Sunspots: From small-scale inhomogeneities towards a global theory

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 144, Issue 1-4, 2009, Pages 213-228

  Schlichenmaier, Rolf ^a  

^a KIEPENHEUER INSTITUT FÜR SONNENPHYSIK   (Germany)

Author keywords

MHD; Sunspots

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE CELLS; FASCINATING PHENOMENON; FILAMENTATION; GLOBAL STRUCTURES; HEAT TRANSPORTS; HORIZONTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS; INHOMOGENEITIES; LINE OF SIGHTS; MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES; MHD; MODEL APPROACHES; POLARIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; SIMPLE MODELS; SIMPLIFIED MODELS; SMALL SCALE; SPATIAL SCALE; SUNSPOTS; VELOCITY FIELDS;

COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY; HEAT TRANSFER; MAGNETIC FIELDS; MAGNETIC FLUX; MAGNETIC STRUCTURE; MAGNETOS; POLARIMETERS;

SOLAR ENERGY;

EID: 63949084307     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: 15729672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-008-9465-6     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. C. Beck 2008 A 3D sunspot model derived from an inversion of spectropolarimetric observations and its implications for the penumbral heating Astron. Astrophys. 480 825 838
2. L.R. Bellot Rubio, The Fine Structure of the Penumbra: from Observations to Realistic Physical Models. ASP Conference Series, vol. 307 (2003), p. 301
3. L.R. Bellot Rubio 2004 Sunspots as seen in polarized light Rev. Mod. Astron. 17 21 50
4. L.R. Bellot Rubio H. Balthasar M. Collados R. Schlichenmaier 2003 Field-aligned Evershed flows in the photosphere of a sunspot penumbra Astron. Astrophys. 403 L47 L50
5. L.R. Bellot Rubio H. Balthasar M. Collados 2004 Two magnetic components in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 427 319 334
6. L.R. Bellot Rubio K. Langhans R. Schlichenmaier 2005 Multi-line spectroscopy of dark-cored penumbral filaments Astron. Astrophys. 443 L7 L10
7. L.R. Bellot Rubio R. Schlichenmaier A. Tritschler 2006 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of a sunspot. III. Thermal and kinematic structure of the penumbra at 0.5 arcsec resolution Astron. Astrophys. 453 1117 1127
8. L.R. Bellot Rubio S. Tsuneta K. Ichimoto Y. Katsukawa B.W. Lites S. Nagata T. Shimizu R.A. Shine Y. Suematsu T.D. Tarbell A.M. Title J.C. del Toro Iniesta 2007 Vector spectropolarimetry of dark-cored penumbral filaments with Hinode Astrophys. J. Lett. 668 L91 L94
9. L. Bharti C. Joshi S.N.A. Jaaffrey 2007 Observations of dark lanes in umbral fine structure from the Hinode solar optical telescope: Evidence for magnetoconvection Astrophys. J. Lett. 669 L57 L60
10. J.M. Borrero S.K. Solanki L.R. Bellot Rubio A. Lagg S.K. Mathew 2004 On the fine structure of sunspot penumbrae. I. A quantitative comparison of two semiempirical models with implications for the Evershed effect Astron. Astrophys. 422 1093 1104
11. J.M. Borrero A. Lagg S.K. Solanki M. Collados 2005 On the fine structure of sunspot penumbrae. II. The nature of the Evershed flow Astron. Astrophys. 436 333 345
12. J.M. Borrero S.K. Solanki A. Lagg H. Socas-Navarro B. Lites 2006 On the fine structure of sunspot penumbrae. III. The vertical extension of penumbral filaments Astron. Astrophys. 450 383 393
13. J.M. Borrero L.R. Bellot Rubio D.A.N. Müller 2007 Flux tubes as the origin of net circular polarization in sunspot penumbrae Astrophys. J. 666 L133 L136
14. J.M. Borrero B.W. Lites S.K. Solanki 2008 Evidence of magnetic field wrapping around penumbral filaments Astron. Astrophys. 481 L13 L16
15. J.M. Borrero S.K. Solanki 2008 Are there field-free gaps near τ=1 in sunspot penumbrae? Astrophys. J. 687 668 677
16. D. Cabrera Solana L.R. Bellot Rubio J.M. Borrero J.-C. del Toro Iniesta 2008 Temporal evolution of the Evershed flow in sunspots. II. Physical properties and nature of Evershed clouds Astron. Astrophys. 477 273 283
17. R.E. Danielson 1961 The structure of sunspot penumbras. II. Theoretical Astrophys. J. 134 289
18. D. Degenhardt 1991 Stationary fiphon flows in thin magnetic flux tubes. II Astron. Astrophys. 248 637
19. W. Deinzer 1965 On the magneto-hydrostatic theory of sunspots Astrophys. J. 141 548 563
20. J.C. del Toro Iniesta L.R. Bellot Rubio M. Collados 2001 Cold, supersonic Evershed downflows in a sunspot Astrophys. J. Lett. 549 L139 L142
21. J. Evershed 1909 Radial movement in sun-spots Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 69 454 457
22. L. Gizon, Space. Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
23. H. Grosser, Zur Entstehung der Penumbra-Filamentierung von Sonnenflecken durch die Wirkung von Konvektionsrollen. PhD thesis, Universität Göttingen, 1991
24. T. Heinemann Å. Nordlund G.B. Scharmer H.C. Spruit 2007 MHD simulations of penumbra fine structure Astrophys. J. 669 1390 1394
25. K. Ichimoto R.A. Shine B. Lites M. Kubo T. Shimizu Y. Suematsu S. Tsuneta Y. Katsukawa T.D. Tarbell A.M. Title S. Nagata T. Yokoyama M. Shimojo 2007 Fine-scale structures of the Evershed effect observed by the solar optical telescope aboard Hinode Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 59 593
26. K. Ichimoto Y. Suematsu S. Tsuneta Y. Katsukawa T. Shimizu R.A. Shine T.D. Tarbell A.M. Title B.W. Lites M. Kubo S. Nagata 2007 Twisting motions of sunspot penumbral filaments Science 318 1597
27. K. Ichimoto S. Tsuneta Y. Suematsu Y. Katsukawa T. Shimizu B.W. Lites M. Kubo T.D. Tarbell R.A. Shine A.M. Title S. Nagata 2008 Net circular polarization of sunspots in high spatial resolution Astron. Astrophys. 481 L9 L12
28. K. Jahn 1989 Current sheet as a diagnostic for the subphotospheric structure of a SPOT Astron. Astrophys. 222 264 292
29. K. Jahn, in Physical Models of Sunspots, ed. by B. Schmieder, J.C. del Toro Iniesta, M. Vazquez. ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 118: 1st Advances in Solar Physics Euroconference. Advances in Physics of Sunspots, 1997, p. 122
30. K. Jahn H.U. Schmidt 1994 Thick penumbra in a magnetostatic sunspot model Astron. Astrophys. 290 295 317
31. J. Jurcak L.R. Bellot Rubio 2008 Penumbral models in the light of Hinode spectropolarimetric observations Astron. Astrophys. 481 L17 L20
32. J. Jurcak L.R. Bellot Rubio K. Ichimoto Y. Katsukawa B.W. Lites S. Nagata T. Shimizu Y. Suematsu T.D. Tarbell A.M. Title S. Tsuneta 2007 The analysis of penumbral fine structure using an advanced inversion technique Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 59 S601 S606
33. J.R. Kuhn, H. Morgan, Osmotically Driven Neutral Sunspot Winds, Solar MHD Theory and Observations: A High Spatial Resolution Perspective, ed. by J. Leibacher, R.F. Stein, H. Uitenbroek. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 354, December 2006, pp. 230-+
34. M. Landolfi E. Landi degl'Innocenti 1996 Net circular polarization in magnetic spectral lines produced by velocity gradients: Some analytical results Sol. Phys. 164 191 202
35. K. Langhans G.B. Scharmer D. Kiselman M.G. Löfdahl T.E. Berger 2005 Inclination of magnetic fields and flows in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 436 1087 1101
36. K. Langhans G.B. Scharmer D. Kiselman M.G. Löfdahl 2007 Observations of dark-cored filaments in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 464 763 774
37. V. Martínez Pillet 2000 Spectral signature of uncombed penumbral magnetic fields Astron. Astrophys. 361 734 742
38. D.A.N. Müller R. Schlichenmaier O. Steiner M. Stix 2002 Spectral signatures of magnetic flux tubes in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 393 305 319
39. D.A.N. Müller R. Schlichenmaier G. Fritz C. Beck 2006 The multi-component field topology of sunspot penumbrae. A diagnostic tool for spectropolarimetric measurements Astron. Astrophys. 460 925 933
40. P. Maltby 1964 On the velocity field in sunspots Astrophys. Norvegica 8 205
41. F. Meyer H.U. Schmidt 1968 Magnetisch ausgerichtete Strömungen zwischen Sonnenflecken Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 48 T218
42. F. Meyer N.O. Weiss H.U. Schmidt 1977 The stability of sunspots Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 179 741
43. E.N. Parker 1979 Sunspots and the physics of magnetic flux tubes. IX Umbral dots and longitudinal overstability Astrophys. J. 234 333 347
44. V.J. Pizzo 1990 Numerical modeling of solar magnetostatic structures bounded by current sheets Astrophys. J. 365 764 777
45. M. Rempel, M. Schüssler, M. Knölker, Radiative MHD simulation of sunspot structure. Astrophys. J. (2008, accepted)
46. R. Rezaei R. Schlichenmaier C. Beck L.R. Bellot Rubio 2006 The flow field in the sunspot canopy Astron. Astrophys. 454 975 982
47. T. Rimmele 2004 Plasma flows observed in magnetic flux concentrations and sunspot fine structure using adaptive optics Astrophys. J. 604 906 923
48. T. Rimmele 2008 On the relation between umbral dots, dark-cored filaments, and light bridges Astrophys. J. 672 684 695
49. T. Rimmele J. Marino 2006 The Evershed flow: Flow geometry and its temporal evolution Astrophys. J. 646 593 604
50. B. Ruiz Cobo L.R. Bellot Rubio 2008 Heat transfer in sunspot penumbrae. Origin of dark-cored penumbral filaments Astron. Astrophys. 488 749 756
51. A. Sainz Dalda L.R. Bellot Rubio 2008 Detection of sea-serpent field lines in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 481 L21 L24
52. J. Sanchez Almeida B.W. Lites 1992 Observation and Interpretation of the asymmetric Stokes Q, U, and V line profiles in sunspots Astrophys. J. 398 359 374
53. G.B. Scharmer H.C. Spruit 2006 Magnetostatic penumbra models with field-free gaps Astron. Astrophys. 460 605 615
54. G.B. Scharmer B.V. Gudiksen D. Kiselman M.G. Löfdahl L.H.M.R. van der Voort 2002 Dark cores in sunspot penumbral filaments Nature 420 151
55. G.B. Scharmer T. Heinemann A. Nordlund 2008 Convection and the origin of Evershed flows in sunspot penumbrae Astrophys. J. 677 L149 L152
56. R. Schlichenmaier 2002 Penumbral fine structure: Theoretical understanding Astron. Nachr. 323 303 308
57. R. Schlichenmaier, The Sunspot Penumbra: New Developments, ed. by A. Pevtsov and H. Uitenbroek. ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 286: Current theoretical models and future high resolution solar observations, 2003, pp. 211-226
58. R. Schlichenmaier M. Collados 2002 Spectropolarimetry in a sunspot penumbra. Spatial dependence of stokes asymmetries in Fe I 1564.8 nm Astron. Astrophys. 381 668 682
59. R. Schlichenmaier W. Schmidt 2000 Flow geometry in a sunspot penumbra Astron. Astrophys. 358 1122 1132
60. R. Schlichenmaier S.K. Solanki 2003 On the heat transport in a sunspot penumbra Astron. Astrophys. 411 257 262
61. R. Schlichenmaier K. Jahn H.U. Schmidt 1998 A dynamical model for the penumbral fine structure and the Evershed effect in sunspots Astrophys. J. Lett. 493 L121
62. R. Schlichenmaier K. Jahn H.U. Schmidt 1998 Magnetic flux tubes evolving in sunspots. A model for the penumbral fine structure and the Evershed flow Astron. Astrophys. 337 897 910
63. R. Schlichenmaier D.A.N. Müller O. Steiner M. Stix 2002 Net circular polarization of sunspot penumbrae. Symmetry breaking through anomalous dispersion Astron. Astrophys. 381 L77 L80
64. R. Schlichenmaier L.R. Bellot Rubio A. Tritschler 2004 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of a sunspot. II. Penumbral line asymmetries Astron. Astrophys. 415 731 737
65. W. Schmidt R. Schlichenmaier 2000 Small-scale flow field in a sunspot penumbra Astron. Astrophys. 364 829 834
66. M. Schüssler M. Rempel 2005 The dynamical disconnection of sunspots from their magnetic roots Astron. Astrophys. 441 337 346
67. M. Schüssler A. Vögler 2006 Magnetoconvection in a Sunspot Umbra Astrophys. J. Lett. 641 L73 L76
68. M. Sobotka P. Sütterlin 2001 Fine structure in sunspots. IV. Penumbral grains in speckle reconstructed images Astron. Astrophys. 380 714 715
69. H. Socas-Navarro V. Martinez Pillet M. Sobotka M. Vazquez 2004 The thermal and magnetic structure of umbral dots form the inversion of high-resolution full Stokes Observations Astrophys. J. 614 448 456
70. S.K. Solanki 2003 Sunspots: An overview Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 11 153 286
71. S.K. Solanki C.A.P. Montavon 1993 Uncombed fields as the source of the broad-band circular polarization of sunspots Astron. Astrophys. 275 283
72. S.K. Solanki I. Rüedi 2003 Spatial and temporal fluctuations in sunspots derived from MDI data Astron. Astrophys. 411 249 256
73. S.K. Solanki I. Rueedi W. Livingston 1992 Infrared lines as probes of solar magnetic features. V - The magnetic structure of a simple sunspot and its canopy Astron. Astrophys. 263 312
74. H.C. Spruit G.B. Scharmer 2006 Fine structure, magnetic field and heating of sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 447 343 354
75. O. Steiner 2000 The formation of asymmetric Stokes V profiles in the presence of a magnetopause Sol. Phys. 196 245 268
76. P. Sütterlin L.R. Bellot Rubio R. Schlichenmaier 2004 Asymmetrical appearance of dark-cored filaments in sunspot penumbrae Astron. Astrophys. 424 1049 1053
77. J.H. Thomas 1988 Siphon flows in isolated magnetic flux tubes Astrophys. J. 333 407 419
78. J.H. Thomas 2005 Flows along penumbral flux tubes in sunspots. Instability of super-Alfvénic, serpentine solutions Astron. Astrophys. 440 L29 L32
79. J.H. Thomas B. Montesinos 1991 Siphon flows n isolated magnetic flux tubes. IV Critical flows with standing tube shocks Astrophys. J. 375 404 413
80. A.M. Title Z. A Frank R.A. Shine T.D. Tarbell K.P. Topka G. Scharmer W. Schmidt 1993 On the magnetic and velocity field geometry of simple sunspots Astrophys. J. 403 780 796
81. A. Tritschler R. Schlichenmaier L.R. Bellot Rubio the KAOS Team 2004 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of a sunspot. I. Properties of the penumbral fine structure Astron. Astrophys. 415 717 729
82. A. Tritschler D.A.N. Müller R. Schlichenmaier H.J. Hagenaar 2007 Fine structure of the net circular polarization in a sunspot penumbra Astrophys. J. Lett. 671 L85 L88
83. E. Wiehr 1995 The origin of the Evershed asymmetry Astron. Astrophys. 298 L17 L20
84. N.O. Weiss 1964 Magnetic flux tubes and convection in the Sun Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 128 225
85. C. Westendorp Plaza J.C. del Toro Iniesta B. Ruiz Cobo V. Martínez Pillet 2001 Optical tomography of a sunspot. III. Velocity stratification and the Evershed effect Astrophys. J. 547 1148 1158
86. C. Westendorp Plaza J.C. del Toro Iniesta B. Ruiz Cobo V. Martínez Pillet B.W. Lites A. Skumanich 2001 Optical tomography of a sunspot. II. Vector magnetic field and temperature stratification Astrophys. J. 547 1130 1147
87. V. Zakharov J. Hirzberger T.L. Riethmüller S.K. Solanki P. Kobel 2008 Evidence of convective rolls in a sunspot penumbra Astron. Astrophys. 488 2 L17 L20