The origins of denunciation in Muscovy

Russian History

Volumn 24, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 11-26

  Hellie, Richard ^a,b  

^a University of Chicago ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 63849296782     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633197X00023     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. Horace Dewey and Ann Kleimola, "Russian Collective Consciousness The Kievan Roots," The Slavonic and East European Review 62 (1984): 189
2. Nikonovskaía kormchaía 1653 g., 690 in personal copy of the author which was micro-filmed in the Lenin Library in Moscow in 1964. author which was micro-filmed in the Lenin Library in Moscow in 1964
3. The Rudder, 833. "As for one who has been aware of their having any of the aforesaid sins, and has failed to confess it, but they have been detected or exposed, and convicted of it, he shall do the same time that is done by the perpetrator of the evils, and he himself shall be subject to the same penalty. 370s A.D. committed any of the aforesaid sins, and has failed to confess it, but they have been detected or exposed, and convicted of it, he shall do the same time that is done by the perpetrator of the evils, and he himself shall be subject to the same penalty." 370s A.D
4. See also canon 25 of Ancyra (314-315 A.D.). "When one has become but has in addition deflowered her sister too, so that she has been made pregnant by him, and he has after this married the one betrothed to him, but the one deflowered has hanged herself. Those aware of the facts (who kept silent) have been ordered to spend ten years as co-standers in order to gain admission, in accordance with the fixed degrees. (Ibid., 503.) engaged to a girl, but has in addition deflowered her sister too, so that she has been made pregnant by him, and he has after this married the one betrothed to him, but the one deflowered has hanged herself. Those aware of the facts (who kept silent) have been ordered to spend ten years as co-standers in order to gain admission, in accordance with the fixed degrees." (Ibid., 503.)
5. A. M. Kleimola, "The Duty to Denounce in Muscovite Russia," Slavic Review 31 (1972): 760
6. James Billington, in his The Icon and the Axe (New York: A. E. Knopf 1966), 86, alleges that the Muscovite practice of denunciation had its roots in Iosif's rule for his Volokolamsk Monastery. 1966), 86, alleges that the Muscovite practice of denunciation had its roots in Iosif's rule for his Volokolamsk Monastery
7. Kleimola, "Duty to Denounce," 771-73
8. N. Ia. Novombergskii, Slavo i delo gosudarevy, 2 vols. (Tomsk: T-vo Pechatnia S. P. Iakovleva, 1909-11). Almost all of these cases began with a denunciation. "Pechatnia S. P. Iakovleva," 1909-11). Almost all of these cases began with a denunciation
9. I. Indova, ed., Krest'ianskie chelobitnye XVII v. sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo muzeia (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), 11, no. 1. A later document in the same collection, dated December 26, 1677, reveals this fear in action. About two years earlier a monastery peasant in Kostroma uezd was arrested, jailed for a long time, and then released. Upon release, two fingers from his left hand were amputated to mark him as a criminal. His former neighbors petitioned Tsar Fedor that they could not understand why he had been released and did not want to be held responsible should he be arrested again for any felony. Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo muzeia (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), 11, no. 1. A later document in the same collection, dated December 26, 1677, reveals this fear in action. About two years earlier a monastery peasant in Kostroma uezd was arrested, jailed for a long time, and then released. Upon release, two fingers from his left hand were amputated to mark him as a criminal. His former neighbors petitioned Tsar Fedor that they could not understand why he had been released and did not want to be held responsible should he be arrested again for any felony
10. (Ibid., 91-92, no. 92.) Yet another document, dated 1688/89, shows the collective consequence of felonious behavior. A peasant by the name of Ofonasii Pavlov of the Pokrovskii Monastery in Suzdal' had killed someone and this had cost his fellow villagers 23 rubles. collective consequence of felonious behavior. A peasant by the name of Ofonasii Pavlov of the Pokrovskii Monastery in Suzdal' had killed someone and this had cost his fellow villagers 23 rubles
11. (Ibid., 188, no. 247.) If the median wage was 4 kopeks a day (less for peasants), it is fairly easy to calculate that this was a serious matter for fellow members of the commune. peasants), it is fairly easy to calculate that this was a serious matter for fellow members of the commune
12. An example of this from 1682-94 from the Arzamas region can be found in ibid, 204, no. 266 ibid., 204, no. 266
13. Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia 1450-1725 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1982), 539
14. Novombergskii, Slavo i delo, nos. 55-56, 115, 117, 125, 199, 223, 252 278, 284, 291, and 316, which originated in years between 1632 and 1648. 278, 284, 291, and 316, which originated in years between 1632 and 1648
15. Richard Hellie, "Ulozhenie Commentary - Preamble," Russian History 15 (1988): 218
16. S. G. Barkhudarov, ed., Slovar' russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. (Moscow SRIa Nauka, 1975, 20 volumes published to date): 6: 117, 120 (henceforth cited as SRIa)
17. B. D. Grekov, ed., Sudebniki XV-XVI vekov (Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR 1952), 149, 385
18. M. A. Vladimirskii-Budanov, sost., Khristomatiia po istorii russkago prava (Kiev: Tipografiia G. Fal'k, 1875), 3: 60. Henceforth this will be cited as UKRP = Ustavnaia kniga Razbolnogo prikaza. Other versions of the Ustavnaia kniga can be found in the Pamiatniki russkogo prava (henceforth cited as PRP), ed. by L. V. Cherepnin (Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1959), 5: 185-326. prava (Kiev: Tipografiia G. Fal'k, 1875), 3: 60. Henceforth this will be cited as UKRP = Ustavnaia kniga Razbolnogo prikaza. Other versions of the Ustavnaia kniga can be found in the Pamiatniki russkogo prava (henceforth cited as PRP), ed. by L. V. Cherepnin (Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1959), 5: 185-326
19. SRIa 9 (1982): 241. In this dictionary's illustrations, only the 1667 case might possibly be denunciation: A v privodekh de, v Zemskom prikaze byl on po iazychnoi molke govoril, na nego ... dvornik Onoshka Stepanov (from Moskovskaia delovaia i bytovaia pis'mennost' XVII v., ed. S. I. Kotkov, A. S. Oreshnikov, and I. S. Filippova [Moscow: Nauka, 1968], 229). case might possibly be denunciation: A v privodekh de, v Zemskom prikaze byl on po iazychnoi molke govoril, na nego ... dvornik Onoshka Stepanov (from Moskovskaia delovaia i bytovaia pis'mennost' XVII v., ed. S. I. Kotkov, A. S. Oreshnikov, and I. S. Filippova [Moscow: Nauka, 1968], 229)
20. The fact that art. 66 is separated from arts. 45-46 in chapter 21 of the Ulozhenie is one of the codification defects sometimes observed in the law code. These defects are attributable to the fact that the Odoevskii Commission compiled the 968-article document in only several months, a feat no other Russian codification commission was able to duplicate until Mikhail Speranskii did it in 1830. Ulozhenie is one of the codification defects sometimes observed in the law code. These defects are attributable to the fact that the Odoevskii Commission compiled the 968-article document in only several months, a feat no other Russian codification commission was able to duplicate until Mikhail Speranskii did it in 1830
21. 1649 Ulozhenie 21: 77 beare some resemblance to art. 28 of UKRP in that it talks about fugitives, but art. 28 says nothing about accusations or flight as a result of a denunciation it talks about fugitives, but art. 28 says nothing about accusations or flight as a result of a denunciation
22. Sobranie gosudarstvennykh gramot i dogovorov, khraniashchikhsia v gosudarstvennoi kollegii inostrannykh del, 4 vols. in 5 (Moscow: Tipografiia N. S. Vsevolozhskogo, 1813-94), 3: 443, no. 133. Hereafter cited as SGGD. gosudarstvennoi kollegii inostrannykh del, 4 vols. in 5 (Moscow: Tipografiia N. S. Vsevolozhskogo, 1813-94), 3: 443, no. 133. Hereafter cited as SGGD
23. Kto pro te razboi vedal, ili som byl, ili kupil, ili vedala ne izvestil Cited in PRP 6 (1957): 35, citing SGGD 2: 299-300, no. 141. As was typically the case in Soviet scholarship, the citation is wrong. The SGGD location cited is a document of May 19, 1606, which makes no mention of anything relating to 1695. In the SGGD collection itself, in 4, there is no document dated April 4, 1695. Therefore checking which robberies are referred to is quite out of the question. Cited in PRP 6 (1957): 35, citing SGGD 2: 299-300, no. 141. As was typically the case in Soviet "scholarship," the citation is wrong. The SGGD location cited is a document of May 19, 1606, which makes no mention of anything relating to 1695. In the SGGD collection itself, in volume 4, there is no document dated April 4, 1695. Therefore checking which robberies are referred to is quite out of the question
24. Russkaia istoricheskaia biblioteka, izdavaemaia Arkheograficheskoiu Komissieiu, 39 vols. (St. Petersburg-Leningrad: Tipografiia F. G. Elkonskogo, 1872-1927), 11: 301. Henceforth cited as RIB. The issue of the Tatars is also interesting. Why were they held in jail in Iaroslavl', far from the southern frontier? They must have known Russian, but for some reason not have been assimilated. Komissieiu, 39 vols. (St. Petersburg-Leningrad: Tipografiia F. G. Elkonskogo, 1872-1927), 11: 301. Henceforth cited as RIB. The issue of the Tatars is also interesting. Why were they held in jail in Iaroslavl', far from the southern frontier? They must have known Russian, but for some reason not have been assimilated
25. RIB 23: 672-73
26. Akty, sobrannye v bibliotekakh i arkhivakh Rossiiskoi imperii Arkheograficheskoiu ekspeditseiu imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, 4 vols. + index (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia II otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. Kantseliarii, 1836-58), 4: 218-19, no. 166. Arkheograficheskoiu ekspeditseiu imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, 4 vols. + index (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia II otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. Kantseliarii, 1836-58), 4: 218-19, no. 166
27. SGGD 4: 386. no. 125