An analysis of the technical exigencies and CE marking relative to low voltage (less than 5 kW) photovoltaic inverters marketed in Spain

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 6-7, 2009, Pages 1635-1640

  Salas, V ^a   Olias E ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

CE marking; Directive; Grid connected; Inverter; Low voltage; Photovoltaic; PV systems; Standards

Indexed keywords

CE MARKING; DIRECTIVE; GRID-CONNECTED; INVERTER; LOW VOLTAGE; PHOTOVOLTAIC; PV SYSTEMS;

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; STANDARDS;

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE;

EID: 64249166904     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Law 54/1997, of 27 of November, the Electrical Sector, Spain; 1997.
2. Royal Decree 2818/1998. Production of electrical energy by facilities supplied of electrical energy by resources or renewable power plants, remainders and co-generation, Spain; 1998.
3. The Renewable Energy Plan for 2005-2010, Spain.
4. Royal Decree 1663/2000, dated September 29th, on the connection of photovoltaic installations to the low voltage network, Spain; 2000.
5. Resolution of 31 May 2001, the Main Directorate of Power Policy and Mines, by that they settle down contract model type and model of invoice stops connected photovoltaic solar facilities to the network of low tension, Spain; 2001.
6. Royal Decree 661/2007, of 25th of March, by that the methodology settles down for update and systematization of the legal and economic regime of activity of production of electrical energy in special regime, Spain; 2007.
7. Spanish low voltage Electro-Technical Regulations (Royal Decree 842/2002, of 2 August) and their complementary technical instructions; 2002.
8. Directive 2006/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the harmonization of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits.
9. EN 50178. Electronic equipment for use in power installations; 1997.
10. EN 60146-1-1. Semiconductor convertors general requirements and line commutated convertors. Part 1-1. Specifications of basic requirements; 1991.
11. Directive 2004/108/EC. The EMC directive electromagnetic compatibility of 15 December 2004.
12. EN 50081-1. Generic emissions: residential, commercial, and light industrial environments; 1992.
13. EN 50082-1. Electromagnetic compatibility. Generic immunity standard. Part 1. Residential, Commercial and Light Industry; 1998.
14. EN 50082-2. Electromagnetic compabitility. Generic immunity standard. Part 2. Industrial environment; 1995.
15. EN 61000-6-1 Ed. 2. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 6-1. Generic standards-immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments; 2001.
16. EN 61000-6-2 Ed. 2. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 6-2. Generic standards-immunity for industrial environments; 2001.
17. EN 61000-6-3 Ed. 2.0. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 6-3. Generic standards-emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments. Approved for 2nd committee draft.
18. EN 61000-6-4 Ed. 2.0. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 6-4. Generic standards-emission standard for industrial environments. Approved for 2nd committee draft.
19. EN 61000-3-2. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3-2. Limits-limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase); 2005.
20. EN 61000-3-3. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3-3. Limits-limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current ≤16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection, Ed. 1.2; 2005.
21. EN 61000-4-2. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-2. Testing and measurement techniques-electrostatic discharge immunity test, Ed. 1.2; 2001.
22. EN 61000-4-3. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-3. Testing and measurement techniques-radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test; 2006.
23. EN 61000-4-4. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-4. Testing and measurement techniques-electrical fast transient/burst immunity test, Ed. 2; 2004.
24. EN 61000-4-5. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-5. Testing and measurement techniques-Surge immunity test, Ed. 2; 2005.
25. EN 61000-4-6. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-6. Testing and measurement techniques-immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields; 2006.
26. EN 61000-4-8. Compatibilidad electromagnética (CEM). Parte 4. Técnicas de ensayo y de medida. Sección 8: Ensayo de inmunidad a los campos magnéticos a frecuencia industrial. Norma básica de CEM, Ed. 1; 1993.
27. EN 61000-4-11 Ed. 2. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-11. Testing and measurement techniques-voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests; 2005.
28. ENV 50204. Radiated electromagnetic field from digital radio telephones. Immunity test; 1996.
29. EN 55011. Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment radio disturbance characteristics. Limits and methods of measurement.
30. EN 55014-1. Electromagnetic compatibility-requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus. Part 1. Emission; 1993.
31. EN 55014-2:1998. Electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus. Part 2. Immunity. Product family standard 2; 1998.
32. EN 55022:2000. Information technology equipment. Radio disturbance characteristics. Limits and methods of measurement; 2007.
33. VDE 0871, June 1978.
34. EN 60664-1. Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems. Part 1. Principles, requirements and tests; 2004.
35. EN 60950. Information technology equipment-safety; 1992.
36. EN 60529. Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code); 2001.