Perceived everyday racism, residential segregation, and HIV testing among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 99, Issue , 2009, Pages S137-S143

  Ford, Chandra L ^a   Daniel, Mark ^b   Earp, Jo Anne L ^c   Kaufman, Jay S ^c   Golin, Carol E ^d   Miller, William C ^d  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c IL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PERCEPTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RECORDING; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; NORTH CAROLINA; ODDS RATIO; OUTPATIENT CLINICS, HOSPITAL; PREJUDICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; TAPE RECORDING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 63849211807     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Kaiser Family Foundation. The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2004.
2. MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, et al. Unrecognized HIV infection, risk behaviors, and perceptions of risk among young men who have sex with men: opportunities for advancing HIV prevention in the third decade of HIV/AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005:38;603-614.
3. Cunningham WE, Markson LE, Andersen RM, et al. Prevalence and predictors of highly active antiretroviral therapy use in patients with HIV infection in the United States. HCSUS Consortium. HIV cost and services utilization. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25:115-123.
4. Turner BJ, Cunningham WE, Duan N, et al. Delayed medical care after diagnosis in a US national probability sample of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2614-2622.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/ AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005. Vol. 17. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006.
6. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.
7. Ebrahim SH, Anderson JE, Weidle P, Purcell DW. Race/ethnic disparities in HIV testing and knowledge about treatment for HIV/AIDS: United States, 2001. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2004;18:27-33.
8. Aragon R, Kates J, Greene L. African Americans' Views of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic at 20 Years. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2001.
9. Schwarcz SK, Spitters C, Ginsberg MM, Anderson L, Kellogg T, Katz MH. Predictors of human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:347-352.
10. Dalton HL. AIDS in blackface. Daedalus. 1989; 118:205-227.
11. Williams DR, Rucker TD. Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care. Health Care Financ Rev. 2000;21(4):75-90.
12. Jones CP. Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90: 1212-1215.
13. Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:404-416.
14. Gee GC. A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:615-623.
15. Williams DR, Neighbors HW. Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:800-816.
16. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1370-1378.
17. Clark R. Self-reported racism and social support predict blood pressure reactivity in Blacks. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25:127-136.
18. Dole N, Savitz DA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Siega-Riz AM, McMahon MJ, Buekens P. Maternal stress and preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:14-24.
19. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132-147.
20. Neighbors HW, Jackson JS, Broman CL, Thompson E. Racism and the mental health of African Americans: the role of self and system blame. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:167-175.
21. Kwate NO, Valdimarsdottir HB, Guevarra JS, Bovbjerg DH. Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95:450-460.
22. James SA, Hartnett SA, Kalsbeek WD. John Henryism and blood pressure differences among Black men. J Behav Med. 1983;6:259-278.
23. McNeilly MD, Anderson NB, Armstead CA, et al The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:154-166.
24. Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;58:201-225.
25. Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Conspiracies, contagion, and compassion: trust and public reactions to AIDS. AIDS Educ Prev. 1994;6:365-375.
26. Thomas SB, Quinn SC. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: implications for HIV education and AIDS risk education programs in the Black community. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:1498-1504.
27. Klonoff EA, Landrine H. Do Blacks believe that HIV/AIDS is a government conspiracy against them? Prev Med. 1999;28:451-457.
28. Bogart LM, Thorburn S. Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:213-218.
29. Green B, Maisiak R, Wang M, Britt M, Ebeling N. Participation in health education, health promotion, and health research by African Americans: effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. J Health Educ. 1997; 28(4):196-204.
30. Ross MW, Essien EJ, Torres I. Conspiracy beliefs about the origin of HIV/AIDS in four racial/ethnic groups. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41:342-344.
31. Jipguep M-C, Sanders-Phillips K, Cotton L. Another look at HIV in African American women: the impact of psychosocial and contextual factors. J Black Psychol. 2004;30:366-385.
32. Jackson PB. Health inequalities among minority populations. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005; 60(Spec No 2):63-67.
33. Acevedo-Garcia D. Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 51:1143-1161.
34. Massey DS, Denton NA. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1993.
35. Massey DS, Denton NA. The dimensions of residential segregation. Soc Forces. 1988;67:281-315.
36. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997; 18:341-378.
37. US Census Bureau, Geography Division, Cartographic Operations Branch. Census Block Groups: Cartographic Boundary Files Descriptions and Metadata, 2002.
38. US Census. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000. Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov. Accessed November 15, 2004.
39. Ford CL, Tilson EC, Smurzynski M, Leone PA, Miller WC. Confidentiality concerns, perceived staff rudeness and other HIV testing barriers. Int J Equity Health. 2008;1:7-21.
40. Anonymous. HIV Counseling and Testing Sites. Raleigh, NC: Wake County Human Services; 1999.
41. Delgado R, Stefancic J. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. 1st ed. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2001.
42. Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36:1-10.
43. McNeilly MD, Anderson NB, Robinson EL, et al. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the Perceived Racism Scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of racism among African Americans. In: Reginald L. Jones, ed. Handbook of Tests and Measurements for Black Populations; Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry Publishers;1996:359-373.
44. Vines AI, McNeilly MD, Stevens J, Hertz-Picciotto I, Baird M, Baird DD. Development and reliability of a telephone-administered perceived racism scale (TPRS): a tool for epidemiological use. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:251-262.
45. Marshall GN, Hays RD. The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short-Form (PSQ-18). Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 1994.
46. Rietmeijer CA, Lansky A, Anderson JE, Fichtner RR. Developing standards in behavioral surveillance for HIV/ STD prevention. AIDS Educ Prev. 2001;13:268-278.
47. Longshore D, Stein JA, Anglin MD. Psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection by drug users: a theory-based prospective analysis. AIDS Educ Prev. 1997;9:442-459.
48. Holtzman D, Bland SD, Lansky A, Mack KA. HIV-related behaviors and perceptions among adults in 25 states: 1997 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1882-1888.
49. Massey DS. The age of extremes: concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century. Demography. 1996;33:395-412; discussion 413-396.
50. Kleinbaum DG. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. 1st ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1994.
51. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Regression analysis for correlated data. Annu Rev Public Health. 1993;14:43-68.
52. Quinn SC. Belief in AIDS as a form of genocide: implications for HIV prevention programs for African Americans. J Health Educ. 1997;28(suppl 6):S6-S11.
53. Cole ER, R. OS. Race, class and the dilemmas of upward mobility for African Americans. J Soc Issues. 2003;59:785-802.
54. Taylor SL, Leibowitz A, Simon PA, Grusky O. ZIP code correlates of HIV-testing: a multi-level analysis in Los Angeles. AIDS Behav. 2006:579-586.
55. Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV. Monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and violence: geocoding and choice of area-based socioeconomic measures-the public health disparities geocoding project (US). Public Health Rep. 2003;118:240-260.
56. Laumann EO, Youm Y. Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:250-261.
57. Wallace R, Wallace D. US apartheid and the spread of AIDS to the suburbs: a multi-city analysis of the political economy of spatial epidemic threshold. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41:333-345.
58. Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ. Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(suppl 1): S115-122.
59. Ford CL, Daniel M, Miller WC. High rates of HIV testing despite low perceived HIV risk among African American sexually transmitted disease patients. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98:841-844.
60. Obermeyer CM, Osborn M. The utilization of testing and counseling for HIV: a review of the social and behavioral evidence. Am J Public Health. 2007;97: 1762-1774.
61. Kowalewski MR, Henson KD, Longshore D. Rethinking perceived risk and health behavior: a critical review of HIV prevention research. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24:313-325.
62. Thrasher AD, Ford CL, Nearing KA. Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2137-2139; author reply 2137-2139.
63. Griffith DM, Mason M, Yonas M, et al Dismantling institutional racism: theory and action. Am J Community Psychol. 2007;39:381-392.
64. Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, Subramanian SV. Future directions in residential segregation and health research: a multilevel approach. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:215-221.
65. Stokes ME, Davis CS, Koch GG. Generalized estimating equations. Categorical Data Analysis Using the SAS System. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 2000:254.
66. Bond L, Lauby J, Batson H. HIV testing and the role of individual- and structural-level barriers and facilitators. AIDS Care. 2005;17(2):125-140.
67. Fullilove RE. HIV prevention in the African American community: why isn't anybody talking about the elephant in the room? AIDScience. 2001;1:1-7.
68. Airhihenbuwa CO. Eliminating health disparities in the African American population: the interface of culture, gender and power. Health Educ Behav. 2006;33:488-501.