Decomposition and growth: Biological metaphors in economics from the 1880s to the 1980s

The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 105-148

  Hodgson, Geoffrey M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64149123590     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511492297.005     Document Type: Chapter

References (197)

1. Alchian, A. A. (1950), ‘Uncertainty, evolution and economic theory’, Journal of Political Economy 58(3): 211-221. [Reprinted in Witt (1993).]
2. Alland, A., Jr. (1967), Evolution and Human Behavior, New York: Natural History Press.
3. Allen, P. M., and M. Lesser (1991), ‘Evolutionary human systems: learning, ignorance and subjectivity’, in P. P. Saviotti and J. S. Metcalfe (eds.), Evolutionary Theories of Economic and Technological Change: Present Status and Future Prospects, Reading: Harwood, 160-171.
4. Anderson, P. W. (1995), ‘Viewpoint: the future’, Science 267, 17 March, 1617-1618.
5. Arrow, K. J. (1995), ‘Viewpoint: the future’, Science 267, 17 March, 1617.
6. Arthur, W. B. (1989), ‘Competing technologies, increasing returns and lock-in by historical events’, Economic Journal 394: 116-131.
7. Ayres, C. E. (1921), ‘Instinct and capacity -1: the instinct of belief-in-instincts’, Journal of Philosophy 18(21): 561-565.
8. Ayres, C. E. (1935), ‘Moral confusion in economics’, International Journal of Ethics 45: 170-199. [Reprinted in W Samuels (ed.) (1988), Institutional Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, vol. 2.]
9. Ayres, C. E. (1944), The Theory of Economic Progress, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
10. Ayres, C. E. (1952), The Industrial Economy, Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
11. Ayres, C. E. (1958), ‘Veblen’s theory of instincts reconsidered’, in D. F. Dowd (ed.), Thorstein Veblen: A Critical Appraisal, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 25-37.
12. Ayres, C. E. (1961), Toward a Reasonable Society: The Values of Industrial Civilization, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
13. Barber, W. J. (1994), ‘The divergent fates of two strands of “Institutionalist” doctrine during the New Deal years’, History of Political Economy 26(4): 569-587.
14. Becker, G. S. (1976), ‘Altruism, egoism, and genetic fitness: economics and sociobiology’, Journal of Economic Literature 14(2): 817-826. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
15. Bellomy, D. C. (1984), ‘Social Darwinism revisited’, Perspectives in American History, New Series, 1: 1-129.
16. Bhaskar, R. (1975), A Realist Theory of Science, Leeds: Leeds Books. [2nd edn., 1978, Brighton: Harvester.]
17. Bhaskar, R. (1979), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophic Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Brighton: Harvester.
18. Biddle, J. E. (1996), ‘A citation analysis of the sources and extent of Wesley Mitchell’s reputation’, History of Political Economy 28(2): 137-169.
19. Black, M. (1962), Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
20. Boulding, K. E. (1950), A Reconstruction of Economics, New York: Wiley.
21. Boulding, K. E. (1978), Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution, Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
22. Boulding, K. E. (1981), Evolutionary Economics, Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
23. Bowler, P. J. (1983), The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
24. Boyd, R., and P. J. Richerson (1980), ‘Sociobiology, culture and economic theory’, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 1(1): 97-121. [Reprinted in Witt (1993).]
25. Burrow, J. W. (1966), Evolution and Society: A Study of Victorian Social Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Burt, C. (1962), ‘The concept of consciousness’, British Journal of Psychology 53: 229-242.
27. Camic, Charles (1986), ‘The matter of habit’, American Journal of Sociology, 91(5): 1039-1087.
28. Campbell, D. T. (1965), ‘Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution’, in H. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack (eds.), Social Change in Developing Areas: a Reinterpreation of Evolutionary Theory, Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co., 19-47.
29. Chomsky, N. (1959), ‘Review of Verbal Behavior by B. F. Skinner’, Language 35: 26-58.
30. Clark, J. B. (1885), The Philosophy of Wealth: Economic Principles Newly Formulated, London and New York: Macmillan.
31. Commons, J. R. (1934), Institutional Economics - Its Place in Political Economy, New York: Macmillan. [Reprinted in 1990 with a new introduction by M. Rutherford, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.]
32. Copeland, M. A. (1931), ‘Economic theory and the natural science point of view’, American Economic Review 21(1): 67-79. [Reprinted in W. Samuels (ed.) (1988), Institutional Economics, vol. 2, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.]
33. Copeland, M. A. (1958), ‘On the scope and method of economics’, inD. F. Dowd (ed.), Thorstein Veblen: A Critical Appraisal, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 57-75. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
34. Copeland, M. A. (1981), Essays in Socioeconomic Evolution, New York: Vantage Press.
35. David, P. A. (1985), ‘Clio and the economics of QWERTY’, American Economic Review 75(2): 332-337.
36. Degler, C. N. (1991), In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37. Depew, D. J., and B. H. Weber (1995), Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
38. Dillard, D. (1948), The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of a Monetary Economy, London: Crosby Lockwood.
39. Dobzhansky, T. (1955), Evolution, Genetics and Man, London: Wiley.
40. Downie, J. (1958), The Competitive Process, London: Duckworth.
41. Durkheim, E. (1984), The Division of Labour in Society, translated from the French edition of 1893 by W. D. Halls with an introduction by L. Coser, London: Macmillan.
42. Edgell, S. (1975), ‘Thorstein Veblen’s theory of evolutionary change’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 34(July): 267-280.
43. Ely, R. T. (1903), Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society, New York: Macmillan.
44. Enke, S. (1951), ‘On maximizing profits: a distinction between Chamberlin and Robinson’, American Economic Review 41(3): 566-578.
45. Farrell, M. J. (1970), ‘Some elementary selection processes in economics’, Review of Economic Studies 37: 305-319.
46. Fleetwood, S. (1995), Hayek’s Political Economy: The Socio-Economics of Order, London: Routledge.
47. Ford, H. J. (1915), The Natural History of the State, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
48. Foss, N. J. (1991), ‘The suppression of evolutionary approaches in economics: the case of Marshall and monopolistic competition’, Methodus 3(2): 65-72. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
49. Foss, N. J. (1994a) ‘Realism and evolutionary economics’, Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 17(1): 21-40.
50. Foss, N. J. (1994b) ‘The biological analogy and the theory of the firm: Marshall and monopolistic competition’, Journal of Economic Issues 28(4): 1115-1136.
51. Freeden, M. (ed.) (1988), J. A. Hobson: A Reader, London and Boston: Unwin Hyman.
52. Freeman, C. (ed.) (1990), The Economics of Innovation, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
53. Friedman, M. (1953), ‘The methodology of positive economics’, in M. Friedman, Essays in Positive Economies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 3-43.
54. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971), The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55. Ghiselin, M. T. (1974), The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex, Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. Giddings, F. A. (1896), The Principles of Sociology, New York: Macmillan.
57. Gould, S. J. (1989), Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, New York: Norton.
58. Gowdy, J. M. (1987), ‘Bio-economics: social economy versus the Chicago school’, International Journal of Social Economics 14(1): 32-42. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
59. Gruchy, A. G. (1948), ‘The philosophical basis of the new Keynesian economics’, International Journal of Ethics 58(4): 235-244.
60. Gruchy, A. G. (1972), Contemporary Economic Thought: The Contribution of Neo-Institutional Economics, London and New York: Macmillan.
61. Haavelmo, T. (1954), A Study in the Theory of Economic Evolution, Amsterdam: North-Holland.
62. Hahn, F. (1991), ‘The next hundred years’, Economic Journal 404: 47-50.
63. Harris, A. L. (1934), ‘Economic evolution: dialectical and Darwinian’, Journal of Political Economy 42(1): 34-79.
64. Hayek, F. A. (1952a), The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
65. Hayek, F. A. (1952b), The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
66. Hayek, F. A. (1960), The Constitution of Liberty, London and Chicago: Routledge and Kegan Paul, and University of Chicago Press.
67. Hayek, F. A. (1967a), ‘Notes on the evolution of systems of rules of conduct’, inF. A. Hayek, Studies on Philosophy, Politics and Economics, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 66-81. [Reprinted in Witt (1993).]
68. Hayek, F. A. (1967b), Studies on Philosophy, Politics and Economics, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
69. Hayek, F. A. (1982), Law, Legislation and Liberty, 3-volume combined edition, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
70. Hayek, F. A. (1988), The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, the Collected Works of Friedrich August Hayek, vol. 1, edited by W. W. Bartley III, London: Routledge.
71. Hejl, P. (1995), ‘The importance of the concepts of “organism” and “evolution” in Emile Durkheim’s Division of Social Labor and the influence of Herbert Spencer’, in S. Maasen, E. Mendelsohn and P. Weingart (eds.), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 18, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 155-191.
72. Hennis, W. (1988), Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction, London: Allen and Unwin.
73. Herbst, J. (1965), The German Historical School in American Scholarship: A Study in the Transfer of Culture, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
74. Hesse, M. B. (1966), Models and Analogies in Science, Paris: University of Notre Dame Press.
75. Hirshleifer, J. (1977), ‘Economics from a biological viewpoint’, Journal of Law and Economics 20(1): 1-52. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
76. Hirshleifer, J. (1978), ‘Natural economy versus political economy’, Journal of Social and Biological Structures 1: 319-337.
77. Hirst, P. Q., and P. Woolley (1982), Social Relations and Human Attributes, London: Tavistock.
78. Hobson, J. A. (1929), Wealth and Life: A Study in Values, London: Macmillan.
79. Hodgson, G. M. (1988), Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern Institutional Economics, Cambridge: Polity Press.
80. Hodgson, G. M. (1992), ‘Thorstein Veblen and post-Darwinian economics’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 16(3): 285-301.
81. Hodgson, G. M. (1993a), ‘The Mecca of Alfred Marshall’, Economic Journal 417: 406-415.
82. Hodgson, G. M. (1993b), Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back Into Economics, Cambridge and Ann Arbor, MI: Polity Press and University of Michigan Press.
83. Hodgson, G. M. (1994), ‘Optimization and evolution: Winter’s critique of Friedman revisited’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 18(4): 413-430.
84. Hodgson, G. M. (ed.) (1995), Economics and Biology, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
85. Hodgson, G. M. (1997), ‘Metaphor and pluralism in economics: mechanics and biology’, in A. Salanti and E. Screpanti (eds.), Pluralism in Economics: New Perspectives in History and Methodology, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 131-154.
86. Hodgson, G. M. (1999), Evolution and Institutions: On Evolutionary Economics and the Evolution of Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
87. Hodgson, G. M. (2001a), ‘Is social evolution Lamarckian or Darwinian?’, in J. Laurent and J. Nightingale (eds.), Darwinism and Evolutionary Economics, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 87-118.
88. Hodgson, G. M. (2001b), How Economics Forgot History: The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science, London and New York: Routledge.
89. Hofstadter, R. (1959), Social Darwinism in American Thought, rev. edn., New York: Braziller.
90. Hoover, K. D. (1995), ‘Why does methodology matter for economics?’, Economic Journal 430: 715-734.
91. Hunt, E. K. (1975), Property and Prophets: The Evolution of Economic Institutions, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
92. Hutchison, T. W. (1992), Changing Aims in Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
93. Hutter, M. (1994), ‘Organism as a metaphor in German economic thought’, in P. Mirowski (ed.), Natural Images in Economic Thought: Markets Read in Tooth and Claw, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 289-321.
94. Ingrao, B., and G. Israel (1990), The Invisible Hand: Economic Equilibrium in the History of Science, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
95. Jackson, W. A. (1995), ‘Naturalism in economics’, Journal of Economic Issues 29(3): 761-780.
96. James, W. (1893), The Principles of Psychology, 2nd edn. New York: Holt.
97. Joravsky, D. (1970), The Lysenko Affair, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
98. Keynes, J. M. (1936), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London: Macmillan.
99. Keynes, J. M. (1973), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 14, The General Theory and After: Defence and Development, London: Macmillan.
100. Khalil, E. L. (1993), ‘Neoclassical economics and neo-Darwinism: clearing the way for historical thinking’, in R. Blackwell, J. Chatha and E. J. Nell (eds.), Economics as Worldly Philosophy: Essays in Political and Historical Economics in Honour of Robert L. Heilbroner, London: Macmillan, 22-72. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
101. Kirman, A. P. (1989), ‘The intrinsic limits of modern economic theory: the emperor has no clothes’, Economic Journal 395: 126-139.
102. Kirman, A. P. (1992), ‘Whom or what does the representative individual represent?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 6(2): 117-136.
103. Klamer, A., and T. C. Leonard (1994), ‘So what’s an economic metaphor?’, in P. Mirowski (ed.), Natural Images in Economic Thought: Markets Read in Tooth and Claw, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 20-51.
104. Knies, K. (1853), Politische (Ökonomie vom Standpunkt der geshichtlichen Methode) [Political Economy from the Perspective of the Historical Method], Braunschweig: Schwetschke.
105. Knight, F. H. (1952), ‘Institutionalism and empiricism in economics’, American Economic Review 42(2): 45-55.
106. La Vergata, A. (1995), ‘Herbert Spencer: biology, sociology, and cosmic evolution’, in S. Maasen, E. Mendelsohn and P. Weingart (eds.), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 18, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 193-229.
107. Lawson, T. (1994), ‘Hayek and realism: a case of continuous transformation’, in M. Colunna, H. Haggemann and O. Hamouda (eds.), Capitalism, Socialism and Knowledge: The Economics of F A. Hayek, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
108. Lawson, T. (1997), Economics and Reality, London: Routledge.
109. Lewin, S. B. (1996), ‘Economics and psychology: lessons for our own day from the early twentieth century’, Journal of Economic Literature 34(3): 1293-1323.
110. Lilienfeld, P. von (1873-1881), Gedanken über zur Sozialwissenshaft der Zukunft [Thoughts on the Social Science of the Future], Hamburg.
111. Maasen, S. (1995), ‘Who is afraid of metaphors?’, in S. Maasen, E. Mendelsohn and P. Weingart (eds.), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 18, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 11-35.
112. Marshall, A. (1890), Principles of Economics, London: Macmillan. [8th edn., 1920, London: Macmillan. 9th variorum edn., 1961, London: Macmillan.]
113. Matson, F. W. (1964), The Broken Image, New York: Doubleday.
114. Mayhew, A. (1987), ‘The beginnings of institutionalism’, Journal of Economic Issues 21(3): 971-998.
115. Mayhew, A. (1989), ‘Contrasting origins of the two institutionalisms: the social science context’, Review of Political Economy 1(3): 319-333.
116. Maynard Smith, J. (1982), Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
117. Mayr, E. (1980), ‘Prologue: some thoughts on the history of the evolutionary synthesis’, in E. Mayr and W. B. Provine (eds.), The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1-48.
118. McDougall, W. (1908), An Introduction to Social Psychology, London: Methuen.
119. McDougall, W. (1921), ‘The use and abuse of instinct in social psychology’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology 16: 331-343.
120. McFarland, F. B. (1985), ‘Thorstein Veblen versus the institutionalists’, Review of Radical Political Economics 17(4): 95-105.
121. McFarland, F. B. (1986), ‘Clarence Ayres and his gospel of technology’, History of Political Economy 18(4): 593-613.
122. Medvedev, Z. (1969), The Rise and Fall of T D. Lysenko, New York: Columbia University Press.
123. Menger, C. (1883), Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen (Ökonomie insbesondere, Tübingen: Mohr.) [Translated by F. J. Nock (1963), Problems of Economics and Sociology, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.]
124. Metcalfe, J. S. (1988), ‘Evolution and economic change’, in A. Silberston (ed.), Technology and Economic Progress, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 54-85. [Reprinted in Witt (1993).]
125. Mirowski, P. (1989), More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature’s Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Mises, L. von (1957), Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
127. Mitchell, W. C. (1910), ‘The rationality of economic activity’, Journal of Political Economy 18(2-3), parts I and II, 97-113 and 197-216.
128. Mitchell, W. C. (1937), The Backward Art of Spending Money and Other Essays, New York: McGraw-Hill.
129. Moggridge, D. E. (1992), Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, London: Routledge.
130. Morgan, L. H. (1877), Ancient Society, Chicago: Charles Kerr. [Reprinted in 1964 with an introduction by L. A. White, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]
131. Morgan, M. (1995), ‘Evolutionary metaphors in explanations of American industrial competition’, in S. Maasen, E. Mendelsohn and P. Weingart (eds.), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 18, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 311-337.
132. Moss, S. J. (1984), ‘The history of the theory of the firm from Marshall to Robinson and Chamberlin: the source of positivism in economics’, Economica 51(August): 307-318.
133. Myrdal, G. (1972), Against the Stream: Critical Essays in Economics, New York: Pantheon Books.
134. Nelson, R. R. (1994), personal communication to G. M. Hodgson, 21 September.
135. Nelson, R. R., and S. G. Winter (1973), ‘Towards an evolutionary theory of economic capabilities’, American Economic Review 63(2): 440-449.
136. Nelson, R. R., and S. G. Winter (1974), ‘Neoclassical vs. evolutionary theories of economic growth: critique and prospectus’, Economic Journal 336: 886-905. [Reprinted in Freeman (1990).]
137. Nelson, R. R., and S. G. Winter (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
138. Neumann, J. von, and O. Morgenstern (1944), Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
139. Nightingale, J. (1993), ‘Solving Marshall’s problem with the biological analogy: Jack Downie’s competitive process’, History of Economics Review 20 (Summer): 75-94. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
140. Niman, N. B. (1991), ‘Biological analogies in Marshall’s work’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 13(1): 19-36. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
141. Ormerod, P. (1994), The Death ofEconomics, London: Faber and Faber.
142. Penrose, E. T. (1952), ‘Biological analogies in the theory of the firm’, American Economic Review 42(4): 804-819.
143. Persons, S. (ed.) (1950), Evolutionary Thought in America, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
144. Pigou, A. C. (1922), ‘Empty economic boxes: a reply’, Economic Journal 128: 458-465.
145. Pigou, A. C. (1928), ‘An analysis of supply’, Economic Journal 150: 238-257.
146. Quine, W. van O. (1953), From a Logical Point of View, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
147. Rapport, D. J., and J. E. Turner (1977), ‘Economic models in ecology’, Science 195: 367-373. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
148. Rizvi, S. A. T. (1994), ‘The microfoundations project in general equilibrium theory’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 18(4): 357-377.
149. Robbins, L. (1932), An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, London: Macmillan.
150. Robbins, L. (1970), Evolution of Modern Economic Theory, London: Macmillan.
151. Roscher, W. (1854), Das System der Volkswirtschaft [The System of the FolkEconomy], Stuttgart: Cotta.
152. Rose, S., L. J. Kamin and R. C. Lewontin (1984), Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
153. Ross, D. (1991), The Origins of American Social Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Rutherford, M. H. (1984), ‘Thorstein Veblen and the processes of institutional change’, History of Political Economy 16(3): 331-348. [Reprinted in M. Blaug (ed.) (1992), Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), Aldershot: Edward Elgar.]
155. Rutherford, M. H. (1994), Institutions in Economics: The Old and the New Institutionalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
156. Rutherford, M. H. (1997), ‘American institutionalism and the history of economics’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19(2): 178-195.
157. Rutherford, M. H. (1999), ‘Institutionalism as “scientific economics”’, in R. E. Backhouse and J. Creedy (eds.), From Classical Economics to the Theory of the Firm: Essays in Honour of D. P. O’Brien, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 223-242.
158. Rutherford, M. H. (2000), ‘Institutionalism between the wars’, Journal of Economic Issues 34(2): 291-303.
159. Samuelson, P. A. (1938), ‘A note on the pure theory of consumer’s behaviour’, Economica, New Series, 5(17): 61-71.
160. Sanderson, S. K. (1990), Social Evolutionism: A Critical History, Oxford: Blackwell.
161. Schaffer, M. E. (1989), ‘Are profit-maximisers the best survivors? A Darwinian model of economic natural selection’, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 12(1): 29-45. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
162. Schaffle, A. (1881), Bau und Leben des socialen Körpers [Anatomy and Life of the Social Body], Tübingen: La.
163. Scheffler, I. (1974), Four Pragmatists: A Critical Introduction to Peirce, James, Mead, and Dewey, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
164. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle [translated by R. Opie from the German edition of 1912], Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Reprinted 1989 with a new introduction by J. E. Elliott, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.]
165. Schumpeter, J. A. (1954), History of Economic Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
166. Sebba, G. (1953), ‘The development of the concepts of mechanism and model in physical science and economic thought’, American Economic Review 43(2): 259-268. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
167. Seckler, D. (1975), Thorstein Veblen and the Institutionalists: A Study in the Social Philosophy ofEconomics, London: Macmillan.
168. Shove, G. F. (1942), ‘The place of Marshall’s Principles in the development of economic theory’, Economic Journal 208: 294-329.
169. Sowell, T. (1967), ‘The “evolutionary” economics of Thorstein Veblen’, Oxford Economic Papers 19(2): 177-198. [Reprinted in M. Blaug (ed.) (1992), Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), Aldershot: Edward Elgar.]
170. Stigler, G. J., S. M. Stigler and C. Friedland (1995), ‘The journals of economics’, Journal of Political Economy 105(2): 331-359.
171. Stoneman, W. (1979), A History of the Economic Analysis of the Great Depression, New York: Garland.
172. Streissler, E. W. (1990), ‘The influence of German economics on the work of Menger and Marshall’, History of Political Economy 22, Annual Supplement, 31-68.
173. Sugden, R. (1986), The Economics of Rights, Co-operation and Welfare, Oxford: Blackwell.
174. Tang, A. M., F. M. Westfield and J. S. Worley (eds.) (1976), Evolution, Welfare and Time in Economics: Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
175. Thomas, B. (1991), ‘Alfred Marshall on economic biology’, Review of Political Economy 3(1): 1-14. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
176. Tilman, R. (1990), ‘New light on John Dewey, Clarence Ayres, and the development of evolutionary economics’, Journal of Economic Issues 24(4): 963-979.
177. Tilman, R. (1992), Thorstein Veblen and His Critics, 1891-1963: Conservative, Liberal, and Radical, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
178. Tool, M. R. (1994), ‘Ayres, Clarence E.’, in G. M. Hodgson, W. J. Samuels and M. R. Tool (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, vol. 1, 16-22.
179. Tullock, G. (1979), ‘Sociobiology and economics’, Atlantic Economic Journal, September, 1-10. [Reprinted in Hodgson (1995).]
180. Tylor, E. B. (1871), Primitive Culture, 2 volumes, London. [Reprinted in 1958, New York: Harper.]
181. Veblen, T. B. (1898), ‘Why is economics not an evolutionary science?’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 12(3): 373-397. [Reprinted in Veblen (1919).]
182. Veblen, T. B. (1899), The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions, New York: Macmillan.
183. Veblen, T. B. (1904), The Theory of Business Enterprise, New York: Charles Scribner’s.
184. [Reprinted in 1975 by Augustus Kelley.]
185. Veblen, T. B. (1909), ‘Fisher’s rate of interest’, Political Science Quarterly 24(June): 296-303. [Reprinted in T. B. Veblen (1934), Essays on Our Changing Order, edited by L. Ardzrooni, New York: The Viking Press.]
186. Veblen, T. B. (1919), The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essays, New York: Huebsch. [Reprinted in 1990 with a new introduction by W. J. Samuels, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.]
187. Vining, R. (1939), ‘Suggestions of Keynes in the writings of Veblen’, Journal of Political Economy 47(5): 692-704.
188. Waller, W. J., Jr. (1988), ‘Habit in economic analysis’, Journal of Economic Issues 22(1): 113-126. [Reprinted in G. M. Hodgson (ed.) (1993), The Economics ofInstitutions, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.]
189. Ward, B. (1972), What’s Wrong With Economics? London: Macmillan.
190. Ward, L. F. (1893), The Psychic Factors of Civilization, Boston: Ginn.
191. Whitehead, A. N. (1926), Science and the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
192. Wilson, E. O. (1975), Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
193. Winslow, E. A. (1989), ‘Organic interdependence, uncertainty and economic analysis’, Economic Journal 398: 1173-1182.
194. Winter, S. G. (1964), ‘Economic “natural selection” and the theory of the firm’, Yale Economic Essays 4(1): 225-272.
195. Wispe, L. G., and J. N. Thompson (1976), ‘The warbetween the words: biological versus social evolution and some related issues’, American Psychologist 31 (5): 341-351.
196. Witt, U. (ed.) (1993), Evolutionary Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
197. Wunderlin, C. E., Jr. (1992), Visions of a New Industrial Order: Social Science and Labor Theory in America’s Progressive Era, New York: Columbia University Press.