Charles cotton, translator of Hobbes's De cive

Huntington Library Quarterly

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 259-287

  Malcolm, Noel ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 64149111367     PISSN: 00187895     EISSN: 1544399X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3817801     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. A Transcript of the Registen of the Worshipful Company of Stationers: From 1640-1708 AD treat the year as beginning on 1 January from 1640-1708 AD, 3 vols. (London, 1913-14), 1:354. Throughout this article I use Old Style for dates but treat the year as beginning on 1 January
2. BL, pressmark E 1262
3. G. C. Robertson, for example, wrote that "in 1651 . . . he issued a vigorous translation of the 'De Cive' itself; Hobbes (London, 1886), 67. most vigorous translation of the 'De Cive' itself"; Hobbes (London, 1886), 67
4. Bodl., MS. Aubrey 6, fol. 113r; printed in J. Aubrey, "Brief Lives, Chiefly of Contemporaries, set down. . . between the Years 1669 &1696, ed. A. Clark, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1898), 2:277. " Chiefly of Contemporaries, set down. . . between the Years 1669 &1696, ed. A. Clark, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1898), 2:277
5. Robertson also used this passage to corroborate his claim; Hobbes, 67-68n. The term first booke here means first chapter; the similar usage by C. C. in the passage quoted in n. 21, below. 67-68n. The term "first booke" here means "first chapter"; cf. the similar usage by "C. C." in the passage quoted in n. 21, below
6. H. J. H. Drummond, "Hobbes's Philosophicall Rudiments, 1651," 5th ser., 28 (1973): 54-56. The Bodleian's copy with the earlier engraved tide page is pressmark Vet. A 3 f 1168. The Library, 5th ser., 28 (1973): 54-56. The Bodleian's copy with the earlier engraved tide page is pressmark Vet. A 3 f 1168
7. Closer inspection of the engraved title pages by Tito Magri later confirmed that the Rudiments title page was printed from a partly retouched version of the Elements plate; T. Hobbes, De Cive: The English Version, ed. J. H. Warrender, The Clarendon Edition of the Works ofThomas Hobbes (Oxford, 1983-) [hereafter HW], 213n.; confirmed that the "Rudiments" title page was printed from a partly retouched version of the "Elements" plate; see T. Hobbes, De Cive: The English Version, ed. J. H. Warrender, The Clarendon Edition of the Works ofThomas Hobbes (Oxford, 1983-) [hereafter HW], 213n
8. and T. Hobbes, De cive: elementi filosofici sul cittadino, ed. and trans. T. Magri, 3d ed. (Rome, 1992), 59n. Confusingly, Drummond called the Elements version of the engraved tide page state b and the Rudiments version state a; Warrender calls them state A and state B respectively, which correctly expresses their chronological order. T. Magri, 3d ed. (Rome, 1992), 59n. Confusingly, Drummond called the "Elements" version of the engraved tide page state "b" and the "Rudiments" version state "a"; Warrender calls them state "A" and state "B" respectively, which correctly expresses their chronological order
9. T. Hobbes, Phihsophicall Rudiments, sigs. ir-iv (in the Aberdeen Library copy) University Library copy); HW, 2:269
10. P. Milton, "Did Hobbes Translate De cive?" History of Political Thought 11 (1990): 627-38 at 634
11. M. M. Goldsmith, "Picturing Hobbess Politics? The Illustrations to Philosophicall Rudiments," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 44 (1981): 232-37
12. and R. Pennington, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Etched Work of 1607-1677 Wenceslaus Hollar, 1607-1677 (Cambridge, 1982): 66-67
13. The engravings are reproduced in HW, vol. 2, plates 2-4, with the texts on pp. xiii-xiv. While Pennington was apparently unaware of the earlier history of the images, Goldsmith was unaware of the Hollar engravings, and therefore assumed that these three plates had been specially adapted from van Veen for the translation of De cive. (He cited the 1612 edition of van Veen; I have used the first edition, of 1607.) His general argument about their iconographical significance remains, however, entirely convincing. translations of the texts on pp. xiii-xiv. While Pennington was apparently unaware of the earlier history of the images, Goldsmith was unaware of the Hollar engravings, and therefore assumed that these three plates had been specially adapted from van Veen for the translation of De cive. (He cited the 1612 edition of van Veen; I have used the first edition, of 1607.) His general argument about their iconographical significance remains, however, entirely convincing
14. See Pennington, Descriptive Catalogue, 67, no. 452 (describing this engraving modified version as the third state of Hollars engraving)
15. and Goldsmith, "Picturing Hobbess Politics?" 236
16. P. Barwick, The Life of the Reverend Dr. John Barwick, D.D. (London, 1724), 61-62
17. H. R. Plomer, A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers Who Were at Scotland, and Ireland from 1641 to 1667 Work in England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1641 to 1667 (London, 1907), 159
18. HW, 2:30, 37, 139. Hobbes probably chose to make this point about democracies and aristocracies not for English readers but for those citizens of non-monarchical European states who were potential readers of this Latin publication. democracies and aristocracies not for English readers but for those citizens of non-monarchical European states who were potential readers of this Latin publication
19. BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 132
20. E. Hyde, A Brief View and Survey of the Dangerous and Pernicious Errors and State in Mr. Hobbes's Book, entitled Leviathan to Church and State in Mr. Hobbes's Book, entitled Leviathan (Oxford, 1676), 8
21. BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 128
22. See, for example, P. Milton, "Did Hobbes Translate De cive?" Warrender's edition by R. Tuck (Political Studies 33 [1985]: 308-15) and myself (London Review of Books, 6, no. 19, 18 October 1984, p. 22). and the reviews of Warrender's edition by R. Tuck (Political Studies 33 [1985]: 308-15) and myself (London Review of Books, 6, no. 19, 18 October 1984, p. 22)
23. HW, 2:6-8
24. and twenty-four from Cavendish (BL, MS. Add. 4278, fols. 271-321r)
25. I have presented a brief account of Sir Charles's relationship with Hobbes in HW, 7 (= Correspondence, 2), 801-5. Hobbes in HW, 7 (= Correspondence, 2), 801-5
26. The identification of C. C. with Cavendish has recendy been supported by E. Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and The Voyage of Italy in the Seventeenth Century (Geneva, 1985), 309. E. Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the Seventeenth Century (Geneva, 1985), 309
27. This is not meant to imply that translation in general was a socially inferior occupation. Translation of modern texts could of course be undertaken by members of the gentry or nobility (such as Sir Charles Cotterell, or Henry Carey, earl of Monmouth, but in such cases the texts were usually well-known literary or historical works in Italian, Spanish, or French. My comment here concerns specifically the relationship between Hobbes and his Cavendish patrons. His English Optical Treatise (BL, MS. Harl. 3360, for example, was written in English (unlike his other works on optics) at Newcastle's request; had Newcastle or his brother wanted an English version of something Hobbes had written in Latin, they would most likely have asked him to produce it. Hobbes himself had previously undertaken two translations in a quasi-secretarial capacity: the English version of letters sent by Fulgenzio Micanzio to the second earl of Devonshire Chatsworth, Hobbes MSS, Translations of inferior occupation. Translation of modern texts could of course be undertaken by members of the gentry or nobility (such as Sir Charles Cotterell, or Henry Carey, earl of Monmouth), but in such cases the texts were usually well-known literary or historical works in Italian, Spanish, or French. My comment here concerns specifically the relationship between Hobbes and his Cavendish patrons. His "English Optical Treatise" (BL, MS. Harl. 3360), for example, was written in English (unlike his other works on optics) at Newcastle's request; had Newcastle or his brother wanted an English version of something Hobbes had written in Latin, they would most likely have asked him to produce it. Hobbes himself had previously undertaken two translations in a quasi-secretarial capacity: the English version of letters sent by Fulgenzio Micanzio to the second earl of Devonshire (Chatsworth, Hobbes MSS, "Translations of Italian letters"; BL, MS. Add. 11309)
28. and the Latin version of some of Bacon's essays; see Aubrey, "Brief 1:331. Lives," 1:331
29. HW,2:271
30. See the account by Sidney Lee in the DNB, and the sources referred to there
31. A search through all the authors with the initials "C. C." STC who published any printed work between 1641 and 1660 does not reveal any other plausible candidates. Apart from Cartwright and Cotton, the list contains two writers of textbooks on English law (Sir Charles Calthrope, Charles George Cock); four writers of minor religious tracts (Charles Chauncy, Christopher Cheesman, Christopher Cob, and Clement Cotton - the first of these was an emigrant to New England); a poet-clockmaker (Christopher Clobery); and an author, later reprinted, who had died in 1629 (Sir Charles Cornwallis). None of them had anything published by Richard Royston. listed in the STC who published any printed work between 1641 and 1660 does not reveal any other plausible candidates. Apart from Cartwright and Cotton, the list contains two writers of textbooks on English law (Sir Charles Calthrope, Charles George Cock); four writers of minor religious tracts (Charles Chauncy, Christopher Cheesman, Christopher Cob, and Clement Cotton - the first of these was an emigrant to New England); a poet-clockmaker (Christopher Clobery); and an author, later reprinted, who had died in 1629 (Sir Charles Cornwallis). None of them had anything published by Richard Royston
32. Payne was writing to Sheldon every two or three weeks; his previous surviving letters include those dated 7 March (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 127), 26 March (ibid., no. 129), 8 April (BL, MS. Lansdowne 93, fol. 179), and 29 April (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 126). The letters from die Harleian MS (including the full text of the letter that refers to the translation of De cive) are printed, in modernized transcription, in W. Clarke, Illustrations of the State of the Church during the Great Rebellion, The Theologian and Ecclesiastic 6 (1848): 165-74, 217-24, and 12 (1851): 86-96; here 6:169-73. Sheldon's letters to Payne, unfortunately, do not survive. surviving letters include those dated 7 March (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 127), 26 March (ibid., no. 129), 8 April (BL, MS. Lansdowne 93, fol. 179), and 29 April (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 126). The letters from die Harleian MS (including the full text of the letter that refers to the translation of De cive) are printed, in modernized transcription, in W. Clarke, "Illustrations of the State of the Church during the Great Rebellion," The Theologian and Ecclesiastic 6 (1848): 165-74, 217-24, and 12 (1851): 86-96; here 6:169-73. Sheldon's letters to Payne, unfortunately, do not survive
33. Beresford Hall was located just on the Staffordshire side of the Staffordshire-Derbyshire border, roughly eight miles northwest of Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Gilbert Sheldon's family was from Stanton, Staffordshire, a village three miles to the west of Ashbourne and only a couple of hours' walk from Beresford Hall. His brother Ralph still lived at Stanton, and may have been the first person he went to stay with after his release from prison at the end of 1648; but for most of die period 1649-53 he was the guest of a local gentry family, the Okeovers. Okeover Hall, the original family seat, was located one mile to the northwest of Ashbourne; the Okeover family also resided at East Bridgford, which lies just to the east of Nottingham, on the river Trent, roughly thirty-five miles away from Okeover Hall Staffordshire-Derbyshire border, roughly eight miles northwest of Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Gilbert Sheldon's family was from Stanton, Staffordshire, a village three miles to the west of Ashbourne and only a couple of hours' walk from Beresford Hall. His brother Ralph still lived at Stanton, and may have been the first person he went to stay with after his release from prison at the end of 1648; but for most of die period 1649-53 he was the guest of a local gentry family, the Okeovers. Okeover Hall, the original family seat, was located one mile to the northwest of Ashbourne; the Okeover family also resided at East Bridgford, which lies just to the east of Nottingham, on the river Trent, roughly thirty-five miles away from Okeover Hall
34. See R. Thoroton, The Antiquities of Nottinghamshire, ed. J. Throsby, 3 vols. (Nottingham, 1790-96), 1:296
35. Clarke, "Illustrations," 6:166
36. V. D. Sutch, Gilbert Sheldon, Architect of Anglican Survival, 1640-1675 (The Hague, 1973), 33-35
37. Henry Hammonds letters to Sheldon during this period frequently include greetings to Mrs Ok (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, for example, nos. 7, 8, 16). The Okeovers also had property at Snelston, just south of Ashbourne; hence, perhaps, die statement in the DNB article on Sheldon diat he resided at Snelston during this period. greetings to "Mrs Ok" (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, for example, nos. 7, 8, 16). The Okeovers also had property at Snelston, just south of Ashbourne; hence, perhaps, die statement in the DNB article on Sheldon diat he resided at Snelston during this period
38. Paynes letters to Sheldon from this period make several references to fishing and to recipes for carp (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, for example, nos. 126, 129, 130); fishing and to recipes for carp (BL, MS. Harl. 6942, for example, nos. 126, 129, 130)
39. and Izaak Walton's The Complete Angler (published in 1653, but apparently written by April 1650) contains a special tribute to Sheldon's skill as an angler (I. Walton and C. Cotton, The Complete Angler, ed. Sir Harris Nicolas [London, 1903]: xlvi-xlviii [dating], 169-70 [tribute]). written by April 1650) contains a special tribute to Sheldon's skill as an angler (I. Walton and C. Cotton, The Complete Angler, ed. Sir Harris Nicolas [London, 1903]: xlvi-xlviii [dating], 169-70 [tribute])
40. Walton was an old friend of Sheldon's; Cotton was not involved in Walton's text at this stage, though it is likely that Walton had gone fishing at Beresford while preparing his book (E. M. Turner, The Life and Work of Charles Cotton [1630-1687], with a Bibliographical Account of Cotton's Writings [B.Litt. diss., Oxford University, 1954], 63-64). Walton's text at this stage, though it is likely that Walton had gone fishing at Beresford while preparing his book (E. M. Turner, "The Life and Work of Charles Cotton [1630-1687], with a Bibliographical Account of Cotton's Writings" [B.Litt. diss., Oxford University, 1954], 63-64)
41. G. Girard, The History of the Life of the Duke of Espernon, the Great Favourite of France, trans. C. Cotton (London, 1670), sig. A2r. It has also been claimed that Sheldon was distantly related to the Cottons; Turner, Life and Work of Cotton, 67n. Favourite of France, trans. C. Cotton (London, 1670), sig. A2r. It has also been claimed that Sheldon was distantly related to the Cottons; see Turner, "Life and Work of Cotton," 67n
42. C. Cotton, Poems, ed. J. Beresford (London, 1923), 10
43. E.Hyde, The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1827), 1:36
44. Cokayne was a first cousin of Charles Cotton Sr. s wife. See Walton and Cotton, Complete Angler, ccii-cciii
45. G. D. Squibb, ed., The Visitation of Derbyshire, Begun in 1662 and Finished in 1664, Harleian Society Publications, n.s., 8 (London, 1989), 47
46. and the life of Cokayne by G. E. Cokayne in the DNB
47. M. Weidhorn, Richard Lovelace (New York, 1970), 21. The dating of these gatherings is, however, uncertain
48. R. B. [probably Richard Brome], ed., Lachrymae musarum (London, 1649)
49. Cotton's poem is on pp. 12-13
50. J. G- McManaway, "The 'Lost' Canto of Gondibert," Modern 1 (1940): 63-78 at 65n. Language Quarterly 1 (1940): 63-78 at 65n
51. On the chronology of Davenant's later dealings with Charles Cotton, which prompted the latter's poem addressed to Davenant (written probably in 1659), McManaway's argument is corrected by A. I. Dust, The Seventh and Last Canto of Gondibert and Two Dedicatory Poems, Journal of English and Germanic Philology 60 (1961): 282-85. prompted the latter's poem addressed to Davenant (written probably in 1659), McManaway's argument is corrected by A. I. Dust, "The Seventh and Last Canto of Gondibert and Two Dedicatory Poems," Journal of English and Germanic Philology 60 (1961): 282-85
52. However, both McManaway and Dust identify the "Charles Cotton the 1651 inscription as Cotton Sr.; this form of address was used for the son during the fathers lifetime (see n. 77, below). esquire" of the 1651 inscription as Cotton Sr.; this form of address was used for the son during the fathers lifetime (see n. 77, below)
53. Hyde, Survey, 3
54. M. Edmond, Rare Sir William Davenant (Manchester, 1987), 36
55. On Hyde, Hobbes, and Great Tew, see B. H. G. Wormald, Clarendon: Politics, History, and Religion 1640-1660 (Cambridge, 1951), esp. 240-325
56. R. Ollard, Clarendon and His Friends (London, 1987), 29-41
57. and J. C. Hayward, "The Mores of Great Tew: Literary, Philosophical, in Falkland's Circle and Political Idealism in Falkland's Circle" (Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University, 1983)
58. Hyde's autograph notes on The Elements of Law (which follow the pagination of one of the surviving MSS of the work, BL, MS. Harl. 4236) are in Bodl., MS. Clar. 126, fols. 129-30; pagination of one of the surviving MSS of the work, BL, MS. Harl. 4236) are in Bodl., MS. Clar. 126, fols. 129-30
59. Martin Dzelzainis has convincingly argued that they were made in the autumn of 1640 (Edward Hyde and Thomas Hobbes's The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, The Historical Journal 32 [1989]: 303-17). autumn of 1640 ("Edward Hyde and Thomas Hobbes's The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic," The Historical Journal 32 [1989]: 303-17)
60. e Originall MS. wch I lent you, in Oxf.")
61. and BL, MS. Lansdowne 841, fol. 174r (Payne to Sheldon, 16 July 1650: originall whereof I shewd you, long agoe, at Oxford); "y originall whereof I shewd you, long agoe, at Oxford")
62. BL, MS. Harl. 6942, no. 129 (Payne to Sheldon, 26 March 1650: lately by Fr. Bowman out of a MS. copy of Mr Lockeys, who persuaded Bowman to publish it). "printed lately by Fr. Bowman out of a MS. copy of Mr Lockeys, who persuaded Bowman to publish it")
63. A letter from Cotton Sr. to Sir Gervase survives from 1639, thanking him for the loan of several poetical manuscripts (Nottingham University Library, MS. Clifton C 138); the younger Cotton would later begin a poem addressed to Sir Clifford Clifton (Sir Gervase's second son and heir) with the lines: When from thy kind hand, my dearest, dear brother, / Whom I love as th'adst been the son of my Mother (Cotton, Poems, 265). The Clifton estate, at Clifton, south of Nottingham, was close to that of the Okeover family at East Bridgford, with whom Sheldon stayed. for the loan of several poetical manuscripts (Nottingham University Library, MS. Clifton C 138); the younger Cotton would later begin a poem addressed to Sir Clifford Clifton (Sir Gervase's second son and heir) with the lines: "When from thy kind hand, my dearest, dear brother, / Whom I love as th'adst been the son of my Mother" (Cotton, Poems, 265). The Clifton estate, at Clifton, south of Nottingham, was close to that of the Okeover family at East Bridgford, with whom Sheldon stayed
64. C. Cotton, The Wonders of the Peake (London, 1681)
65. E. Prestwich, Hippolitus Translated out of Seneca (London, 1651); the Cavendish, Viscount Mansfield son of the marquess of Newcastle relative was Richard Rogers, the father-in-law of Charles Cavendish, Viscount Mansfield (son of the marquess of Newcastle)
66. Sir Aston Cokayne ["Cokain"], Poems. With the Obstinate Lady, a suppos'd Prince (London, 1662), 114, 231 [mispaginated 131]. It is noteworthy (in view of the translation of Hobbes) that all four Italian authors wrote about politics and modern political history; Cardinal Bentivoglio's Relatione (Cologne, 1629) contained the texts of his reports from Flanders, where he was nuncio from 1607 to 1617. and Trapolin a suppos'd Prince (London, 1662), 114, 231 [mispaginated "131"]. It is noteworthy (in view of the translation of Hobbes) that all four Italian authors wrote about politics and modern political history; Cardinal Bentivoglio's Relatione (Cologne, 1629) contained the texts of his reports from Flanders, where he was nuncio from 1607 to 1617
67. Milton, "Did Hobbes Translate De cive?" 636
68. C. B. Heberden, ed., Brasenose College Register, 1509-1909, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1909), 1:168
69. M. Burrows, ed., The Register of the Visitors of the University of to A.D. 1658 Oxford, from A.D. 1647 to A.D. 1658 (London, 1881), 98, 138
70. and A. Wood, Athenae oxonienses, ed. P. Bliss, 4 vols. (London, 1813-20), vol. 4, col. 635, note
71. Derby Central Library, MS. 8470:1 (where the bare form of address Charles Cotton suggests that this was written after the death of Charles Cotton Sr. in 1658). "Mr Charles Cotton" suggests that this was written after the death of Charles Cotton Sr. in 1658)
72. Another item in this collection, by the Derbyshire poet Thomas Bancroft (who also contributed to Lachrymae musarum in 1649) is headed to CC: and RR: (ibid., 99). (who also contributed to Lachrymae musarum in 1649) is headed "to CC: and RR:" (ibid., 99)
73. For discussions of this manuscript see A. J. Chappie, "A Critical listing of its contents, 204-29 Bibliography of the Works of Charles Cotton" (MA. diss., University of London, 1955), 201-2 (with a listing of its contents, 204-29)
74. Turner, "Life and Work of Cotton," 381-24
75. S. Parks, "Charles Cotton and the Derby Manuscript," in S. . Parks and P. J. Croft, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Seminar Papers Los Angeles Parks and P. J. Croft, Literary Autographs, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Seminar Papers (Los Angeles, 1983), 1-35
76. and P. Beal, "Charles Cotton," in his Index of English Literary Manuscripts, 5 vols. (London, 1980-), 2, pt. 1, 209-33. Manuscripts, 5 vols. (London, 1980-), vol. 2, pt. 1, 209-33
77. Turner suggests that Rawson was at Beresford for the whole period from 1648 and early 1655; Life and Works of Cotton, 38, 44. 1648 and early 1655; "Life and Works of Cotton," 38, 44
78. For the evidence of later contacts, see J. Buxton, A Tradition of Poetry (London, 1967). 142
79. cf. also my comment on the form of address used by Rawson, in n. 45, above
80. Heberden, Brasenose College Register, 1:179
81. r G. S:" was Sir George Savile, later first marquess of Halifax, political author and dedicatee of Cotton's translation of Montaigne. Savile was living at his family house of Rufford, seventeen miles north of Nottingham. He was three years younger than Cotton, which makes it seem fitting that Raw-son should have been proposed as a possible tutor for him two or three years after he had embarked on similar work for the Cotton family
82. BL, MS. Egerton 2005, fol. 1 r
83. Cotton, Poems, 282 (epitaph); Parks, "Cotton and the Derby (autograph, now in the Osborn Collection at Yale University). Manuscript," 13 (autograph, now in the Osborn Collection at Yale University)
84. Derby Central Library, MS. 8470, 258. This manuscript is known to have been in the possession of Richard Heber in 1832, but its history before that date has not hitherto been established: Stephen Parks merely speculates that it could have been at Beresford . . . until 1825 (Cotton and the Derby Manuscript, 8). been in the possession of Richard Heber in 1832, but its history before that date has not hitherto been established: Stephen Parks merely speculates that it "could have been at Beresford . . . until 1825" ("Cotton and the Derby Manuscript," 8)
85. BL, MS. Egerton 2005, fol. 2r. The engraving was added in the space below the written title of the manuscript, The Elements of Law Naturall and Politique. the written title of the manuscript, "The Elements of Law Naturall and Politique."
86. See Hobbes, The Elements of Law, ed. F. Tönnies (London, 1889), ix
87. Beal, "Charles Cotton," 209-10
88. G. du Vair, The Morall Philosophy of the Stoicks, trans. C. Cotton (London, 1667), sigs. A3V (quotation), A4V, and A2v (date). (London, 1667), sigs. A3V (quotation), A4V, and A2v (date)
89. BL, MS. Lansdowne 841, fol. 174r (16 July 1650); in other words, he had seen De corpore politico (London, 1650 [dated 4 May by Thomason]), the unauthorized printing of the second half of The Elements of Law. seen De corpore politico (London, 1650 [dated 4 May by Thomason]), the unauthorized printing of the second half of The Elements of Law
90. To what a formidable greatness grown Is this prodigious beast Rebellion, When Sovereignty, and its so sacred law, Thus lies subjected to his Tyrant awe! And first, the justest, and the best of Kings, Rob'd in the glory of his sufferings, By his too violent Fate informed us all, What tragic ends attended his great fall' (Cotton, Poems, 241-42). When Sovereignty, and its so sacred law, Thus lies subjected to his Tyrant awe! And first, the justest, and the best of Kings, Rob'd in the glory of his sufferings, By his too violent Fate informed us all, What tragic ends attended his great fall' (Cotton, Poems, 241-42)
91. R. B., ed., Lachrymae musarum, 1 (Westmorland)
92. J. T., The Old Halls, Manors, and Families of Derbyshire, 4 vols. (London, Buxton, Derby, 1892-1902), 4:56
93. E. Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, 13 vols. (Canterbury, 1797-1801), 2:358, 447; 4:207, 388, 459; 5:130-32. vols. (Canterbury, 1797-1801), 2:358, 447; 4:207, 388, 459; 5:130-32
94. To prevent confusion it should be pointed out that this Boteler family was quite separate from the Botelers of Woodhall, Watton Woodhall, and Tewin in Hertfordshire: the Francis Boteler who married Sir Aston Cokaynes sister, and whose daughter, Isabella Boteler, married Cottons brother-in-law Charles Hutchinson, were from that family and unrelated to Lady Fane; J. E. Cussans, History of Hertfordshire, 3 vols, London, 1870-81, 2, Hundred of Broadwater, 169-70; was quite separate from the Botelers of Woodhall, Watton Woodhall, and Tewin in Hertfordshire: the Francis Boteler who married Sir Aston Cokaynes sister, and whose daughter, Isabella Boteler, married Cottons brother-in-law Charles Hutchinson, were from that family and unrelated to Lady Fane; see J. E. Cussans, History of Hertfordshire, 3 vols. (London, 1870-81), vol. 2, "Hundred of Broadwater," 169-70
95. W. C. Metcalfe, ed., The Visitations of Hertfordshire, Harleian Society Publications, no. 22 (London, 1886), 29-30, 111-12
96. Victoria County History [hereafter V.C.H], Hertfordshire, no. 3 (London, 1912), 107, 162, 484; 1912), 107, 162, 484
97. Squibb, Visitation of Derbyshire. 47
98. J. T. Godfrey, Notes on the Churches of Nottinghamshire: Hundred of Bingham (London, 1907), 362
99. Hasted, History of Kent, 5:132 (date of death)
100. G. E. Cokayne, Complete Baronetage, 5 vols. (Exeter, 1900-1906), 2:96 presumably died young) (referring also to a third son, who presumably died young)
101. V.C.H, Northamptonshire: Genealog-ical Volume, "Northamptonshire (London, 1906), 96 (describing Anne as die only daughter). Families" (London, 1906), 96 (describing Anne as die only daughter)
102. V.C.H, Bedfordshire, 3 (London, 1912), 89 (Sharnbrook)
103. Hasted, History of Kent, 8:224 (Saltwood) altwood
104. G. E. Cokayne seems unaware of Johns existence, and makes William succeed his father in 1632; Complete Baronetage, 2:96. his father in 1632; see Complete Baronetage, 2:96
105. The Memoirs of Ann Lady Fanshawe [ed. H. C. Fanshawe] (London, 1907), 373
106. BL, MS. Add. 27, 979 (abstract of evidences, Ware, 1570-1668), fol. 5r
107. Memoirs of Ann Fanshawe, 373
108. A. Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion, 1640-60 (Leicester, 1966), 95-104
109. R. Lovelace, Lucasta, ed. W. C. Hazlitt (London, 1864), xv-xxix
110. R. Lovelace, Poems, ed. C. H. Wilkinson, 2d ed. (Oxford, 1930), xxiv-xl
111. Weidhorn, Lovelace, 19-20
112. H. C. Fanshawe, The History of the Fanshawe Family (Newcasde-upon-Tyne, 1927), 83-84; 1927), 83-84
113. Sir Philip Warwick, Memoires of the Reigne of King Charles I, with a Continuation to the Happy Restauration of King Charles II (London, 1701), 272 (describing him as a Gentleman of extraordinary zeal to his Majesties service). Continuation to the Happy Restauration of King Charles II (London, 1701), 272 (describing him as "a Gentleman of extraordinary zeal to his Majesties service")
114. G. E. Cokayne, Complete Baronetage, 2:96
115. M. A. E. Green, ed., Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for 1643-1660 Compounding, &c, 1643-1660, 5 vols. (London, 1889-92), 2:1462 (giving Sir Olivers age as ten in August 1646)
116. V.C.H, Northamptonshire, Genealogical, 95-96
117. G. E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, ed. V. Gibbs, G. H. White, and R. S. Lea, 12 vols. (London, 1912-59), 3:294 (incorrectly making Thomas the eldest son); Lea, 12 vols. (London, 1912-59), 3:294 (incorrectly making Thomas the eldest son)
118. P. W. Hasler, ed., The House of Commons, 1558-1603, 3 vols. (London, 1981), 2:102
119. PRO microfilm Prob. 11/183, fols. 391V-394V (Sir George Fane's will)
120. Green, Calendar of the Committee for Compounding, 2:1462
121. Memoirs of Ann Fanshawe, 373 (wedding), 601 (will)
122. For advice on Hyde's biography I am very grateful to Dr. Paul Seaward
123. G. E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage, 3:294
124. Green, Calendar of Committee for Compounding, 4:3044
125. V.C.H, Northamptonshire, Genealogical, 96
126. PRO microfilm Prob. 11/313, fols. 281r-283v (Anne Fane's will); here fols. 281r, 282V. Henry Lucas's will is PRO microfilm Prob. 11/311, fols. 354v-356r (see fol. 355r for the Cambridge benefactions). Lucas, a distant cousin of the Botelers, left a total of £3,000 in personal bequests to Lady Fane's family, in a heartie and thankefull acknowledgement of the many Charities I receaved from them both [sc. Sir George and Lady Fane] dureing the distresses of my life (fol. 355O. His collection of more than 3,000 books included four works by Hobbes: The Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance; De corpore; De cive; and De corpore politico (Cambridge University Library, MS. Mm. 4. 27, fols. 18r, 32V, 39r, 43r). fols. 281r, 282V. Henry Lucas's will is PRO microfilm Prob. 11/311, fols. 354v-356r (see fol. 355r for the Cambridge benefactions). Lucas, a distant cousin of the Botelers, left a total of £3,000 in personal bequests to Lady Fane's family, "in a heartie and thankefull acknowledgement of the many Charities I receaved from them both [sc. Sir George and Lady Fane] dureing the distresses of my life" (fol. 355O. His collection of more than 3,000 books included four works by Hobbes: The Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance; De corpore; De cive; and De corpore politico (Cambridge University Library, MS. Mm. 4. 27, fols. 18r, 32V, 39r, 43r)
127. The copy was sold by Parke Bernet Galleries, New York, on 15 November 1977.I am grateful to Dr. Peter Davidson for confirming that the inscription is in Fanshawe's hand. Peter Beal incorrecdy identifies the addressee as the poet, rather than his father (Charles Cotton, 216); 1977.I am grateful to Dr. Peter Davidson for confirming that the inscription is in Fanshawe's hand. Peter Beal incorrecdy identifies the addressee as the poet, rather than his father ("Charles Cotton," 216)
128. during the latters lifetime the poet was addressed as "Charles while his father was Mr Charles Cotton (cf. the forms of address used by Lovelace in the headings of the poems cited below at nn. 83, 85). Cotton Esq." while his father was "Mr Charles Cotton" (cf. the forms of address used by Lovelace in the headings of the poems cited below at nn. 83, 85)
129. J. H. Shorthouse, "Charles Cotton the Angler, and Sir Richard Fanshawe," Notes and Queries, 4th ser., 1 (1868): 146
130. See R. Fanshawe, The Poems and Translations, ed. P. Davidson, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1997-), 1:xii, 375-77, 379; (Oxford, 1997-), 1:xii, 375-77, 379
131. A. Clifford, ed., Tixall Poetry; With Notes and Illustrations (Edinburgh, 1813), esp. xxviii
132. Walton and Cotton, Complete Angler, clxiv. I am indebted to Dr. Peter Davidson for pointing out the possible significance of Fanshawe's Aston connections. Davidson for pointing out the possible significance of Fanshawe's Aston connections
133. Everitt, Community of Kent, 103
134. See A. J. Pearman, "The Kentish Family of Lovelace," Hever or Kingsdown Lovelaces. Archaeologia cantiana 10 (1876): 184-220, which corrects Hasted's identification of the poet's branch with the Hever or Kingsdown Lovelaces
135. On Fawk-ham, see Hasted, History of Kent, 2:447
136. See Lovelace, Poems, xlix-lvii
137. Aubrey, "Brief Lives," 2:38
138. Cotton, Poems, 240-41
139. Sir Philip Warwick, A Discourse of Government, as examined by Reason, the Land Scripture, and Law of the Land (London, 1694), 59
140. His large-paper copy of Leviathan (which would probably have been produced at the end of the print-run, incorporating all in-press corrections), was sold at Sotheby's, New York, on 19 November 1974. produced at the end of the print-run, incorporating all in-press corrections), was sold at Sotheby's, New York, on 19 November 1974
141. Cotton, Wonders of the Peake, 27
142. cf. Hobbes, De mirabilibus pecci (London, 1678), 42. There is, however, evidence for the claim, frequently encountered in libraries' or booksellers' catalogues, that Cotton wrote the English translation of Hobbes's poem that was printed in parallel with it in the 1678 edition: this idea must arise simply from a confusion of that translation with Cotton's own text. no evidence for the claim, frequently encountered in libraries' or booksellers' catalogues, that Cotton wrote the English translation of Hobbes's poem that was printed in parallel with it in the 1678 edition: this idea must arise simply from a confusion of that translation with Cotton's own text
143. This copy is now in the library at Chatsworth (pressmark 114 F), having probably been re-acquired by the Devonshires in the nineteenth century; I am very grateful to the Keeper of Collections, Mr. Peter Day, for showing it to me, and to the Trustees of the Chatsworth Setdement for permission to cite the inscription. It is not included in the listings of books with Cotton's ownership inscriptions given in A. I. Dust, Charles Cotton: His Books and Autographs, Notes and Queries 217 1972, 20-23; probably been re-acquired by the Devonshires in the nineteenth century; I am very grateful to the Keeper of Collections, Mr. Peter Day, for showing it to me, and to the Trustees of the Chatsworth Setdement for permission to cite the inscription. It is not included in the listings of books with Cotton's ownership inscriptions given in A. I. Dust, "Charles Cotton: His Books and Autographs," Notes and Queries 217 (1972): 20-23
144. Parks, "Cotton and the Derby Manuscript"
145. and Beal, "Charles Cotton." Possibly the book was given to presentation of his Wonders of the Peake to its dedicatee, the countess of Devonshire Cotton on the occasion of his own presentation of his Wonders of the Peake to its dedicatee, the countess of Devonshire