Venous adjustments in healthy and hypertensive pregnancy

Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 671-679

  Krabbendam, Ineke ^a   Spaanderman, Marc ea ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

adaptation; gestational hypertension; preeclampsia; pregnancy; venous adjustments

Indexed keywords

EID: 63849310093     PISSN: 17474108     EISSN: 17474116     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2.5.671     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Tyberg JV. How changes in venous capacitance modulate cardiac output. Pflugers Arch. 445 (1), 10–17 (2002).
2. Wijeyaratne CN, Moult PJ. The effect of α human atrial natriuretic peptide on plasma volume and vascular permeability in normotensive subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76 (2), 343–346 (1993).
3. Curry FR. Atrial natriuretic peptide: an essential physiological regulator of transvascular fluid, protein transport, and plasma volume. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (6), 1458–1461 (2005).
4. Hirata Y, Ishii M, Fukui K et al. The extrarenal effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on body fluid distribution. Am. J. Hypertens. 3 (2), 140–147 (1990).
5. Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Menheere PP, Peeters LH. Early pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169 (6), 1382–1392 (1993).
6. Duvekot JJ, Peeters LL. Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 49 (12 Suppl.), S1 –S14 (1994).
7. Schrier RW, Briner VA. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis of sodium and water retention in pregnancy: implications for pathogenesis of preeclampsia–eclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 77 (4), 632–639 (1991).
8. Spaanderman M, Ekhart T, van Eyck J, de Leeuw P, Peeters L. Preeclampsia and maladaptation to pregnancy: a role for atrial natriuretic peptide? Kidney Int. 60 (4), 1397–1406 (2001).
9. Spaanderman ME, Meertens M, van Bussal M, Ekhart TH, Peeters LL. Cardiac output increases independently of basal metabolic rate in early human pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278 (5), H1585 –H1588 (2000).
10. Zhou Y, Damsky CH, Chiu K, Roberts JM, Fisher SJ. Preeclampsia is associated with abnormal expression of adhesion molecules by invasive cytotrophoblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 91 (3), 950–960 (1993).
11. Spaanderman ME, Willekes C, Hoeks AP, Ekhart TH, Peeters LL. The effect of pregnancy on the compliance of large arteries and veins in healthy parous control subjects and women with a history of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183 (5), 1278–1286 (2000).
12. Bosio PM, McKenna PJ, Conroy R, O’Herlihy C. Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 94 (6), 978–984 (1999).
13. Easterling TR, Benedetti TJ, Schmucker BC, Millard SP. Maternal hemodynamics in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a longitudinal study. Obstet. Gynecol. 76 (6), 1061–1069 (1990).
14. Clapp JF, III, Capeless E. Cardiovascular function before, during, and after the first and subsequent pregnancies. Am. J. Cardiol. 80 (11), 1469–1473 (1997).
15. Bernstein IM, Thibault A, Mongeon JA, Badger GJ. The influence of pregnancy on arterial compliance. Obstet. Gynecol. 105 (3), 621–625 (2005).
16. Hytten F. Blood volume changes in normal pregnancy. Clin. Haematol. 14 (3), 601–612 (1985).
17. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Saunders, PA, USA (2005).
18. Reddi BA, Carpenter RH. Venous excess: a new approach to cardiovascular control and its teaching. J. Appl. Physiol. 98 (1), 356–364 (2005).
19. Lebel M, Grose JH, Blais R. Increased hematocrit with normal red blood cell mass in early borderline essential hypertension. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A. 11 (8), 1505–1514 (1989).
20. Brown MA, Mitar DA, Whitworth JA. Measurement of plasma volume in pregnancy. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 83 (1), 29–34 (1992).
21. Chesley LC, Duffus GM. Posture and apparent plasma volume in late pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 78 (5), 406–412 (1971).
22. Aardenburg R, Spaanderman ME, van Eijndhoven HW, de Leeuw PW, Peeters LL. A low plasma volume in formerly preeclamptic women predisposes to the recurrence of hypertensive complications in the next pregnancy. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 13 (8), 598–603 (2006).
23. Bernstein IM, Ziegler W, Badger GJ. Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 97 (5 Pt 1), 669–672 (2001).
24. Brown MA, Zammit VC, Mitar DM. Extracellular fluid volumes in pregnancy-induced hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10 (1), 61–68 (1992).
25. Hays PM, Cruikshank DP, Dunn LJ. Plasma volume determination in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151 (7), 958–966 (1985).
26. Lowe SA, Macdonald GJ, Brown MA. Acute and chronic regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide in human pregnancy: a longitudinal study. J. Hypertens. 10 (8), 821–829 (1992).
27. Pirani BB, Campbell DM, MacGillivray I. Plasma volume in normal first pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 80 (10), 884–887 (1973).
28. Salas SP, Rosso P, Espinoza R et al. Maternal plasma volume expansion and hormonal changes in women with idiopathic fetal growth retardation. Obstet. Gynecol. 81 (6), 1029–1033 (1993).
29. Whittaker PG, Macphail S, Lind T. Serial hematologic changes and pregnancy outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 88 (1), 33–39 (1996).
30. Lund CJ, Donovan JC. Blood volume during pregnancy. Significance of plasma and red cell volumes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 98 (3), 394–403 (1967).
31. Whittaker PG, Lind T. The intravascular mass of albumin during human pregnancy: a serial study in normal and diabetic women. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 100 (6), 587–592 (1993).
32. Bernstein IM, Schonberg AL, Bouchard BA, Segal A, Shapiro RE. Prepregnancy plasma volume predicts early pregnancy plasma volume. Reprod. Sci. 14 (1S), 270A (2007).
33. Salas SP, Marshall G, Gutierrez BL, Rosso P. Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Hypertension 47 (2), 203–208 (2006).
34. Valensise H, Andreoli A, Lello S et al. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in women with a normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (3), 780–783 (2000).
35. Silver HM, Seebeck M, Carlson R. Comparison of total blood volume in normal, preeclamptic, and nonproteinuric gestational hypertensive pregnancy by simultaneous measurement of red blood cell and plasma volumes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179 (1), 87–93 (1998).
36. Lowe SA, Zammit VC, Mitar D, Macdonald GJ, Brown MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide and plasma volume in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 4 (11), 897–903 (1991).
37. Brown MA, Zammit VC, Lowe SA. Capillary permeability and extracellular fluid volumes in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 77 (6), 599–604 (1989).
38. Meissner MH, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE Jr. Venous diameter and compliance after deep venous thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. 72 (3), 372–376 (1994).
39. Turner IC, McNally MA, O’Connell BM et al. Numerical model of deep venous thrombosis detection using venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 38 (3), 348–355 (2000).
40. Gay R, Wool S, Paquin M, Goldman S. Total vascular pressure–volume relationship in conscious rats with chronic heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. 251 (3 Pt 2), H483 –H489 (1986).
41. Freeman R, Lirofonis V, Farquhar WB, Risk M. Limb venous compliance in patients with idiopathic orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia. J. Appl. Physiol. 93 (2), 636–644 (2002).
42. Monahan KD, Ray CA. Gender affects calf venous compliance at rest and during baroreceptor unloading in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 286 (3), H895 –H901 (2004).
43. Rowell LB. Human Circulation. Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1986).
44. Smith AJ, Walters WA, Buckley NA et al. Hypertensive and normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study of blood pressure, distensibility of dorsal hand veins and the ratio of the stable metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin in plasma. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 102 (11), 900–906 (1995).
45. McCausland AM, Hyman C, Winsor T, Trotter AD Jr. Venous distensibility during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 81 472–479 (1961).
46. Rabhi Y, Charras-Arthapignet C, Gris JC et al. Lower limb vein enlargement and spontaneous blood flow echogenicity are normal sonographic findings during pregnancy. J. Clin. Ultrasound. 28 (8), 407–413 (2000).
47. Barwin BN, Roddie IC. Venous distensibility during pregnancy determined by graded venous congestion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (7), 921–923 (1976).
48. Sakai K, Imaizumi T, Maeda H et al. Venous distensibility during pregnancy. Comparisons between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Hypertension 24 (4), 461–466 (1994).
49. Edouard DA, Pannier BM, London GM, Cuche JL, Safar ME. Venous and arterial behavior during normal pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (5 Pt 2), H1605 –H1612 (1998).
50. Goodlin RC. Venous reactivity and pregnancy abnormalities. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 65 (4), 345–348 (1986).
51. Martin A, Brown MA, Bucci J, Whitworth JA. Measuring venous capacitance and blood flow in pregnancy. Aust. NZ J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 37 (3), 335–339 (1997).
52. Stainer K, Morrison R, Pickles C, Cowley AJ. Abnormalities of peripheral venous tone in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 70 (2), 155–157 (1986).
53. Ryo E, Unno N, Nagasaka T, Taketani Y. Changes in the size of maternal inferior vena cava during pregnancy. J. Perinat. Med. 32 (4), 327–331 (2004).
54. Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FA et al. Maternal volume homeostasis in early pregnancy in relation to fetal growth restriction. Obstet. Gynecol. 85 (3), 361–367 (1995).
55. Shailja S, Gupta I, Suri V. Inferior vena cava diameters in pregnant women for prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 84 (2), 164–165 (2004).
56. Ryo E, Unno N, Hagino D et al. Inferior vena cava diameter and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and fetal compromise. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 65 (2), 143–148 (1999).
57. Zhang Y, Novak K, Kaufman S. Atrial natriuretic factor release during pregnancy in rats. J. Physiol. 488 (Pt 2) 509–514 (1995).
58. Leunissen KM, Menheere PP, Cheriex EC et al. Plasma α-human atrial natriuretic peptide and volume status in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 4 (5), 382–386 (1989).
59. Gallery ED, Brown MA. Volume homeostasis in normal and hypertensive human pregnancy. Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1 (4), 835–851 (1987).
60. Thomsen JK, Fogh-Andersen N, Jaszczak P, Giese J. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decrease during normal pregnancy as related to hemodynamic changes and volume regulation. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 72 (2), 103–110 (1993).
61. de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. 28 (1), 89–94 (1981).
62. Thomsen JK, Storm TL, Thamsborg G et al. Increased concentration of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide during normal pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. Life Sci. 27 (3), 197–201 (1988).
63. Sala C, Campise M, Ambroso G et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and hemodynamic changes during normal human pregnancy. Hypertension 25 (4 Pt 1), 631–636 (1995).
64. Senoz S, Sahin N, Ozcan T, Direm B, Gokmen O. The concentration of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. Life Sci. 62 (2), 173–177 (1995).
65. Irons DW, Baylis PH, Davison JM. The metabolic clearance of atrial natriuretic peptide during human pregnancy. Am. J.Obstet.Gynecol. 175 (2), 449–454 (1996).
66. Chapman AB, Abraham WT, Zamudio S et al. Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy. Kidney Int. 54 (6), 2056–2063 (1998).
67. Minegishi T, Nakamura M, Abe K et al. Adrenomedullin and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5 (8), 767–770 (1999).
68. Borghi C, Esposti DD, Immordino V et al. Relationship of systemic hemodynamics, left ventricular structure and function, and plasma natriuretic peptide concentrations during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183 (1), 140–147 (2000).
69. Thomsen JK, Storm TL, Thamsborg G et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in pre-eclampsia. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 294 (6586), 1508–1510 (1987).
70. Hirai N, Yanaihara T, Nakayama T, Ishibashi M, Yamaji T. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide during normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159 (1), 27–31 (1988).
71. Irons DW, Baylis PH, Davison JM. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion during human pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (1 Pt 2), F239 –F242 (1996).
72. Steegers EA, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Jongsma HW, Hein PR. Atrial natriuretic peptide in the first gestational trimester: a longitudinal study. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 31 (4), 246–248 (1991).
73. Mikkelsen AL, Schutten G, Asping U, Schutten HJ. Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnant women and in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 31 (4), 192–195 (1991).
74. Irons DW, Baylis PH, Butler TJ, Davison JM. Atrial natriuretic peptide in preeclampsia: metabolic clearance, sodium excretion and renal hemodynamics. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (3 Pt 2), F483 –F487 (1997).
75. Otsuki Y, Okamoto E, Iwata I et al. Changes in concentration of human atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnancy and toxaemia. J. Endocrinol. 114 (2), 325–328 (1987).
76. Miyamoto S, Shimokawa H, Sumioki H, Touno A, Nakano H. Circadian rhythm of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and blood pressure during the third trimester in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet.Gynecol. 158 (2), 393–399 (1988).
77. Stratta P, Canavese C, Gurioli L et al. Ratio between aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide in pregnancy. Kidney Int. 36 (5), 908–914 (1989).
78. Itoh H, Sagawa N, Mori T et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Obstet. Gynecol. 82 (1), 71–77 (1993).
79. Pouta AM, Rasanen JP, Airaksinen KE, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Changes in maternal heart dimensions and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels in the early puerperium of normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 103 (10), 988–992 (1996).
80. Rizk DE. A study of α-human atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 17 (3), 234–238 (1997).
81. Marlettini MG, Cassani A, Boschi S et al. Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor in normal pregnancy and early puerperium. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A. 11 (4), 531–552 (1989).
82. Milsom I, Hedner J, Hedner T. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and maternal hemodynamic changes during normal pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 67 (8), 717–722 (1988).
83. Lowe SA, Macdonald GJ, Brown MA. Regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide release in pregnancy: responses to posture. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165 (3), 591–595 (1991).
84. Finn WL, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA et al. Sodium and volume dysregulation after apparently normal pregnancy is suggested by abnormal levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, renin and aldosterone. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 18 (5), 269–273 (1991).
85. Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP et al. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47 (12), 2357–2363 (2006).
86. Sasson Z, Rasooly Y, Gupta R, Rasooly I. Left atrial enlargement in healthy obese: prevalence and relation to left ventricular mass and diastolic function. Can. J. Cardiol. 12 (3), 257–263 (1996).
87. Desai DK, Moodley J, Naidoo DP. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular hemodynamics in normal pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 104 (1), 20–29 (2004).
88. Kametas NA, McAuliffe F, Hancock J, Chambers J, Nicolaides KH. Maternal left ventricular mass and diastolic function during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 18 (5), 460–466 (2001).
89. Katz R, Karliner JS, Resnik R. Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation 58 (3 Pt 1), 434–441 (1978).
90. Mesa A, Jessurun C, Hernandez A et al. Left ventricular diastolic function in normal human pregnancy. Circulation 99 (4), 511–517 (1999).
91. Sanchez RA, Glenny JE, Marco E et al. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic findings in hypertensive pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 154 (4), 910–913 (1986).
92. Yuan L, Duan Y, Cao T. Echocardiographic study of cardiac morphological and functional changes before and after parturition in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Echocardiography 23 (3), 177–182 (2006).
93. Novelli GP, Valensise H, Vasapollo B et al. Are gestational and essential hypertension similar? Left ventricular geometry and diastolic function. Hypertens. Pregnancy 22 (3), 225–237 (2003).
94. Valensise H, Novelli GP, Vasapollo B et al. Maternal diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular geometry in gestational hypertension. Hypertension 37 (5), 1209–1215 (2001).
95. Vazquez BM, Grosso O, Bellido CA et al. Dimensions of the left ventricle, atrium, and aortic root in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 14 (4 Pt 1), 390–392 (2001).
96. Ganzevoort W, Rep A, Bonsel GJ, De Vries JI, Wolf H. Plasma volume and blood pressure regulation in hypertensive pregnancy. J. Hypertens. 22 (7), 1235–1242 (2004).
97. Courtar DA, Spaanderman ME, Aardenburg R, Janssen BJ, Peeters LL. Low plasma volume coincides with sympathetic hyperactivity and reduced baroreflex sensitivity in formerly preeclamptic patients. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 13 (1), 48–52 (2006).
98. Aardenburg R, Spaanderman ME, Courtar DA et al. A subnormal plasma volume in formerly preeclamptic women is associated with a low venous capacitance. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 12 (2), 107–111 (2005).
99. Bernstein IM, Shapiro RE, Whitsel A, Schonberg AL. Relationship of plasma volume to sympathetic tone in nulliparous women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 188 (4), 938–942 (2003).
100. Galderisi M, Petrocelli A, Fakher A et al. Influence of nighttime blood pressure on left atrial size in uncomplicated arterial systemic hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 10 (8), 836–842 (1997).
101. Ikenouchi H, Iizuka M, Sato H et al. Forearm venous distensibility in relation to severity of symptoms and hemodynamic data in patients with congestive heart failure. Jpn Heart J. 32 (1), 17–34 (1991).
102. London GM, Safar ME, Simon AC et al. Total effective compliance, cardiac output and fluid volumes in essential hypertension. Circulation 57 (5), 995–1000 (1978).
103. Safar ME, London GM. Venous system in essential hypertension. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 69 (5), 497–504 (1985).
104. Safar ME, London GM. Arterial and venous compliance in sustained essential hypertension. Hypertension 10 (2), 133–139 (1987).
105. Todo Y, Tanimoto M, Yamamoto T, Iwasaki T. Radionuclide assessment of peripheral hemodynamics: a new technique for measurement of forearm blood volume and flow. J. Nucl. Med. 27 (2), 192–197 (1986).
106. Wikstrom AK, Haglund B, Olovsson M, Lindeberg SN. The risk of maternal ischaemic heart disease after gestational hypertensive disease. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 112 (11), 1486–1491 (2005).
107. Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Prescott GJ et al. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. Br. Med. J. 326 (7394), 845 (2003).
108. Bernstein IM, Ziegler W, Stirewalt WS, Brumsted J, Ward K. Angiotensinogen genotype and plasma volume in nulligravid women. Obstet. Gynecol. 92 (2), 171–173 (1998).
109. Ward K, Hata A, Jeunemaitre X et al. A molecular variant of angiotensinogen associated with preeclampsia. Nat. Genet. 4 (1), 59–61 (1993).