Birka and Scandinavia's trade with the East

Russian History

Volumn 32, Issue 3-4, 2005, Pages 287-296

  Ambrosiani, Björn ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 63849311162     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633105x00132     Document Type: Review

References (55)

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2. H. Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris-Bruxelles: Félix Alcan 1970)
3. S. Bolin, "Muhammed, Karl den store och Rurik," Scandia, 12 (1939): 181-222
4. S. Bolin, "Mohammed, Charlemagne and Ruric," Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1 (1953): 15-39
5. B. Ambrosiani, "Osten und Westen im Ostseehandel zur Haithabu und die frūhe Stadtentwicklung im nördlichen Europa, hrsg. von K. Brandt, M. Müller-Wille und Chr. Radtke [Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 8] (Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2002), 339-48; Wikingerzeit," Haithabu und die frūhe Stadtentwicklung im nördlichen Europa, hrsg. von K. Brandt, M. Müller-Wille und Chr. Radtke [Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 8] (Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2002), 339-48
6. B. Ambrosiani, "East and West in the Viking Age Trade in the Baltic Perspective Region - a Birka Perspective," Birka Studies, 9 (forthcoming)
7. B. Wigh, Animal Husbandry in the Viking Age Town of Birka and its Hinterland, ibid., 7 (Stockholm: The Birka Project, 2001), 121 and diagram fig. 78. Hinterland, ibid., 7 (Stockholm: The Birka Project, 2001), 121 and diagram fig. 78
8. O. I. Davidan, "Kunsthandwerkliche Gegenstände des 8. bis 10 Alt-Ladoga (Die Sammlung der Staatlichen Ermitage in Sf Petersburg) Jahrhunderts aus Alt-Ladoga (Die Sammlung der Staatlichen Ermitage in Sf Petersburg)," Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, 20 (1992): 10
9. Matthias Back (forthcoming)
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11. E. N. Nosov, 'Ein Herrschaftsgebiet entsteht. Die Vorgeschichte der nördlichen Rus' und Novgorods, in Novgorod. Das mittelalterliche Zentrum und sein Umland im Norden Russlands, M. Müller-Wille, V. L. Janin, E. N. Nosov & E. A. Rybina, eds. [Studien zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Archäologie der Ostseegebiete 1] (Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2001), 13-74. nördlichen Rus' und Novgorods," in Novgorod. Das mittelalterliche Zentrum und sein Umland im Norden Russlands, M. Müller-Wille, V. L. Janin, E. N. Nosov & E. A. Rybina, eds. [Studien zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Archäologie der Ostseegebiete 1] (Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2001), 13-74
12. T. S. Noonan, "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from European Russia: A Preliminary Analysis, in M.A.S. Blackburn and D. M. Metcalf, eds., Viking-Age Coinage in the Northern Lands: The Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History [British Archaeological Reports, International Series 122] (Oxford: B.A.R., 1981), 47-117 [reprinted in The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings, 750-900. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Ashgate (Aldershot' UK, and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 1998)]; Preliminary Analysis," in M.A.S. Blackburn and D. M. Metcalf, eds., Viking-Age Coinage in the Northern Lands: The Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History [British Archaeological Reports, International Series 122] (Oxford: B.A.R., 1981), 47-117 [reprinted in The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings, 750-900. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Ashgate (Aldershot' UK, and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 1998)]
13. T. S. Noonan, "Why Dirhams First Reached Russia: The Role of the Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Western Europe Arab-Khazar Relations in the Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Western Europe," Archivum Eurasieae Medii Aevi, 4 (1984), 151-282 [reprinted in The Islamic World]
14. Noonan, "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from European Russia," 58ff; 1986/1998, 119ff
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16. Ingrid Gustin, "The Coins and Weights from the Excavations Presentation of the Material 1990-1995. Introduction and Presentation of the Material," Eastern Connections Part Two: Numismatics and Metrology, Birka Studies, 6 (Stockholm: The Birka Project, 2004), 11-25
17. Noonan, "The Vikings in the East: Coins and Commerce," 215-36
18. V. V. Murašěva, "The Viking Age Monuments in the region on the Upper Volga, in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. Hansson (Örebro: Örebro kommuns bildningsförvaltning, 1997), 76. Jaroslavl' region on the Upper Volga," in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. Hansson (Örebro: Örebro kommuns bildningsfö rvaltning, 1997), 76
19. J. Callmer, "The Clay Paw Burial Rite of the Åland Islands and Symbol in Action Central Russia: A Symbol in Action," Current Swedish Archaeology, 2 (1994): 13-46
20. I. Jansson, "Warfare, Trade or Colonisation? Some general remarks on expansion of the Scandinavians in the Viking Period the Eastern expansion of the Scandinavians in the Viking Period," in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. Hansson, 44
21. Jansson, "Warfare, Trade or Colonisation?," 48
22. For the years 883-885, see The Russian Primary Chronicle Luarentian Text Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, trans. and eds. (Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1952), 61. Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, trans. and eds. (Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1952), 61
23. Royal Prankish Annals R444
24. M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy. Communications and 300-900 Commerce, A.D. 300-900 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001), 918
25. H. Steuer, W. B. Stern, and B. Goldenberg, "Der Wechsel von der um 900 und die Herkunft des Münzsilbers im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert Münzgeld- zur Gewichtsgeldwirtschaft in Haithabu um 900 und die Herkunft des Münzsilbers im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert," in Haithabu und die frühe Stadtentwicklung, 133-67
26. E. Sperber, Balances, Weights and Weighing in Ancient and Early Medieval Sweden [Theses and Papers, in Scientific Archaelogy 2] (Stockholm, 1996)
27. Erik Sperber, "Metrology of the Weights from the Birka Excavations 1990-1995," Eastern Connection Part Two: Numismatics and Metrology, Birka Studies, 8 (Stockholm: The Birka Project, 2004), 61-95
28. Gustin, "The Coins and Weights from the Excavations 1990-1995," 11-25
29. H. Steuer, "Waagen und Gewichte aus dem mittelalterlichen Schleswig des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts aus Europa als Quellen zur Handels- und Währungsgeschichte, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters [Beiheft 10] (1997); Funde des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts aus Europa als Quellen zur Handels- und Währungsgeschichte," Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters [Beiheft 10] (1997)
30. Steuer et al., "Der Wechsel von der Münzgeld-zur Gewichtsgeldwirtschaft," 133-67
31. A. Söderberg, Schmelzkugeln: Identifikation av en hantverksprocess frȧn Birka och Sigtuna Fyndmaterialet frȧn Birka och Sigtuna. CD-uppsatser i laborativ arkeologi 95/96, 2 (Stockholm: Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 1996)
32. Gustin (in preparation)
33. Noonan, "The Vikings in the East: Coins and Commerce," 227
34. Steuer et al., "Der Wechsel von der Münzgeld- zur Gewichtsgeldwirtschaft," 147ff
35. M. Östergren, Mellan stengrund och stenhus. Theses and Papers in Archaeology, 2 (Stockholm: Institute of Archaeology at the Univ. of Stockholm, 1989), 65. Archaeology, 2 (Stockholm: Institute of Archaeology at the Univ. of Stockholm, 1989), 65
36. The Russian Primary Chronicle, 68
37. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy, 344ff, and Appendix 3, 815ff
38. Rispling (forthcoming)
39. Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, trans. by H. Mattingly, revised by S. A. Handford (London: Penguin Books, 1970), ch. 46; by S. A. Handford (London: Penguin Books, 1970), ch. 46
40. Jordanes, Getica. Om goternas ursprung och bedrifter, trans. to Swedish by A. Nordin. Atlantis (Stockholm: Atlantis, 1997), ch. 21
41. Hj. Stolpe, T. J. Ame, Graffältet vid Vendel (Stockholm: KVHAA Monografier, 1912)
42. G. Arwidsson, 1942a. Vendelstile, Email und Glas im 7.-8. Jahrhundert boktryckeri Dis. AMAS 2, Valsgärde-Studien 1 (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri, 1942)
43. G. Arwidsson, Valsgärde 6. AMAS I, Die Gräberfunde von Valsgärde I (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri, 1942); Valsgärde I (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri, 1942)
44. G. Arwidsson, Valsgärde 7. AMAS V, Die Gräber von Valsgärde III (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri, 1977); Valsgärde III (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri, 1977)
45. W. Holmqvist, A. Lundström, H. Clarke, et al., eds., Excavations at Helgō, I-XIV (Stockholm: KVHAA monografier, 1961-2001). Helgō, I-XIV (Stockholm: KVHAA monografier, 1961-2001)
46. E. Kivikoski, Die Eisenzeit Finnlands (Helsinki: Neuausgabe, 1973)
47. T. Edgren, Den förhistoriska tiden. Finlands Historia, 1, 9-270 Schildts (Esbo: Schildts. 1992), 202ff
48. H. Clarke, B. Ambrosiani, Towns in the Viking Age (Leicester: Leicester Univ. Press, 1991), 46-89 and 107-20
49. Wigh, Animal Husbandry in the Viking Age Town of Birka, 121
50. H. Arbman, Schweden und das Karolingische Reich. Studien zu den des 9. Jarhrhunderts Hindelsverbindungen des 9. Jarhrhunderts, KVHAA Handlingar 43 (Stockholm: Wahlström & Wustrand, 1937)
51. Davidan, "Kunsthandwerkliche Gegenstände des 8. bis 10 Alt-Ladoga Jahrhunderts aus Alt-Ladoga."
52. Cf. the latest in K. Viklund, "Österbottens kontinuitetsproblematiken, Frȧn romartid till vikingatid, Studier i Österbottens förhistoria (Vasa: Scriptum, 2002), 5, 25-44. järnåldersbygd och kontinuitetsproblematiken," Frȧn romartid till vikingatid, Studier i Österbottens förhistoria (Vasa: Scriptum, 2002), 5, 25-44
53. Jansson, "Warfare, Trade or Colonisation?," 37ff
54. Murašěva, "The Viking Age Monuments in the Jaroslavl' and Tamara Puškina, Scandinavian finds from old Russia. A survey of their topography and chronology, in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. Hansson, 83-91. region" and Tamara Puškina, "Scandinavian finds from old Russia. A survey of their topography and chronology," in The Rural Viking in Russia and Sweden, ed. by P. Hansson, 83-91
55. Callmer, "The Clay Paw Burial Rite," 13-46