Racial disparities in HIV virologic failure: Do missed visits matter?

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 100-108

  Mugavero, Michael J ^a,f   Lin, Hui Yi ^b   Allison, Jeroan J ^b   Giordano, Thomas P ^c   Willig, James H ^a   Raper, James L ^a   Wray, Nelda P ^b   Cole, Stephen R ^d   Schumacher, Joseph E ^b   Davies, Susan ^e   Saag, Michael S ^a  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^b University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^f NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Access to care; Adherence; Disparities; HIV AIDS; Mediation

Indexed keywords

VIRUS RNA; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; TREATMENT FAILURE; UNITED STATES; VIROLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RACE; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; ALABAMA; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; APPOINTMENTS AND SCHEDULES; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 64249084639     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818d5c37     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Levine RS, Briggs NC, Kilbourne BS, et al. Black white mortality from HIV-disease before and after introduction of HAART in 1996. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:1884-1892.
2. Shapiro MF, Morton SC, McCaffrey DF, et al. Variations in the care of HIV-infected adults in the United States: results from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. JAMA. 1999;281:2305-2315.
3. Stone VE. Optimizing the care of minority patients with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:400-404.
4. Betancourt JR. Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care: what is the role of academic medicine? Acad Med. 2006;81:788-792.
5. Lurie N. Health disparities - less talk, more action. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:727-729.
6. Beach MC, Gary TL, Price EG, et al. Improving health care quality for racial/ethnic minorities: a systematic review of the best evidence regarding provider and organization interventions. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:104.
7. Lurie N, Dubowitz T. Health disparities and access to health. JAMA. 2007; 297:1118-1121.
8. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.
9. Andrulis DP. Access to care is the centerpiece in the elimination of socioeconomic disparities in health. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:412-416.
10. Eisenberg JM, Power EJ. Transforming insurance coverage into quality health care: voltage drops from potential to delivered quality. JAMA. 2000; 284:2100-2107.
11. Lasser KE, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Access to care, health status, and health disparities in the United States and Canada: results of a cross-national population-based survey. Am J Public Health. 2006;96: 1300-1307.
12. Catz SL, McClure JB, Jones GN, et al. Predictors of outpatient medical appointment attendance among persons with HIV. AIDS Care. 1999;11: 361-373.
13. Israelski D, Gore-Felton C, Power R, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics associated with medical appointment adherence among HIV-seropositive patients seeking treatment in a county outpatient facility. Prev Med. 2001;33:470-475.
14. Kissinger P, Cohen D, Brandon W, et al. Compliance with public sector HIV medical care. J Natl Med Assoc. 1995;87(1):19-24.
15. Palacio H, Shiboski CH, Yelin EH, et al. Access to and utilization of primary care services among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;21:293-300.
16. Giordano TP, Gifford AL, Clinton WA, et al. Retention in care: a challenge to survival with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44: 1493-1499.
17. Giordano TP, White AC Jr, Sajja P, et al. Factors associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients newly entering care in an urban clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32:399-405.
18. Lucas GM, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:81-87.
19. Park WB, Choe PG, Kim SH, et al. One-year adherence to clinic visits after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a predictor of clinical progress in HIV patients. J Intern Med. 2007;261:268-275.
20. Rastegar DA, Fingerhood MI, Jasinski DR. Highly active antiretroviral therapy outcomes in a primary care clinic. AIDS Care. 2003;15: 231-237.
21. Robbins GK, Daniels B, Zheng H, et al. Predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure in an urban HIV clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44:30-37.
22. Valdez H, Lederman MM, Woolley I, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease inhibitors in clinical practice: predictors of virological outcome. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159:1771-1776.
23. Chen RY, Accortt NA, Westfall AO, et al. Distribution of health care expenditures for HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42: 1003-1010.
24. Mugavero MJ, Lin HY, Allison JJ, et al. Failure to establish HIV care: characterizing the "no show" phenomenon. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45: 127-130.
25. Willig JH, Westfall AO, Allison J, et al. Nucleoside reverse- transcriptase inhibitor dosing errors in an outpatient HIV clinic in the electronic medical record era. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:658-661.
26. Keruly JC, Conviser R, Moore RD. Association of medical insurance and other factors with receipt of antiretroviral therapy. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:852-857.
27. Melnikow J, Kiefe C. Patient compliance and medical research: issues in methodology. J Gen Intern Med. 1994;9:96-105.
28. Cohen MH, Cook JA, Grey D, et al. Medically eligible women who do not use HAART: the importance of abuse, drug use, and race. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1147-1151.
29. Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R, et al. Racial and gender disparities in receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in a multistate sample of HIV patients in 2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38: 96-103.
30. Pence BW, Ostermann J, Kumar V, et al. Use, duration, and success of antiretroviral therapy: the influence of psychosocial characteristics and race/ethnicity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:194-201.
31. Hammer SM, Saag MS, Schechter M, et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society - USA panel. JAMA. 2006;296:827-843.
32. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173-1182.
33. Bryan A, Schmiege SJ, Broaddus MR. Mediational analysis in HIV/AIDS research: estimating multivariate path analytic models in a structural equation modeling framework. AIDS Behav. 2007;11:365-383.
34. MacKinnon DP. Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research. NIDA Res Monogr. 1994;139:127-153.
35. MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:593-614.
36. Cole SR, Hernan MA. Fallibility in estimating direct effects. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:163-165.
37. Robins JM, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology. 1992;3:143-155.
38. Kaufman JS, Maclehose RF, Kaufman S. A further critique of the analytic strategy of adjusting for covariates to identify biologic mediation. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004; 1:4.
39. Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Harger GF, et al. Inflammation and triglycerides partially mediate the effect of prepregnancy body mass index on the risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162:1198-1206.
40. Shrout PE, Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods. 2002;7: 422-445.
41. Conviser R, Pounds MB. Background for the studies on ancillary services and primary care use. AIDS Care. 2002;14(Suppl 1):S7-S14.
42. Katz MH, Cunningham WE, Fleishman JA, et al. Effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among HIV-infected persons. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(8 Pt 1):557-565.
43. Schneider J, Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, et al. Better physician-patient relationships are associated with higher reported adherence to antire-troviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med. 2004; 19:1096-1103.
44. Beach MC, Keruly J, Moore RD. Is the quality of the patient-provider relationship associated with better adherence and health outcomes for patients with HIV? J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:661-665.
45. Whetten K, Leserman J, Whetten R, et al. Exploring lack of trust in care providers and the government as a barrier to health service use. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:716-721.
46. Bogart LM, Thorburn S. Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:213-218.
47. Palacio H, Kahn JG, Richards TA, et al. Effect of race and/or ethnicity in use of antiretrovirals and prophylaxis for opportunistic infection: a review of the literature. Public Health Rep. 2002;117:233-251. Discussion 231-232.
48. Cheever LW. Engaging HIV-infected patients in care: their lives depend on it. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1500-1502.
49. Gardner LI, Metsch LR, Anderson-Mahoney P, et al. Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care. AIDS. 2005;19:423-431.
50. Tobias C, Cunningham WE, Cunningham CO, et al. Making the connection: the importance of engagement and retention in HIV medical care. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21(Suppl 1):S3-S8.
51. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-14):1-17, Quiz CE11-14.
52. Mugavero MJ, Saag MS. HIV care at a crossroads: the emerging crisis in the US HIV epidemic. Med Gen Med. 2007;9:58.
53. Saag MS. Which policy to ADAP-T: waiting lists or waiting lines? Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1365-1367.
54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2004. Vol 16. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005. Also available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrlink.htm. Accessed May 1, 2008.