Crack-cocaine use accelerates HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 93-99

  Baum, Marianna K ^a   Rafie, Carlin ^a   Lai, Shenghan ^b   Sales, Sabrina ^a   Page, Bryan ^c   Campa, Adriana ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

CD4+ cell count; Crack cocaine; HIV; HIV disease progression; HIV viral load; Marijuana

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CANNABIS; CD4 ANTIGEN; COCAINE; ILLICIT DRUG; DIAMORPHINE;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VIROTHERAPY; VIRUS LOAD; ADDICTION; ALCOHOLISM; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; MIDDLE AGED;

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CANNABIS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; COHORT STUDIES; CRACK COCAINE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HEROIN; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 64249165706     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181900129     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Kral AH, Blunenthal RN, Booth RE, et al. HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:108-113.
2. Vignoles M, Avila MM, Osimani ML, et al. HIV seroincidence estimates among at-risk populations in Buenos Aires and Montevideo: use of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42:494-500.
3. Pechansky F, Woody G, Inciardi J, et al. HIV seroprevalence among drug users: an analysis of selected variables based on 10 years of data collection in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;82:S109-S113.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005. Vol 17, Tables 2, 9 & 11. Rev. ed. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/ surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/. Accessed December 27, 2007.
5. Booth RE, Watters JK, Chitwood DD. HIV risk-related sex behaviors among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1144-1148.
6. Vittinghoff E, Hessol NA, Bacchetti P, et al. Cofactors for HIV disease progression in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:308-314.
7. Thorpe LE, Frederick M, Pitt J, et al. Effect of hard-drug use on CD4 cell percentage, HIV RNA Level, and progression to AIDS-defining class C events among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004; 37:1423-1430.
8. + lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-positive homosexual men and injecting drug users. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:869-875.
9. Webber MP, Schoenbaum EE, Gourevitch MN, et al. A prospective study of HIV disease progression in female and male drug users. AIDS. 1999; 13: 257-262.
10. Siddiqui NS, Brown LS Jr, Makuch RW Short-term declines in CD4 levels associated with cocaine use in HIV-1 seropositive, minority injecting drug users. J Natl Med Assoc. 1993;85:293-296.
11. Duncan R, Shapshak P, Page JB, et al. Crack cocaine: effect modifier of RNA viral load and CD4 count in HIV infected African American women. Front Biosci. 2007;12:488-495.
12. Cook JA, Burke-Miller, Cohen MH, et al. Crack cocaine, disease progression, and mortality in a multicenter cohort of HIV-1 positive women. AIDS. 2008;22:1355-1363.
13. Lucas GM, Gebo KA, Chaisson RE, et al. Longitudinal assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV-1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic. AIDS. 2002; 16:767-774.
14. Arnsten JH, Demas PA, Grant RW, et al. Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:377-381.
15. Hinkin CH, Barclay TR, Castellon SA, et al. Drug use and medication adherence among HIV-1 infected individuals. AIDS Behav. 2007;11: 185-194.
16. Campa A, Jayaweera DT, Rafie C, et al. When access to antiretroviral for all is not enough. J Public Adm and Manage. 2007;12:147-159.
17. Meyerhoff DJ. Effects of alcohol and HIV infection on the central nervous system. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25:288-298.
18. Bagasra O, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Lishcner HW, et al. Alcohol intake increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Infect Dis. 1993;167: 789-797.
19. Lopez MC, Colombo LL, Huang DS, et al. Modification of thymic cell subsets induced by long-term cocaine administration during a murine retroviral infection producing AIDS. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1992; 65:45-52.
20. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42:121-130.
21. Stein MD, Rich JD, Maksad J, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected methadone patients: effect of on-going illicit drug use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:195-205.
22. Lucas GM, Griswold M, Gebo KA, et al. Illicit drug use and HIV-1 disease progression: a longitudinal study in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Epidemiol. 2006; 163412-420.
23. Isaacs SO, Martin P, Willoughby JH. "Crack" (an extra potent form of cocaine) abuse: a problem of the eighties. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;63:12-16.
24. Cherubin CE. The medical sequelae of narcotic addiction. Ann Intern Med. 1967;67:23-33.
25. Louria DB, Hensle T, Rose J. The major complications of heroin addiction. Ann Intern Med. 1967;67:1-22.
26. Peterson PK, Sharp BM, Gekker G. Morphine promotes the growth of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell co-cultures. AIDS. 1990;4:869-874.
27. Donahoe RM, Nicholson JK, Madden JJ, et al. Coordinate and independent effects of heroin, cocaine and alcohol abuse on T-cell E-rosette formation and antigenic marker expression. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1986;41:254-264.
28. Mientjes GH, van Ameijden EJ, van den Hoek AJ, et al. Increasing morbidity without rise in non-AIDS mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Amsterdam. AIDS. 1992;6:207-212.
29. Brown SM, Stammel B, Taub RN, et al. Immunologic dysfunction in heroin addicts. Arch Intern Med. 1974; 134:1001-1006.
30. Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, et al. A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride - a review. Neurology. 1991; 41:1173-1177.
31. Schwartz RH, Luxenberg MG, Hoffmann NG. "Crack" use by American middle-class adolescent polydrug abusers. J Pediatr. 1991; 118:150-155.
32. Hatsukami DK, Fischman MW. Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride. are the differences myth or reality? JAMA. 1996;276:1580-1588.