Viral load and CD4+ T-cell dynamics in primary HIV-1 subtype C infection

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 65-76

  Novitsky, Vladimir ^a,b   Woldegabriel, Elias ^b   Kebaabetswe, Lemme ^b   Rossenkhan, Raabya ^b   Mlotshwa, Busisiwe ^b   Bonney, Caitlin ^a   Finucane, Mariel ^a   Musonda, Rosemary ^a,b   Moyo, Sikhulile ^b   Wester, Carolyn ^a,b   Widenfelt, Erik Van ^b   Makhema, Joseph ^a,b   Lagakos, Stephen ^a   Essex, M ^a,b,c  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BOTSWANA HARVARD AIDS INSTITUTE PARTNERSHIP   (Botswana)

^c Harvard AIDS Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute HIV 1 infection; CD4 count; HIV 1 subtype C; Natural history; Primary HIV 1 infection; Viral load

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR4; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5 ANTAGONIST; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DNA RNA HYBRIDIZATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MONONUCLEAR CELL; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRIMARY INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS LOAD; BLOOD; BOTSWANA; CLASSIFICATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; GENETICS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYLOGENY; TIME; VIROLOGY;

ADULT; BOTSWANA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; DNA, VIRAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYLOGENY; RNA, VIRAL; TIME FACTORS; VIRAL LOAD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 64249109641     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181900141     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Osmanov S, Pattou C, Walker N, et al. Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 2002;29:184-190.
2. Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, et al. Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004. AIDS. 2006;20: W13-W23.
3. UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2005. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2005. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/epi/2005/doc/report-pdf.asp. Accessed November 7, 2008.
4. UNAIDS. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2006. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV-data/ 2006GlobalReport/default.asp. Accessed November 7, 2008.
5. UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update 2007. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2007. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/ EpiUpdArchive/2006/. Accessed November 7, 2008.
6. Busch MP, Lee LL, Satten GA, et al. Time course of detection of viral and serologic markers preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. Transfusion. 1995;35:91-97.
7. Kaufmann GR, Cunningham P, Kelleher AD, et al. Patterns of viral dynamics during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. The Sydney Primary HIV Infection Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1812-1815.
8. Kaufmann GR, Cunningham P, Zaunders J, et al. Impact of early HIV-1 RNA and T-lymphocyte dynamics during primary HIV-1 infection on the subsequent course of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in the first year of HIV-1 infection. Sydney Primary HIV Infection Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;22:437-444.
9. Kaufmann GR, Duncombe C, Zaunders J, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection: a review of clinical manifestations, immunologic and virologic changes. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1998;12:759-767.
10. Little SJ, McLean AR, Spina CA, et al. Viral dynamics of acute HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med. 1999; 190:841-850.
11. Blattner WA, Ann Oursler K, Cleghorn F, et al. Rapid clearance of virus after acute HIV-1 infection: correlates of risk of AIDS. J Infect Dis. 2004; 189:1793-1801.
12. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17:1871-1879.
13. Schacker TW, Hughes JP, Shea T, et al. Biological and virologic characteristics of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128: 613-620.
14. Sterling TR, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, et al. Initial plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and progression to AIDS in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:720-725.
15. Clark S, Saag M, Decker W, et al. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:954-960.
16. Daar ES, Moudgil T, Meyer RD, et al. Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:961-964.
17. Graziosi C, Pantaleo G, Butini L, et al. Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and RNA synthesis during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:6405-6409.
18. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:33-39.
19. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Gupta P, et al. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science. 1996;272: 1167-1170.
20. Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CRJ, et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:573-579.
21. Henrard DR, Phillips JF, Muenz LR, et al. Natural history of HIV-1 cell-free viremia. JAMA. 1995;274:554-558.
22. Picker LJ, Maino VC. The CD 4(+) T cell response to HIV-1. Curr Opin Immunol. 2000;12:381-386.
23. Picker LJ. Immunopa thogenesis of acute AIDS virus infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006; 18:399-405.
24. Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004;200:749-759.
25. Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004;200: 761-770.
26. Rouzioux C, Hubert JB, Burgard M, et al. Early levels of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are predictive of disease progression independently of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ T cell counts. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:46-55.
27. Verhofstede C, Reniers S, Van Wanzeele F, et al. Evaluation of proviral copy number and plasma RNA level as early indicators of progression in HIV-1 infection: correlation with virological and immunological markers of disease. AIDS. 1994;8:1421-1427.
28. Strain MC, Little SJ, Daar ES, et al. Effect of treatment, during primary infection, on establishment and clearance of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1410-1418.
29. Goujard C, Bonarek M, Meyer L, et al. CD4 cell count and HIV DNA level are independent predictors of disease progression after primary HIV type 1 infection in untreated patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:709-715.
30. Craib KJ, Strathdee SA, Hogg RS, et al. Serum levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA after seroconversion: a predictor of long-term mortality in HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 1997; 176:798-800.
31. Lefrere JJ, Roudot-Thoraval F, Mariotti M, et al. The risk of disease progression is determined during the first year of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1541-1548.
32. Vanhems P, Hirschel B, Phillips AN, et al. Incubation time of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and duration of acute HIV infection are independent prognostic factors of progression to AIDS. J Infect Dis. 2000; 182:334-337.
33. Hubert JB, Burgard M, Dussaix E, et al. Natural history of serum HIV-1 RNA levels in 330 patients with a known date of infection. The SEROCO Study Group. AIDS. 2000;14:123-131.
34. O'Brien TR, Rosenberg PS, Yellin F, et al. Longitudinal HIV-1 RNA levels in a cohort of homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;18:155-161.
35. O'Brien TR, Blattner WA, Waters D, et al. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. JAMA. 1996;276:105-110.
36. Deeks SG, Kitchen CM, Liu L, et al. Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load. Blood. 2004;104:942-947.
37. Gray CM, Williamson C, Bredell H, et al. Viral dynamics and CD4+ T cell counts in subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 -infected individuals from southern Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005; 21:285-291.
38. Sarr AD, Eisen G, Gueye-Ndiaye A, et al. Viral dynamics of primary HIV-1 infection in Senegal, West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1460-1467.
39. Richardson BA, Mbori-Ngacha D, Lavreys L, et al. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral loads in Kenyan women, men, and infants during primary and early infection. J Virol. 2003;77:7120-7123.
40. Long EM, Martin HL Jr, Kreiss JK, et al. Gender differences in HIV-1 diversity at time of infection. Nat Med. 2000;6:71-75.
41. Li B, Decker JM, Johnson RW, et al. Evidence for potent autologous neutralizing antibody titers and compact envelopes in early infection with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 2006;80: 5211-5218.
42. Li M, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Derdeyn CA, et al. Genetic and neutralization properties of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular env clones from acute and early heterosexually acquired infections in southern Africa. J Virol. 2006;80:11776-11790.
43. Lavreys L, Baeten JM, Overbaugh J, et al. Virus load during primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection is related to the severity of acute HIV illness in Kenyan women. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35: 77-81.
44. Pilcher CD, Price MA, Hoffman IF, et al. Frequent detection of acute primary HIV infection in men in Malawi. AIDS. 2004;18:517-524.
45. Dyer JR, Kazembe P, Vernazza PL, et al. High levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and semen of seropositive men in sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis. 1998; 177:1742-1746.
46. Lacabaratz-Porret C, Urrutia A, Doisne JM, et al. Impact of antiretroviral therapy and changes in virus load on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T cell responses in primary HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:748-757.
47. Novitsky V, Woldegabriel E, Wester C, et al. Identification of primary HIV-1C infection in Botswana. AIDS Care. 2008;20:806-811.
48. Janssen RS, Satten GA, Stramer SL, et al. New testing strategy to detect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA. 1998;280:42-48.
49. Speers D, Phillips P, Dyer J. Combination assay detecting both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and anti-HIV antibodies opens a second diagnostic window. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5397-5399.
50. Rawal BD, Degula A, Lebedeva L, et al. Development of a new less-sensitive enzyme immunoassay for detection of early HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:349-355.
51. Kothe D, Byers RH, Caudill SP, et al. Performance characteristics of a new less sensitive HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay for use in estimating HIV seroincidence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 33:625-634.
52. Novitsky VA, Gilbert PB, Shea K, et al. Interactive association of proviral load and IFN-gamma-secreting T cell responses in HIV-1 C infection. Virology. 2006;349:142-155.
53. Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 2003;52: 696-704.
54. Rambaut A. Fig Tree [computer program]. Version 1.1.2; 2008. Available at: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/.
55. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, et al. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24: 1596-1599.
56. Re MC, Vitone F, Bon I, et al. Meaning of DNA detection during the follow-up of HIV-1 infected patients: a brief review. New Microbiol. 2006; 29:81-88.
57. Lillo F, Grasso M, Lodini S, et al. HIV-1 DNA and RNA kinetics in primary HIV infection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2002; 16:49-52.
58. Pierson T, McArthur J, Siliciano RF. Reservoirs for HIV-1: mechanisms for viral persistence in the presence of antiviral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Annu Rev Immunol. 2000; 18:665-708.
59. Russell RR, Bowmer MI, Nguyen C, et al. HIV-1 DNA burden in peripheral blood CD4+ cells influences disease progression, antiretroviral efficacy, and CD4+ T-cell restoration. Viral Immunol. 2001;14:379-389.
60. Yerly S, Gunthard HF, Fagard C, et al. Proviral HIV-DNA predicts viral rebound and viral setpoint after structured treatment interruptions. AIDS. 2004;18:1951-1953.
61. Pellegrin I, Caumont A, Garrigue I, et al. Predictive value of provirus load and DNA human immunodeficiency virus genotype for successful abacavir-based simplified therapy. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:38-46.
62. Montano MA, Russell MS, Gilbert P, et al. Comparative prediction of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission, using multiple virus load markers. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:406-413.
63. Koulinska IN, Villamor E, Chaplin B, et al. Transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 through breast-feeding. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41:93-99.
64. Lathey JL, Hughes MD, Fiscus SA, et al. Variability and prognostic values of virologic and CD4 cell measures in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with 200-500 CD4 cells/mm(3) (ACTG 175). AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 175 Team. J Infect Dis. 1998;177: 617-624.
65. Gray RH, Li X, Wawer MJ, et al. Determinants of HIV-1 load in subjects with early and later HIV infections, in a general-population cohort of Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1209-1215.
66. Farzadegan H, Hoover DR, Astemborski J, et al. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS. Lancet. 1998;352:1510-1514.
67. Rezza G, Lepri AC, d'Arminio Monforte A, et al. Plasma viral load concentrations in women and men from different exposure categories and with known duration of HIV infection. I.CO.N.A. Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25:56-62.