메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 2104-2115

Emulating DNA: Rigorous quantification of evidential weight in transparent and testable forensic speaker recognition

Author keywords

Admissibility of speech evidence; Calibration; Daubert; Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); Forensic speaker recognition (FSR); Likelihood ratio (LR)

Indexed keywords

ADMISSIBILITY OF SPEECH EVIDENCE; DAUBERT; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA); FORENSIC SPEAKER RECOGNITION (FSR); LIKELIHOOD RATIO (LR);

EID: 64249127238     PISSN: 15587916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TASL.2007.902747     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (134)

References (65)
  • 2
    • 1342324886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. G. G. Aitken and D. Lucy, Evaluation of trace evidence in the form of multivariate data, Applied Statistics 53, pp. 109-122, with corrigendum pp. 665-666, 2005.
    • C. G. G. Aitken and D. Lucy, "Evaluation of trace evidence in the form of multivariate data," Applied Statistics 53, pp. 109-122, with corrigendum pp. 665-666, 2005.
  • 4
    • 0033884857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Score normalization for text-independent speaker verification systems
    • R. Auckenthaler, M. Carey, and H. Lloyd-Tomas, "Score normalization for text-independent speaker verification systems," Digital Signal Process., vol. 10, pp. 42-54, 2000.
    • (2000) Digital Signal Process , vol.10 , pp. 42-54
    • Auckenthaler, R.1    Carey, M.2    Lloyd-Tomas, H.3
  • 6
    • 0345338047 scopus 로고
    • Some measurements of some sounds of Australian English,
    • Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Sydney, Sydney, Australia
    • J. R. L. Bernard, "Some measurements of some sounds of Australian English," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1967.
    • (1967)
    • Bernard, J.R.L.1
  • 7
    • 0001594873 scopus 로고
    • Science and the law in the wake of Daubert: A new search for scientific knowledge
    • B. Black, F. J. Ayala, and C. Saffran-Brinks, "Science and the law in the wake of Daubert: A new search for scientific knowledge," Texas Law Rev., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 715-761, 1994.
    • (1994) Texas Law Rev , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 715-761
    • Black, B.1    Ayala, F.J.2    Saffran-Brinks, C.3
  • 9
    • 84937184735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is forensic speaker identification unethical?-Or can it be unethical not to do it
    • A. Braun et al., "Is forensic speaker identification unethical?-Or can it be unethical not to do it," Forensic Ling., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 10-21, 1998.
    • (1998) Forensic Ling , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-21
    • Braun, A.1
  • 10
    • 29044433376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application independent evaluation of speaker detection
    • N. Brummer and J. du Preez, "Application independent evaluation of speaker detection," Comput. Speech Lang., vol. 20, no. 2-3, pp. 230-275, 2006.
    • (2006) Comput. Speech Lang , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 230-275
    • Brummer, N.1    du Preez, J.2
  • 11
    • 64249119626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online, Available
    • N. Brummer, "Focal tlkt." [Online]. Available: http://www.dsp.sun.ac.za/nbrummer/focal/
    • Focal tlkt
    • Brummer, N.1
  • 13
    • 64249084848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. P. Campbell, Linguistics and the science behind speaker identification, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/ Page-Server?pagename=sackler-forensic-presentations
    • J. P. Campbell, "Linguistics and the science behind speaker identification," 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/ Page-Server?pagename=sackler-forensic-presentations
  • 14
    • 33646776806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating and evaluating confidence for forensic speaker recognition
    • W. M. Campbell, D. A. Reynolds, J. P. Campbell, and K. J. Brady, "Estimating and evaluating confidence for forensic speaker recognition," in Proc. ICASSP, 2005, pp. 717-720.
    • (2005) Proc. ICASSP , pp. 717-720
    • Campbell, W.M.1    Reynolds, D.A.2    Campbell, J.P.3    Brady, K.J.4
  • 15
    • 33645887246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support vector machines using GMM supervectors for speaker verification
    • W. M. Campbell, D. E. Sturim, and D. A. Reynolds, "Support vector machines using GMM supervectors for speaker verification," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 308-311, 2006.
    • (2006) IEEE Signal Process. Lett , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 308-311
    • Campbell, W.M.1    Sturim, D.E.2    Reynolds, D.A.3
  • 16
    • 0033738981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inference of identity in forensic speaker recognition
    • C. Champod et al., "The inference of identity in forensic speaker recognition," Speech Commun., vol. 31, pp. 193-203, 2000.
    • (2000) Speech Commun , vol.31 , pp. 193-203
    • Champod, C.1
  • 17
    • 0002784096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification/ individualization: Overview and meaning of ID
    • C. Champod, J. Siegel, P. Saukko, and G. Knupfer, Eds, London, U.K, Academic
    • C. Champod, , J. Siegel, P. Saukko, and G. Knupfer, Eds., "Identification/ individualization: Overview and meaning of ID," in Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. London, U.K.: Academic, 2000, pp. 1077-1083.
    • (2000) Encyclopedia of Forensic Science , pp. 1077-1083
  • 18
    • 0035080017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic approach to fingerprint evidence
    • C. Champod et al., "A probabilistic approach to fingerprint evidence," J. Forensic Ident., vol. 51, pp. 101-122, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Forensic Ident , vol.51 , pp. 101-122
    • Champod, C.1
  • 19
    • 64249142003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. A. Cole, A history of fingerprinting and criminal identification, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/ Page-Server?pagename=sackler-forensic-presentations
    • S. A. Cole, "A history of fingerprinting and criminal identification," 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/ Page-Server?pagename=sackler-forensic-presentations
  • 20
    • 27144523686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than zero: Accounting for error in latent fingerprint identification
    • S. A. Cole, "More than zero: Accounting for error in latent fingerprint identification," J. Criminal Law Criminol., vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 985-1078, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Criminal Law Criminol , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 985-1078
    • Cole, S.A.1
  • 22
    • 64249141825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Supreme Court, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 U.S. 579, 1993.
    • U.S. Supreme Court, "Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 U.S. 579," 1993.
  • 23
    • 0002345034 scopus 로고
    • The comparison and evaluation of forecasters
    • M. H. deGroot and S. E. Fienberg, "The comparison and evaluation of forecasters," Statist., vol. 32, pp. 12-22, 1982.
    • (1982) Statist , vol.32 , pp. 12-22
    • deGroot, M.H.1    Fienberg, S.E.2
  • 24
    • 0004674118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical and population genetics issues affecting the evaluation of the frequency of occurrence of DNA profiles calculated from pertinent population database(s)
    • DNA Advisory Board, Online, Available
    • DNA Advisory Board, "Statistical and population genetics issues affecting the evaluation of the frequency of occurrence of DNA profiles calculated from pertinent population database(s)," Forensic Sci. Commun., vol. 2, no. 3, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/ fsc/backissu/july2000/dnastat.htm
    • (2000) Forensic Sci. Commun , vol.2 , Issue.3
  • 25
    • 2942623033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sheeps, goats, lambs and wolves: A statistical analysis of speaker performance in the NIST 1998 speaker recognition evaluation
    • G. Doddington et al., "Sheeps, goats, lambs and wolves: A statistical analysis of speaker performance in the NIST 1998 speaker recognition evaluation," in Proc. ICSLP, 1998.
    • (1998) Proc. ICSLP
    • Doddington, G.1
  • 26
    • 0345221573 scopus 로고
    • Interpretation, a Personal Odyssey
    • C. G. G. Aitken and D. A. Stoney, Eds. Chichester, U.K, Ellis Horwood
    • I. W. Evett, "Interpretation, a Personal Odyssey," in The Use of Statistics in Forensic Science, C. G. G. Aitken and D. A. Stoney, Eds. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood, 1991, pp. 9-22.
    • (1991) The Use of Statistics in Forensic Science , pp. 9-22
    • Evett, I.W.1
  • 27
    • 0002491571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical analysis of STR data
    • New York: Springer-Verlag
    • I. W. Evett et al., "Statistical analysis of STR data," in Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996, vol. 6, pp. 79-86.
    • (1996) Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics , vol.6 , pp. 79-86
    • Evett, I.W.1
  • 28
    • 0031821209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a uniform framework for reporting opinions in forensic science casework
    • I. W. Evett, "Towards a uniform framework for reporting opinions in forensic science casework," Sci. Justice, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 198-202, 1998.
    • (1998) Sci. Justice , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 198-202
    • Evett, I.W.1
  • 29
    • 0344925824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting DNA evidence: A review
    • L. A. Foreman et al., "Interpreting DNA evidence: A review," Int. Statist. Rev., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 473-495, 2003.
    • (2003) Int. Statist. Rev , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 473-495
    • Foreman, L.A.1
  • 30
    • 0028419019 scopus 로고
    • Maximum a posteriori estimation for multivariate Gaussian mixture observations of Markov chains
    • Apr
    • J. L. Gauvain et al., "Maximum a posteriori estimation for multivariate Gaussian mixture observations of Markov chains," IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 291-298, Apr. 1994.
    • (1994) IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-298
    • Gauvain, J.L.1
  • 31
    • 29044435164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robust estimation, interpretation and assessment of likelihood ratios in forensic speaker recognition
    • J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A. Drygajlo, D. Ramos, M. Garcia-Gomar, and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Robust estimation, interpretation and assessment of likelihood ratios in forensic speaker recognition," Comput. Speech Lang., vol. 20, no. 2-3, pp. 331-355, 2006.
    • (2006) Comput. Speech Lang , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 331-355
    • Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.1    Drygajlo, A.2    Ramos, D.3    Garcia-Gomar, M.4    Ortega-Garcia, J.5
  • 33
    • 64249083927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Dept. of justice and office of the inspector general-Oversight and review division, A review of the FBI's handling of the Brandon Mayfield case (unclassified and redacted), Washington, DC, 2006.
    • US Dept. of justice and office of the inspector general-Oversight and review division, "A review of the FBI's handling of the Brandon Mayfield case (unclassified and redacted)," Washington, DC, 2006.
  • 34
    • 64249155807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensic speaker analysis and identification by computer: A Bayesian approach anchored in the cepstral domain,
    • Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
    • M. Khodai-Joopari, "Forensic speaker analysis and identification by computer: A Bayesian approach anchored in the cepstral domain," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2006.
    • (2006)
    • Khodai-Joopari, M.1
  • 36
    • 85073342893 scopus 로고
    • Current approaches to forensic speaker recognition
    • Martigny, Switzerland
    • H. J. Künzell, "Current approaches to forensic speaker recognition," in Proc. ESCA Workshop Automatic Speaker Recognition, Martigny, Switzerland, 1994, pp. 135-141.
    • (1994) Proc. ESCA Workshop Automatic Speaker Recognition , pp. 135-141
    • Künzell, H.J.1
  • 37
    • 0017640710 scopus 로고
    • A problem in forensic science
    • D. V. Lindley, "A problem in forensic science," Biometrika, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 207-213, 1977.
    • (1977) Biometrika , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 207-213
    • Lindley, D.V.1
  • 38
    • 64249125239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian thoughts
    • Jun
    • D. V. Lindley, "Bayesian thoughts," Significance, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 73-75, Jun. 2004.
    • (2004) Significance , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 73-75
    • Lindley, D.V.1
  • 39
    • 64249083452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Meuwly, Reconaissance de locuteurs en sciences forensiques: l'apport d'une approche automatique, Ph.D. dissertation, IPSC, Univ. Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2001.
    • D. Meuwly, "Reconaissance de locuteurs en sciences forensiques: l'apport d'une approche automatique," Ph.D. dissertation, IPSC, Univ. Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2001.
  • 40
    • 64249169655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Academy of Sciences Sackler Colloquium, Forensic science: The Nexus of science and the law. 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=sackler-forensic
    • National Academy of Sciences Sackler Colloquium, "Forensic science: The Nexus of science and the law." 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=sackler-forensic
  • 41
    • 33645849045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online, Available
    • NIST, "2005 speaker recognition evaluation plan." 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.nist.gov/speech/tests/spk/2005/index.htm
    • (2005) 2005 speaker recognition evaluation plan
  • 42
    • 80051625480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online, Available
    • NIST, "2006 speaker recognition evaluation plan." 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.nist.gov/speech/tests/spk/2006/index.htm
    • (2006) 2006 speaker recognition evaluation plan
  • 43
    • 64249097331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quot;National Research Council, Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science, in DNA Technology in Forensic Science. Washington, DC: National Academy, 1992.
    • quot;National Research Council, Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science," in DNA Technology in Forensic Science. Washington, DC: National Academy, 1992.
  • 44
    • 64249122439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quot;National research council-Committee on DNA forensic science, in The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, D.C: National Academy, 1996.
    • quot;National research council-Committee on DNA forensic science," in The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, D.C: National Academy, 1996.
  • 45
    • 0033902487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying logistic regression to the fusion of the NIST'99 1-speaker submissions
    • S. Pigeon, P. Druyts, and P. Verlinde, "Applying logistic regression to the fusion of the NIST'99 1-speaker submissions," Digital Signal Process., vol. 10, pp. 237-248, 2000.
    • (2000) Digital Signal Process , vol.10 , pp. 237-248
    • Pigeon, S.1    Druyts, P.2    Verlinde, P.3
  • 46
    • 37649027226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suspect-adapted MAP estimation of within-source distributions in generative likelihood ratio estimation
    • San Juan, PR
    • D. Ramos, J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A. Montero-Asenjo, and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Suspect-adapted MAP estimation of within-source distributions in generative likelihood ratio estimation," in Proc. IEEE Odyssey-06, San Juan, PR, 2006, pp. 1-5.
    • (2006) Proc. IEEE Odyssey-06 , pp. 1-5
    • Ramos, D.1    Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.2    Montero-Asenjo, A.3    Ortega-Garcia, J.4
  • 47
    • 64249141824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likelihood ratio calibration in a transparent and testable forensic speaker recognition framework
    • San Juan, PR
    • D. Ramos et al., "Likelihood ratio calibration in a transparent and testable forensic speaker recognition framework," in Proc. IEEE Odyssey-06, San Juan, PR, 2006, pp. 1-8.
    • (2006) Proc. IEEE Odyssey-06 , pp. 1-8
    • Ramos, D.1
  • 48
    • 33750479883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speaker verification using speaker- and test-dependent fast score normalization
    • D. Ramos et al., "Speaker verification using speaker- and test-dependent fast score normalization," Pattern Recognition Lett., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 90-98, 2006.
    • (2006) Pattern Recognition Lett , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 90-98
    • Ramos, D.1
  • 49
    • 0033884858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speaker verification using adapted Gaussian mixture models
    • D. A. Reynolds et al., "Speaker verification using adapted Gaussian mixture models," Digital Signal Process., vol. 10, pp. 19-41, 2003.
    • (2003) Digital Signal Process , vol.10 , pp. 19-41
    • Reynolds, D.A.1
  • 50
    • 0036293830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of speaker recognition technology
    • D. A. Reynolds, "An overview of speaker recognition technology," in Proc. ICASSP, 2003, pp. 4072-4075.
    • (2003) Proc. ICASSP , pp. 4072-4075
    • Reynolds, D.A.1
  • 51
    • 0141813506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Channel robust speaker verification via feature mapping
    • D. A. Reynolds, "Channel robust speaker verification via feature mapping," in Proc. ICASSP, 2003, pp. 53-57.
    • (2003) Proc. ICASSP , pp. 53-57
    • Reynolds, D.A.1
  • 53
    • 3843106634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength of forensic speaker identification evidence-Multispeaker formant and cepstrum based segmental discrimination with a bayesian likelihood ratio as threshold
    • P. Rose et al., "Strength of forensic speaker identification evidence-Multispeaker formant and cepstrum based segmental discrimination with a bayesian likelihood ratio as threshold," Int. J. Speech Lang. Law, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 179-202, 2003.
    • (2003) Int. J. Speech Lang. Law , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-202
    • Rose, P.1
  • 54
    • 29044446618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical forensic speaker recognition: Evaluation, types and testing of evidence
    • P. Rose, "Technical forensic speaker recognition: Evaluation, types and testing of evidence," Comput. Speech Lang., vol. 20, no. 2-3, pp. 159-191, 2006.
    • (2006) Comput. Speech Lang , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 159-191
    • Rose, P.1
  • 55
    • 62349120909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Realistic extrinsic forensic speaker discrimination with the diphthong/ ai/
    • P. Rose, Y. Kinoshita, and T. Alderman, P. Warren and C. Watson, Eds
    • P. Rose, Y. Kinoshita, and T. Alderman, P. Warren and C. Watson, Eds., "Realistic extrinsic forensic speaker discrimination with the diphthong/ ai/," in Proc. 11th Australian Int. Conf. Speech Sci. Technol., 2006, pp. 329-334.
    • (2006) Proc. 11th Australian Int. Conf. Speech Sci. Technol , pp. 329-334
  • 56
    • 62349128899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intrinsic forensic discriminatory power of diphthongs
    • P. Rose, P. Warren and C. Watson, Eds
    • P. Rose, P. Warren and C. Watson, Eds., "The intrinsic forensic discriminatory power of diphthongs," in Proc. 11th Australian Int. Conf. Speech Sci. Technol., 2006, pp. 64-69.
    • (2006) Proc. 11th Australian Int. Conf. Speech Sci. Technol , pp. 64-69
  • 57
    • 2242432762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the probability of observing misleading statistical evidence
    • Sep
    • R. Royall, "On the probability of observing misleading statistical evidence," J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., vol. 95, no. 451, pp. 760-768, Sep. 2000.
    • (2000) J. Amer. Statist. Assoc , vol.95 , Issue.451 , pp. 760-768
    • Royall, R.1
  • 58
    • 23244453289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coming paradigm shift in forensic identification science
    • M. J. Saks and J. J. Koehler, "The coming paradigm shift in forensic identification science," Science, vol. 309, no. 5736, pp. 892-895, 2005.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , Issue.5736 , pp. 892-895
    • Saks, M.J.1    Koehler, J.J.2
  • 59
    • 33645895387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in channel compensation for SVM speaker recognition
    • A. Solomonoff, W. M. Campbell, and I. Boardman, "Advances in channel compensation for SVM speaker recognition," in Proc. ICASSP, 2005, pp. 629-632.
    • (2005) Proc. ICASSP , pp. 629-632
    • Solomonoff, A.1    Campbell, W.M.2    Boardman, I.3
  • 60
    • 0025874786 scopus 로고
    • What made us ever think we could individualize using statistics?
    • D. A. Stoney, "What made us ever think we could individualize using statistics?," J. Forensic Sci. Soc., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 197-199, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Forensic Sci. Soc , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-199
    • Stoney, D.A.1
  • 61
    • 0034890604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De Finetti's subjectivism, the assessment of probabilities and the evaluation of evidence: A commentary for forensic scientists
    • F. Taroni et al., "De Finetti's subjectivism, the assessment of probabilities and the evaluation of evidence: A commentary for forensic scientists," Sci. Justice, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 145-150, 2001.
    • (2001) Sci. Justice , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 145-150
    • Taroni, F.1
  • 62
    • 21444432130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision analysis in forensic science
    • F. Taroni et al., "Decision analysis in forensic science," J. Forensic Sci., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 894-905, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Forensic Sci , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 894-905
    • Taroni, F.1
  • 63
    • 26444496281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of the 2003 NFI-TNO forensic speaker recognition evaluation
    • D. van Leeuwen et al., "Results of the 2003 NFI-TNO forensic speaker recognition evaluation," in Proc. Odyssey, 2004, pp. 75-82.
    • (2004) Proc. Odyssey , pp. 75-82
    • van Leeuwen, D.1
  • 64
    • 29044433161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NIST 2004 and TNO/NFI speaker recognition evaluations
    • D. van Leeuwen, A. Martin, M. Przybocki, and J. Bouten, "The NIST 2004 and TNO/NFI speaker recognition evaluations," Comput. Speech Lang., vol. 20, no. 2-3, pp. 128-158, 2006.
    • (2006) Comput. Speech Lang , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 128-158
    • van Leeuwen, D.1    Martin, A.2    Przybocki, M.3    Bouten, J.4
  • 65
    • 20544472102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. J. Walsh, C. M. Triggs, and J. S. Buckleton, Eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • S. J. Walsh, C. M. Triggs, and J. S. Buckleton, Eds., Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2004.
    • (2004) Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.