A taste of Eden: Modern christianity and vegetarianism

Journal of Ecclesiastical History

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 461-481

  Jane Calvert, Samantha ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 63849229960     PISSN: 00220469     EISSN: 14697637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022046906008906     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Survey by The Food and Drink Federation, April 2003, cited by the Society UK Vegetarian Society UK: www.vegsoc.org
2. Julia Twigg, 'The vegetarian movement in England: a study in the ideology structure of its ideology', unpubi PhD diss. London 1981, 88
3. The Alcott House Concordium, founded in 1838, was a community of utopian socialists influenced particularly by Owenites. socialists influenced particularly by Owenites
4. There was a forerunner to the Vegetarian Society, the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, which was founded in 1843 at Alcott House; its president was a Mrs S. C. Chichester. This society, unlike its successor, was short-lived. I am indebted to John Davis at www.ivu.org/history for this information. Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, which was founded in 1843 at Alcott House; its president was a Mrs S. C. Chichester. This society, unlike its successor, was short-lived. I am indebted to John Davis at www.ivu.org/history for this information
5. This was not achieved without some difficulty, however. See Theodore The life; and conespondence of the Rev. John Clowes, MA, 2nd edn, London-Bath 1882, 3 Compton, The life; and conespondence of the Rev. John Clowes, MA, 2nd edn, London-Bath 1882, 3
6. D. Antrobus, A guiltless feast: the Salford Bible Christian Church and modem vegetarian movement the rise of the modem vegetarian movement, Salford 1997, 52
7. See P.J. Lineham, 'The English Swedenborgians, 1770-1840: a study of the of sectarianism social dimensions of sectarianism', unpubi PhD diss. Sussex 1978, 309
8. C. Hulbert, Memoirs of an eventfull liferivately printed 1852, 155
9. and J. T. Slugg, Reminscences of Manchester fifty years ago Manchester-London 1881, 192-3
10. Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 78
11. Report of a conference, 1809, 14-16, cited in Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 296
12. W. Cowherd, Facts authentic in science and religion: designed to translation of the Bible illustrate a new translation of the Bible, Salford 1818-20
13. Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 298
14. Ibid
15. Ibid; Report of a conference, 1809, 17-18
16. Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 299
17. Cited ibid. 300
18. Cited ibid. 306
19. Hindmarsh was one of Cowherd's severest critics on this subject, no doubt in part owing to his own painflul experience at Cowherd's hands: D. G. Goyder, A concise history of the New Jerusalem Church with a critical account of her defenders, London 1827, 110; in part owing to his own painflul experience at Cowherd's hands: D. G. Goyder, A concise history of the New Jerusalem Church with a critical account of her defenders, London 1827, 110
20. R. Hindmarsh, Rise and proress of the New Jerusalem Church, London 1861 204
21. For a discussion of the various rebellions in the Cowherdite chapels see Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 307-9
22. Select hymns for the use of Bible Christians by the late Rev W. Cowherd (with additions), 8th edn, Salford 1898, 443
23. Aritrobus, Guiltless feast, 64
24. Joseph Brotherton, The first teetotal tract on abstinence from intoxicating liquor (1821), Manchester-London 1896, 14
25. Scholefield's name is rendered as Scholfield by some authors. The spelling chosen here is that used by W. E. A. Axon. spelling chosen here is that used by W. E. A. Axon
26. W. H. G. Armytage, Heavens below: utopian experiments in England 1560-1960, London 1961, 180
27. W. E. A. Axon, A history of the Bible Christian Church, Salford 1909, 51
28. Northwood Villa was a hydropathic nursing home owned by William Horsell (1807-63)
29. Axon, Bible Christian Church, 52
30. Colin Spencer, Vegetarianism: a histoy, London 2000, 247
31. Cited ibid. 248
32. Roland Detrosier is a good example of how the similarities between the two led to Detrosier giving his support to Deism: Twigg, Vegetarian movement, 103-4 two led to Detrosier giving his support to Deism: Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 103-4
33. Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 320
34. The Salford chapel school taught more than religion and there were evening classes for the workers. The schoolroom of the chapel in Queen Street, Hulme, eventually became james Scholefield's Hulme Institute. evening classes for the workers. The schoolroom of the chapel in Queen Street, Hulme, eventually became james Scholefield's Hulme Institute
35. Lineham, 'English Swedenborgians', 321
36. Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 88
37. Published in 1892, this novel provides an interesting insight into the vegetarian community in Manchester and its link with movements concerned with secularism, science and reason. Mrs Humphry Ward may well have been inspired by Fred Smallman's enterprises. For a discussion of Smallman and his business interests Asitrobus, Guiltless feast, 100-1. vegetarian community in Manchester and its link with movements concerned with secularism, science and reason. Mrs Humphry Ward may well have been inspired by Fred Smallman's enterprises. For a discussion of Smallman and his business interests see Asitrobus, Guiltless feast, 100-1
38. Vegetarian Messenger, Dec. 1903, 117 Feb. 1898, 70-1
39. Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 95-7
40. J. Simpson, Dietetic reform: a lecture on the principles and practice of vegetarian diet, Northampton 1856, 27, cited in Antrobus, Guiltless feast, 8a. vegetarian diet, Northampton 1856, 27, cited in Antrobus, Guiltless feast, 8a
41. Brotherton scrapbooks, 35/65, cited in. Antrobus, Guiltless feast, 96
42. Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger xxi (Jan. 1866), cover page
43. Bible Christian Church minutes, 8July 1927, GMCRO, G27/5
44. See, for example, 58th annual report, Vegetarian Messenger and Health 7th ser. ii/12 (Dec 1905), 339. Review 7th ser. ii/12 (Dec 1905), 339
45. The Congregational year book, 1906, states that Ferrier was also a minister at Wigton from 1882 to 1883, and at Grimshaw Streetreston, from 1884 to 1891. minister at Wigton from 1882 to 1883, and at Grimshaw Streetreston, from 1884 to 1891
46. Obituary by the Revd V. A. Holmes-Gore, Vegetarian Newsublished by the London Vegetarian Society (Spring 1)), 31-2. London Vegetarian Society (Spring 1)), 31-2
47. Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review 8th ser. xl/g (Sept.1943) 200
48. I am indebted to John Gilheany for information on the Order of thc Golden Age and its relationship to the Order of the Cross. Gilheany is shortly to publish a pamphlet on Christian vegetarianism in the UK1809-2005 Age and its relationship to the Order of the Cross. Gilheany is shortly to publish a pamphlet on Christian vegetarianism in the UK(1809-2005)
49. Revd J. Harold Kemmis and Mrs E. Mary Kemmis, The Order of the Cross London [c. 1974] (pamphlet published by the Order of the Cross). London [c. 1974] (pamphlet published by the Order of the Cross)
50. Various volumes published by the Order of the Cross from the 1960s to the include Revd John Todd Ferrier, What is a Christian? (1906), London 1966; Life's mysteries unveiled (1923), London 1992; The logia or sayings of the Master (1913), London 1980; and The Master: his life and teachings (1913), London 1980. present include Revd John Todd Ferrier, What is a Christian? (1906), London 1966; Life's mysteries unveiled (1923), London 1992; The logia or sayings of the Master (1913), London 1980; and The Master: his life and teachings (1913), London 1980
51. Ferrier, The Master, 304
52. R. Berry, Food of the gods: vegetarianism and the world's religions, New York 1988, 306
53. Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 190
54. Maitland is quoted in the preface to the third edition of Anna Kingsford as saying that the draft version of the life had much material on the Theosophical Society 'in which he convicted them of having utterly mistaken the teaching they had received': Anna Kingsford, I: Her life, letters, diary and work, London 1913. vii. as saying that the draft version of the life had much material on the Theosophical Society 'in which he convicted them of having utterly mistaken the teaching they had received': Anna Kingsford, I: Her life, letters, diary and work, London 1913. vii
55. The Herald of the Golden Age vii/8 (Aug. 1902), 94
56. Concerning human carnivorism was published in London by the Order of the Cross; it is undated but the preface is dated Cross; it is undated but the preface is dated July 1903
57. The example given is 1 Cor x. 27-30
58. Twigg, 'Vegetarian movement', 311
59. This was referred to in a discourse by Albert Broadbent to the Bible Christian church in Salford on 20 October 1901, entitlei 'Peace on earth' and reprinted in the Vegetarian Messenger in 1904; Ernest Axon to Francis Wood, 14 Oct. 1932, MCL, MISC/1050/75 Christian church in Salford on 20 October 1901, entitlei 'Peace on earth' and reprinted in the Vegetarian Messenger in 1904; cf. Ernest Axon to Francis Wood, 14 Oct. 1932, MCL, MISC/1050/75
60. Axon to Wood, 9 Oct. 1932, MCL, MISC/1050/73
61. An interesting insight into the life of one member of the Order of the Cross and his nonmember family can be found in the moving memoir by Tim Jeal: Swimming with my father, London 2004 Cross and his nonmember family can be found in the moving memoir by Tim Jeal: Swimming with my father, London 2004
62. Spencer, Vegetarianism, 298
63. Veg4Lent: introduction and study guideublished by the Christian Vegetarian Association, www.veg4lent.org, 14/09/2004, 2. Vegetarian Association, www.veg4lent.org, 14/09/2004, 2
64. John Michael of Cardiff, ibid
65. www.all-creatures.org/ca.art-xmaswocruelty.html, 14/09/2004. 2