Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: The basic science and clinical evidence surrounding the controversy in management

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 702-707

  Gyamfi, Cynthia ^a   Wapner, Ronald J ^a   D'Alton, Mary E ^a  

^a NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IODINATED POPPYSEED OIL; LIOTHYRONINE; PROTIRELIN; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; THYROID HORMONE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GESTATION PERIOD; GOITER; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROXINEMIA; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; IODINE DEFICIENCY; MATERNAL DISEASE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; NONHUMAN; NOTE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL SCREENING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; THYROID DISEASE; ADULT; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FETUS; INTELLIGENCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW;

ADULT; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INTELLIGENCE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; THYROID HORMONES;

EID: 64249156044     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181996fe5     Document Type: Note

References (26)

1. Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151 suppl:U25-U37.
2. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999;341:549-55.
3. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, Vijlder JJ, et al. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:149-55.
4. Pop VJ, Brouwers EP, Vader HL, Vulsma T, van Baar AL, de Vijlder JJ. Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:282-8.
5. Gharib H, Tuttle RM, Baskin HJ, Fish LH, Singer PA, McDermott MT. Consensus Statement #1. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction: A joint statement on management from the American Associ- ation of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and the Endocrine Society. Thyroid 2005;15: 24-28.
6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician- gynecologists. Number 37, August 2002. (Replaces Practice Bulletin Number 32, November 2001). Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:387-96.
7. Committee on Patient Safety and Quality Improvement; Committee on Professional Liability. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 381: Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:959-60.
8. Harrison's Internal Medicine. Disorders of the thyroid gland. Available at: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content. aspx?aID-2877356€searchStr- hypothyroidism. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
9. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, Del Rey FE, Morreale de Escobar G, Berbel P. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004;145: 4037-47.
10. Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Ruiz de Oň a C, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats. Crucial role of maternal thyroxine but not of 3.5.3=-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain. J Clin Invest 1990;86:889-99.
11. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Wenstrom KD, editors. Williams obstetrics 22nd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2005.
12. Forrest D. The developing brain and maternal thyroid hormone: finding the links. Endocrinology 2004;145:4034-6.
13. Contempre' B, Jauniaux E, Calvo R, Jurkovic D, Campbell S, de Escobar GM. Detection of thyroid hormones in human embryonic cavities during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1719-22.
14. Calvo RM, Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Asuncion M, Gervy C, Contempre B, Morreale de Escobar G. Fetal tissues are exposed to biologically relevant free thyroxine concentrations during early phases of development. Possible consequences of maternal hypothyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3117-28.
15. Lavado-Autric R, Auso E, Garcia-Velasco JV, Arufe Mdel C, Escobar del Rey F, Berbel P, et al. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1073-82.
16. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, Del Rey FE, Morreale de Escobar G, Berbel P. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004;145: 4037-47.
17. Hunziker-Shild H. Der Kropf, eine Anpassung an Jodarme Nahrung. Berne (Switzerland): Verlag A. Franke; 1915.
18. Choufoer JC, Vanrhijn M, Querido A. Endemic goiter in Western New Guinea. II. Clinical picture, incidence, and pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1965;25:385-402.
19. Man EB, Jones WS. Thyroid function in human pregnancy. V. Incidence of maternal serum low butanol-extractable iodines and of normal gestational TBG and TBPA capacities: retardation of 8-month of infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;104: 898-908.
20. Pharoah PO, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. Neurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Lancet 1971;13:308-10.
21. Pop VJ, de Vries E, van Baar AL, Waelkens JJ, de Rooy HA, Horsten M, et al. Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker for impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3561-6.
22. Vermiglio F, Lo Presti VP, Moleti M, Sidoti M, Tortorella G, Scaffidi G, et al. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89: 6054-60.
23. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, McIntire DD, Byrd W, Leveno KJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:239-45.
24. March of Dimes. PeriStats. United States births. Available at: http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/level1.aspx?reg-99&slev-1&top- 2&stop-1&obj-1&lev-1&dv-cg. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
25. Biosafe Home TSH Test. Available at: http://www. thyroidbreakthrough.com/ tests.htm. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
26. Utiger RD. Maternal hypothyroidism and fetal development. N Engl J Med 1999;341:601-2.