992). See also Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). John Boswell, "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 17-36, disputes the notion that an age or status difference was essential to same-sex relations in Athenian society, and, more recently, Murray, in Homosexualities, has argued that undifferentiated (what he calls "egalitarian") relationships between men existed in ancient Greece and Rome (as well as in other premodern places) and that age difference did not always determine sexual role.
14. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
15. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
16. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
17. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
18. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
19. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
20. Quoted in James M. Saslow, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression," in Hidden From History, 90-105, quotation on 92. See Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Louise Fradenburg and Carla Freccero, eds., Premodern Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1996); Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); James M. Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (New York: Viking, 1999); Glenn Burger and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Queering the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
21. Paul Gordon Schalow, ed., The Great Mirror of Male Love (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990); Stephen O. Murray, "Male Homosexuality in Japan before the Meiji Restoration," in Oceanic Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (New York: Garland, 1992), 363-70; Gary P. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
22. Paul Gordon Schalow, ed., The Great Mirror of Male Love (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990); Stephen O. Murray, "Male Homosexuality in Japan before the Meiji Restoration," in Oceanic Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (New York: Garland, 1992), 363-70; Gary P. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
23. Paul Gordon Schalow, ed., The Great Mirror of Male Love (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990); Stephen O. Murray, "Male Homosexuality in Japan before the Meiji Restoration," in Oceanic Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (New York: Garland, 1992), 363-70; Gary P. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
24. Quoted in Paul Gordon Schalow, "Male Love in Early Modern Japan: A Literary Depiction of the 'Youth,'" in Hidden from History, 118-28, quotation on 126.
25. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 28-30.
26. David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 26-40; Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 64-88; Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities.
27. David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 26-40; Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 64-88; Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities.
28. David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 26-40; Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 64-88; Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities.
29. See Judith P. Hallett, "Sappho and Her Social Context: Sense and Sensuality," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4: 447-64 (1979).
30. Martha Vicinus, "Distance and Desire: English Boarding School Friendships," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 9: 600-622 (1984); Karin Lützen, Was das Herz begehrt: Liebe und Freundschaft zwischen Frauen ( Hamburg, Germany: Ernst Kabel Verlag, 1990).
31. Martha Vicinus, "Distance and Desire: English Boarding School Friendships," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 9: 600-622 (1984); Karin Lützen, Was das Herz begehrt: Liebe und Freundschaft zwischen Frauen ( Hamburg, Germany: Ernst Kabel Verlag, 1990).
32. Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 29.
33. Herdt, Same-Sex, Different Cultures, 86.
34. Herdt, Same-Sex, Different Cultures, 90-102; Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986); Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang, eds., Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997). There is disagreement about the status of transgendered individuals in the Americas. For a contrary view to those cited above, see Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
35. Herdt, Same-Sex, Different Cultures, 90-102; Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986); Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang, eds., Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997). There is disagreement about the status of transgendered individuals in the Americas. For a contrary view to those cited above, see Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
36. Herdt, Same-Sex, Different Cultures, 90-102; Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986); Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang, eds., Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997). There is disagreement about the status of transgendered individuals in the Americas. For a contrary view to those cited above, see Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
37. Herdt, Same-Sex, Different Cultures, 90-102; Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986); Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang, eds., Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997). There is disagreement about the status of transgendered individuals in the Americas. For a contrary view to those cited above, see Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
38. Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures, 91.
39. Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures, 92-94.
40. Quoted in Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 58. See also Raleigh Watts, "The Polynesian Mahu," in Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 171-84.
41. Quoted in Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 58. See also Raleigh Watts, "The Polynesian Mahu," in Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 171-84.
42. Serena Nanda, "Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India," in Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, ed. Gilbert Herdt (New York: Zone Books, 1996), 373-417.
43. Don Kulick, Travesti: Sex, Gender and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
44. See Rudolf M. Dekker and Lotte C. van de Pol, The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern Europe (London: Macmillan Press, 1989).
45. Quoted in Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (New York: William Morrow, 1981), 51.
46. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, 51-52.
47. Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001).
48. Jennifer Robertson, Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Jennifer Robertson, "Dying to Tell: Sexuality and Suicide in Imperial Japan," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25: 1-36 (1999).
49. Jennifer Robertson, Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Jennifer Robertson, "Dying to Tell: Sexuality and Suicide in Imperial Japan," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25: 1-36 (1999).
50. Lucy Sarah Chesser, "'Parting with My Sex for a Season': Cross-Dressing, Inversion and Sexuality in Australian Cultural Life, 1850-1920," (Ph.D. diss., La Trobe University, 2001). See also Lucy Chesser, "'A Woman Who Married Three Wives': Management of Disruptive Knowledge in the 1879 Australian Case of Edward De Lacy Evans," Journal of Women's History 9: 53-77 (winter 1998).
51. Lucy Sarah Chesser, "'Parting with My Sex for a Season': Cross-Dressing, Inversion and Sexuality in Australian Cultural Life, 1850-1920," (Ph.D. diss., La Trobe University, 2001). See also Lucy Chesser, "'A Woman Who Married Three Wives': Management of Disruptive Knowledge in the 1879 Australian Case of Edward De Lacy Evans," Journal of Women's History 9: 53-77 (winter 1998).
52. Rictor Norton, Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830 (London: GMP Publishers, 1992); Michael Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives," Eighteenth-Century Life 9, new series 3: 179-91 (1985); Jeffrey Merrick, "Sodomitical Scandals and Subcultures in the 1720s," Men and Masculinities 1: 365-84 (April 1999); Arend H. Huussen, Jr., "Sodomy in the Dutch Republic during the Eighteenth Century," Unauthorized Sexual Behavior during the Enlightenment, ed. Robert P. Maccubbin (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary Press, 1985), 169-78.
53. Rictor Norton, Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830 (London: GMP Publishers, 1992); Michael Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives," Eighteenth-Century Life 9, new series 3: 179-91 (1985); Jeffrey Merrick, "Sodomitical Scandals and Subcultures in the 1720s," Men and Masculinities 1: 365-84 (April 1999); Arend H. Huussen, Jr., "Sodomy in the Dutch Republic during the Eighteenth Century," Unauthorized Sexual Behavior during the Enlightenment, ed. Robert P. Maccubbin (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary Press, 1985), 169-78.
54. Rictor Norton, Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830 (London: GMP Publishers, 1992); Michael Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives," Eighteenth-Century Life 9, new series 3: 179-91 (1985); Jeffrey Merrick, "Sodomitical Scandals and Subcultures in the 1720s," Men and Masculinities 1: 365-84 (April 1999); Arend H. Huussen, Jr., "Sodomy in the Dutch Republic during the Eighteenth Century," Unauthorized Sexual Behavior during the Enlightenment, ed. Robert P. Maccubbin (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary Press, 1985), 169-78.
55. Rictor Norton, Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830 (London: GMP Publishers, 1992); Michael Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives," Eighteenth-Century Life 9, new series 3: 179-91 (1985); Jeffrey Merrick, "Sodomitical Scandals and Subcultures in the 1720s," Men and Masculinities 1: 365-84 (April 1999); Arend H. Huussen, Jr., "Sodomy in the Dutch Republic during the Eighteenth Century," Unauthorized Sexual Behavior during the Enlightenment, ed. Robert P. Maccubbin (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary Press, 1985), 169-78.
56. Randolph Trumbach, "The Birth of the Queen: Sodomy and the Emergence of Gender Equality in Modern Culture, 1660-1750," in Hidden from History, 129-40, quotation on 137. See also Randolph Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution: Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
57. Randolph Trumbach, "The Birth of the Queen: Sodomy and the Emergence of Gender Equality in Modern Culture, 1660-1750," in Hidden from History, 129-40, quotation on 137. See also Randolph Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution: Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
58. Quoted in Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, 57. "Randy women" is a rough translation of lollepotten, a term analyzed by Myriam Everard in "Ziel en zinnen: Over liefde en lust tussen vrouwen in de tweede helft van de achttiende eeuw" (Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1994).
59. Quoted in Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, 57. "Randy women" is a rough translation of lollepotten, a term analyzed by Myriam Everard in "Ziel en zinnen: Over liefde en lust tussen vrouwen in de tweede helft van de achttiende eeuw" (Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1994).
60. See James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Annick Prieur, Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993); Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, eds., Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
61. See James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Annick Prieur, Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993); Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, eds., Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
62. See James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Annick Prieur, Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993); Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, eds., Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
63. See James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Annick Prieur, Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993); Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, eds., Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
64. David M. Halperin, "Sex before Sexuality: Pederasty, Politics, and Power in Classical Athens," in Hidden from History, 37-53.
65. This is a point made by Carole S. Vance, "Social Construction Theory: Problems in the History of Sexuality," in Which Homosexuality?, ed. Dennis Altman et al. (Amsterdam: Dekker/Schorer, 1989), 13-34. Vance credits a student with the incisive question about the bowl and spoon. On a Sambia man who sought out fellatio with initiates, see Gilbert H. Herdt, "Semen Depletion and the Sense of Maleness," in Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 33-68.
66. This is a point made by Carole S. Vance, "Social Construction Theory: Problems in the History of Sexuality," in Which Homosexuality?, ed. Dennis Altman et al. (Amsterdam: Dekker/Schorer, 1989), 13-34. Vance credits a student with the incisive question about the bowl and spoon. On a Sambia man who sought out fellatio with initiates, see Gilbert H. Herdt, "Semen Depletion and the Sense of Maleness," in Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 33-68.
67. Trexler, Sex and Conquest.
68. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus, 276.
69. Kendall, "'When a Woman Loves a Woman' in Lesotho: Love, Sex, and the (Western) Construction of Homophobia," in Murray and Roscoe, Boy-Wives and Female Husbands, 223-41.
70. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
71. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
72. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
73. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
74. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
75. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
76. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
77. There is a great deal of disagreement about the acceptability of romantic friendships. See Liz Stanley, "Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography," Women's History Review 1: 193-216 (1992); Lisa Moore, "'Something More Tender Still Than Friendship': Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England," Feminist Studies 18: 499-520 (1992); Martha Vicinus, "'They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong': The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity," Feminist Studies 18: 467-97 (1992); Emma Donoghue, Passions between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668-1801 (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Sylvia Martin, "'These Walls of Flesh': The Problem of the Body in the Romantic Friendship/Lesbianism Debate," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 20: 243-66 (1994); Marylynne Diggs, "Romantic Friends or a 'Different Race of Creatures?' The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America," Feminist Studies 21: 317-40 (1995); Molly McGarry, Kanchana Natarajan, Dása Franèiková, Tania Navarro Swain, and Karin Lützen, "Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's 'The Female World of Love and Ritual' after Twenty-five Years," Journal of Women's History 12: 8-38 (2000). My argument, presented in "Romantic Friendship," in Modern American Queer History, ed. Allida Black and John Howard (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, forthcoming), is that women could engage in quite passionate relationships without censure as long as they remained respectable by neither appearing masculine, rejecting men, nor seeming to have a relationship that would be defined as sexual.
78. Quoted in Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1 (1): 1-29 (1975), quotation on 4-5; quoted in John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 126.
79. Quoted in Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1 (1): 1-29 (1975), quotation on 4-5; quoted in John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 126.
80. Marie-Jo Bonnet, Les deux amies: Essai sur le couple de femmes dans l'art (Paris: Éditions Blanche, 2000). See also Marie-Jo Bonnet, Les relations amoureuses entre les femmes du XVIème au XXè siècle (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1995).
81. Marie-Jo Bonnet, Les deux amies: Essai sur le couple de femmes dans l'art (Paris: Éditions Blanche, 2000). See also Marie-Jo Bonnet, Les relations amoureuses entre les femmes du XVIème au XXè siècle (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1995).
82. Quoted in Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, 220.
83. Quoted in Karen V. Hansen, "'No Kisses Is Like Youres': An Erotic Friendship between Two African-American Women during the Mid-nineteenth Century," Gender and History 7: 153-82 (1995). See also Farah Jasmine Griffin, ed., Beloved Sisters and Loving Friends: Letters from Rebecca Primus of Royal Oak, Maryland, and Aadie Brown of Hartford, Connecticut, 1854-1868 (New York: Knopf, 1999).
84. Quoted in Karen V. Hansen, "'No Kisses Is Like Youres': An Erotic Friendship between Two African-American Women during the Mid-nineteenth Century," Gender and History 7: 153-82 (1995). See also Farah Jasmine Griffin, ed., Beloved Sisters and Loving Friends: Letters from Rebecca Primus of Royal Oak, Maryland, and Aadie Brown of Hartford, Connecticut, 1854-1868 (New York: Knopf, 1999).
85. Quoted in Judith Brown, Immodest Acts: The Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 117-18.
86. Quoted in Lillian Faderman, Scotch Verdict (New York: Quill, 1983), 147.
87. Anne Lister, I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister (1791-1840), ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: Virago, 1988), 104; Anne Lister, No Priest but Love: The Journals of Anne Lister from 1824-1826, ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 65. On Lister, see Jill Liddington, "Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791-1840): Her Diaries and the Historians," History Workshop 35: 45-77 (1993); and Anna Clark, "Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7: 23-50 (1996).
88. Anne Lister, I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister (1791-1840), ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: Virago, 1988), 104; Anne Lister, No Priest but Love: The Journals of Anne Lister from 1824-1826, ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 65. On Lister, see Jill Liddington,
89. Anne Lister, I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister (1791-1840), ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: Virago, 1988), 104; Anne Lister, No Priest but Love: The Journals of Anne Lister from 1824-1826, ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 65. On Lister, see Jill Liddington, "Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791-1840): Her Diaries and the Historians," History Workshop 35: 45-77 (1993); and Anna Clark, "Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7: 23-50 (1996).
90. Anne Lister, I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister (1791-1840), ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: Virago, 1988), 104; Anne Lister, No Priest but Love: The Journals of Anne Lister from 1824-1826, ed. Helena Whitbread (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 65. On Lister, see Jill Liddington, "Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791-1840): Her Diaries and the Historians," History Workshop 35: 45-77 (1993); and Anna Clark, "Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7: 23-50 (1996).
91. Jonathan Ned Katz, Love Stories: Sex between Men before Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming).
92. E. Anthony Rotundo, "Romantic Friendship: Male Intimacy and Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800-1900," Journal of Social History 23: 1-25 (1989), quotation on 7.
93. Quoted in Martin Duberman, About Time: Exploring the Gay Past, rev. ed. (New York: Meridian Books, 1991), 63.
94. Leila J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, "What Makes a Man a Man: Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret," (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming). Murray makes the same point in Homosexualities, referring to "boy tops" in a number of different cultural settings.
95. Quoted in Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals," 184.
96. Sharon R. Ullman, "'The Twentieth Century Way': Female Impersonation and Sexual Practice in Turn-of-the-Century America," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (4): 573-600 (1995), quotation on 595.
97. Kennedy and Davis, Roots of Leather.
98. Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
99. In his comments at the Oslo conference, John Howard suggested that if we combine the myriad hierarchies of sexuality with the categories of age, gender, class, race, ethnicity, and so on, "we see a system of distinction-making that is virtually limitless in its permutations, in its capacity for normalizing and marginalizing." I think this is an important point, but I am still struck, as is Stephen Murray, by the fact that there "are not hundreds or even dozens of different social organizations of homosexual relations in human societies." See his "Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Latin American Male Homosexualities, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 3-32, quotation on 4, and the introduction to Homosexualities.