Patterns of fish community structure in a long-term watershed-scale study to address the aquatic ecosystem effects of pulp and paper mill discharges in four US receiving streams

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 219-233

  Flinders, Camille A ^a   Ragsdale, Renee L ^a   Hall, Timothy J ^a  

^a NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR AIR AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Bray Curtis; Community structure; Management; MDS

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FISH; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; METHODOLOGY; PAPER; PHYSIOLOGY; RIVER; SEWAGE; TIME; UNITED STATES; WATER FLOW; WATER POLLUTANT;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FISHES; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; PAPER; RIVERS; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WATER MOVEMENTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 63849148606     PISSN: 15513793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1897/IEAM_2008-057.1     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Adams SM, Ham KD, Greeley MS, LeHew RF, Hinton DE, Saylor CF. 1996. Downstream gradients in bioindicator responses: Point source contaminant effects on fish health. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:2177-2187.
2. Adams SB, Warren ML, Haag WR. 2004. Spatial and temporal patterns in fish assemblages of upper coastal plain streams, Mississippi, USA. Hydrobiologia 528:45-61.
3. th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
4. Baltz DM, Vondracek B, Brown LR, Moyle PB. 1987. Influence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a California stream. Trans Am Fish Soc 116:12-20.
5. Barbour M, Gerritsen J, Snyder BD, Stribling JB. 1999. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: Periphyton, benthic macro-invertebrates and fish. 2nd ed. Washington DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. EPA 841-B-99-002.
6. Borton DL, Cook DL, Bradley WK, Philbeck R, Dubé MG, Brown-Peterson NJ, Streblow WR. 2009. Responses of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) during life-cycle exposures to pulp mill effluents at four long-term receiving water study sites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:270-282.
7. Borton DL, Streblow WR, Bradley WK, Bousque T, Van Veld PA, Wolke RE, Walsh AH. 1996. Survival, growth, production, and biomarker responses of fish exposed to high-substitution bleached kraft mill effluent in experimental streams. In: Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, Van Der Kraak GJ, editors. Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents. Delray Beach (FL): St. Lucie. p 473-481.
8. Bowen ZH, Freeman MC, Watson DL. 1996. Index of biotic integrity applied to a flow-regulated river system. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; 1996. Hot Springs (AR): US Fish and Wildlife. p 26-37.
9. Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559-568.
10. Clarke KR, Ainsworth M. 1993. A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:205-219.
11. Cline SA, Collins AR. 2003. Watershed associations in West Virginia: Their impact on environmental protection. J Environ Manage 67:373-383.
12. Crane M, Burton GA, Culp JM, Greenberg MS, Munkittrick KR, Ribeiro R, Salazar MH, St. Jean SD. 2007. Review of aquatic in situ approaches for stressor and effect diagnosis. Integr Environ Assess Manag 3:234-245.
13. Daniels RA, Riva-Murray K, Halliwell DB, Vana-Miller DL, Bilger MD. 2002. An index of biological integrity for northern mid-Atlantic slope drainages. Trans Am Fish Soc 131:1044-1060.
14. Denslow ND, Kocerha J, Sepúlveda MS, Gross T, Holm SE. 2004. Gene expression fingerprints of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents. Mutat Res 552:19-34.
15. Dubé MG, Munkittrick KR, Hewitt LM. 2008. Case study: Pulp and paper mill impacts. In: Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE, editors. The toxicology of fishes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC, Taylor & Francis Group. p 933-970.
16. D'Surney SJ, Eddy LP, Felder DP, Rodgers JH, Deardorff TL. 2000. Assessment of the impact of a bleached kraft mill effluent on a south-central USA river. Environ Toxicol 15:28-39.
17. Flinders CA, Horwitz RJ, Belton T. 2008. Relationship of fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the mid-Atlantic uplands: Implications for integrated assessments. Ecol Indic 8:588-598.
18. Flinders CA, Minshall GW, Hall TJ, Rodgers JH. 2009a. Spatial and temporal patterns of periphyton chlorophyll a related to pulp and paper mill discharges in four US receiving streams. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:259-269.
19. Flinders CA, Minshall GW, Ragsdale RL, Hall TJ. 2009b. Patterns of macro-invertebrate assemblages in a long-term watershed-scale study to address the effects of pulp and paper mill discharges in four US receiving streams. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:248-258.
20. Galloway BJ, Munkittrick KR, Curry RA, Wood CS, Dunn S. 2004. Identifying suitable fish species for monitoring multiple effluents in the upper Saint John River, Canada. In: Borton DL, Hall TJ, Fisher RP, Thomas JF, editors. Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents. Lancaster (PA): DEStech. p 169-181.
21. Greenfield DI, Bart Jr HL. 2005. Long-term fish community dynamics from a blackwater stream receiving kraft mill effluent between 1973 and 1988. Hydrobiologia 534:81-90.
22. Gregory S, Wildman R, Ashkenas L, Wildman K, Haggerty P. 2002. Willamette River Basin atlas. 2nd ed. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State Univ Press.
23. Grossman GD, Dowd JF, Crawford M. 1990. Assemblage stability in stream fishes: A review. Environ Manag 14:661-671.
24. Hall TJ, Miner RA. 1997. Integrated long-term receiving water study methodology development. Water Sci Technol 35:315-320.
25. Hall TJ, Ragsdale RL, Arthurs WJ, Ikoma J, Borton DL, Cook DL. 2009. A long-term, multitrophic level study to assess pulp and paper mill effluent effects on aquatic communities in four US receiving waters: Characteristics of the study streams, sample sites, mills, and mill effluents. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:199-218.
26. Hall LW, Scott MC, Killen WD. 1996. Development of biological indicators based on fish assemblages in Maryland coastal plain streams. Annapolis (MD): Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Chesapeake Bay and Watershed Programs. CBWP-MANTA-EA-96-1.
27. Halliwell DB, Langdon RW, Daniels RA, Kurtenbach JP, Jacobson RA. 1999. Classification of freshwater fish species of the northeastern United States for use in the development of IBIs. In: Simon TP, editor. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. Boca Raton (FL): CRC. p 301-337.
28. Hansson S. 1987. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on coastal fish communities in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. Ambio 16:344-348.
29. Hewitt ML, Kovacs TG, Dubé MG, MacLatchy DL, Martel PH, McMaster ME, Paice MG, Parrott JL, van den Heuvel MR, Van Der Kraak GJ. 2008. Altered reproduction in fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluent: Roles of individual compounds and mill operating conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:682-697.
30. Hill M, Saviello T, Groves S. 2002. The greening of a pulp and paper mill. J Ind Ecol 6:107-120.
31. Jackson JK, Füreder L. 2006. Long-term studies of freshwater macro-invertebrates: A review of the frequency, duration and ecological significance. Freshwater Biol 51:591-603.
32. Jones III EBD, Helfman GS, Harper JO, Bolstad PV. 1999. Effects of riparian forest removal on fish assemblages in southern Appalachian streams. Conserv Biol 13:1454-1465.
33. Karels AE, Niemi A. 2002. Fish community responses to pulp and paper mill effluents at the southern Lake Saimaa, Finland. Environ Pollut 116:309-317.
34. Karr JR. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 66:21-27.
35. Karr JR, Fausch KD, Angermeier PL, Yant PR, Schlosser IJ. 1986. Assessing biological integrity in running waters; a method and its rationale. Champaign (IL): Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 5. 28 p.
36. Kovacs TG, Gibbons JS, Martel PH, O'Connor BI, Voss RH. 1995. Effects of secondary-treated thermomechanical pulp mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by short-term and long-term laboratory tests. J Toxicol Environ Health 44:485-502.
37. Kovacs TG, Gibbons JS, Martel PH, Voss RH. 1996. Improved effluent quality at a bleached kraft mill as determined by laboratory biotests. J Toxicol Environ Health 49:101-129.
38. Kovacs TG, Martel PH, O'Conner BI, Gibbons JS, Voss RH. 2003. Effluent-related benefits derived from process and treatment changes implemented by the Canadian pulp and paper industry in the 1990s. In: Stuthridge TR, van den Heuvel MR, Marvin NA, Slade AH, Gifford J, editors. Environmental impacts of pulp and paper waste streams: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Effluents; 1997 Nov 9-13; Rotorua (NZ). p 238-248.
39. Kovacs TG, Martel PH, Voss RH. 2002. Assessing the biological status of fish in a river receiving pulp and paper mill effluents. Environ Pollut 118:123-140.
40. Kovacs TG, Voss RH, Megraw SR, Martel PH. 1997. Perspectives on Canadian field studies examining the potential of pulp and paper mill effluent to affect fish reproduction. J Toxicol Environ Health 51:305-352.
41. LaFleur LE. 1996. Sources of pulping and bleaching derived chemicals in effluents. In: Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, Van Der Kraak GJ, editors. Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents. Delray Beach (FL): St. Lucie. p 21-31.
42. Lammert M, Allan JD. 1999. Assessing biotic integrity of streams: Effects of scale in measuring the influence of land use/cover and habitat structure on fish and macro-invertebrates. Environ Manage 23:257-270.
43. Landis WG, Thomas JF. 2009. Regional risk assessment as a part of the long-term receiving water study. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:234-247.
44. Luxon M, Landis WG. 2005. Application of the relative risk model to the upper Willamette River and lower McKenzie River, Oregon. In: Landis WG, editor. Regional scale ecological risk assessment using the relative risk model. Chapter 5. Boca Raton (FL): CRC. p 91-118.
45. Lyons J. 1992. Using the index of biotic integrity (IBI) to measure environmental quality in warmwater streams of Wisconsin. St. Paul (MN): USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report NC- 149.
46. Matthews WJ. 1986. Fish faunal structure in an Ozark stream: Stability, persistence and a catastrophic flood. Copeia 105:388-397.
47. McMaster ME, Hewitt ML, Parrott JL. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents in Canada: Field studies and mechanistic research. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 9:319-339.
48. Mebane CA, Maret TR, Hughes RM. 2003. An index of biotic integrity (IBI) for Pacific Northwest rivers. Trans Am Fish Soc 132:239-261.
49. Mettee M, O'Neil P, Pierson J. 1996. Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin. Birmingham (AL): Oxmoor House. 820 p.
50. Moerke AH, Lamberti GA. 2006. Scale-dependent influences on water quality, habitat, and fish communities in streams of the Kalamazoo River Basin, Michigan (USA). Aquat Sci 68:193-205.
51. National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Guidelines for electrofishing waters containing salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Regulations-Permits/4d-Rules/upload/electro2000.pdf. Accessed4April2008.
52. Nelson JS, Crossman EJ, Espinosa-Pérez H, Findley LT, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Williams JD, editors. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada and Mexico. Bethesda (MD): American Fisheries Society. 386 p.
53. Neuman E, Karås P. 1988. Effects of pulp mill effluent on a Baltic coastal fish community. Water Sci Technol 20:95-106.
54. Nielsen LA, Johnson DL, editors. 1983. Fisheries techniques. Bethesda (MD): American Fisheries Society.
55. Northington RM, Hershey AE. 2006. Effects of stream restoration and wastewater treatment plant effluent on fish communities in urban streams. Freshwater Biol 51:1959-1973.
56. Obery AM, Landis WG. 2002. A regional multiple stressor risk assessment of the Codorus Creek watershed applying the relative risk model. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 8:405-428.
57. [ODFW] Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1991a. Willamette Basin Fish Management Plan, Willamette River Subbasin. Portland (OR): Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
58. [ODFW] Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1991b. Willamette Basin Fish Management Plan, Willamette Mainstem. Portland (OR): Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
59. Parrott JL, McMaster ME, Hewitt ML. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents in Canada: Development and application of fish bioassays. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 9:297- 317.
60. Parrott JL, Wood CS, Boutot P, Dunn S. 2003. Changes in growth and secondary sex characteristics of fathead minnows exposed to bleached sulfite mill effluent. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2908-2915.
61. Plafkin JL, Barbour MT, Porter KD, Gross SK, Hughes RM. 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: Benthic macro-invertebrates and fish. Washington DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards. EPA 440-4-89-001.
62. Pyron M, Lauer TE, Gammon JR. 2006. Stability of the Wabash River fish assemblages from 1974 to 1998. Freshw Biol 51:1789-1797.
63. Rabeni CF, Jacobson RB. 1993. The importance of fluvial hydraulics to fish-habitat restoration in low-gradient alluvial streams. Freshw Biol 29:211-220.
64. Rahel FJ, Hubert WA. 1991. Fish assemblages and habitat gradients in a Rocky Mountain-Great Plains stream: Biotic zonation and additive patterns of community change. Trans Am Fish Soc 120:319-332.
65. Robinson RD, Carey JH, Solomon KR, Smith IR, Servos MR, Munkittrick KR. 1994. Survey of receiving-water environmental impacts associated with discharges from pulp mills. 1. Mill characteristics, receiving-water chemical profiles and lab toxicity tests. Environ Toxicol 13:1075-1088.
66. Ross ST. 2001. Inland fishes of Mississippi. Jackson (MS): Univ Press of Mississippi. 624 p.
67. Ross ST, Matthews WJ, Echelle AA. 1985. Persistence of stream fish assemblages: Effect of environmental change. Am Nat 126:24-40.
68. Sanders RS, Miltner RJ, Yoder CO, Rankin ET. 1999. The use of external deformities, erosions, lesions, and tumors (DELT anomalies) in fish assemblages for characterizing aquatic resources: A case study of seven Ohio streams. In: Simon TP, editor. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. Boca Raton (FL): CRC. p 225-248.
69. Sanström O. 1994. Incomplete recovery in a coastal fish community exposed to effluent from a modernized Swedish coastal bleached kraft mill. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:2195-2202.
70. Sanström O. 1996. In situ assessments of the impact of pulp mill effluent on lifehistory variables in fish. In: Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, Van Der Kraak GJ, editors. Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents. Delray Beach (FL): St. Lucie. p 449-457.
71. Sanström O, Neuman E. 2003. Long-term development in a Baltic fish community exposed to bleached pulp mill effluent. Aquat Ecol 37:267-276.
72. Sepulveda MS, Quinn BP, Denslow ND, Holm SE, Gross TS. 2003. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on reproductive success of largemouth bass. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:205-213.
73. Simon TP. 1991. Development of ecoregion expectations for the index of biotic integrity. I. Central corn belt plain. Chicago (IL): US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5. EPA 905-9-91-025.
74. Stewart-Koster B, Kennard MJ, Harch BD, Sheldon F, Arthington AH, Pusey BJ. 2007. Partitioning the variation in stream fish assemblages within a spatio-temporal hierarchy. Mar Freshw Res 58:675-686.
75. Thomas J. 2003. Integration of a relative risk multi-stressor risk assessment with the NCASI long-term receiving water studies to assess effluent effects at the watershed level, Leaf River, Mississippi. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Council for Air and Stream Improvement. Technical Bulletin 867.
76. Thomas JF, Hall TJ. 2006. A comparison of three methods of evaluating aquatic community impairment in streams. J Freshw Ecol 21:53-63.
77. [USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. EPA's final pulp, paper, and paperboard "Cluster Rule"-Overview-Fact sheet. Washington DC: USEPA Office of Water. EPA-821-F-97-010.
78. [USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. The watershed approach. http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/approach.html.Accessed4April2008.
79. US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Principles and techniques of electrofishing training handbook. Shepardstown (WV): Fish and Wildlife Service National Conservation Training Center.
80. Walker SL, Ribey SC, Trudel L, Porter E. 2003. Canadian environmental effects monitoring: Experiences with pulp and paper and metal mining regulatory programs. Environ Monit Assess 88:311-326.
81. Wang X. 2001. Integrating water-quality management and land-use planning in a watershed context. J Environ Manag 61:25-36.
82. Winger PV, Lasier PJ, Bogenrieder KJ. 2005. Combined use of rapid bioassessment protocols and sediment quality triad to assess stream quality. Environ Monit Assess 100:267-295.
83. Yeom D-H, Adams SM. 2007. Assessing effects of stress across levels of biological organization using an aquatic ecosystem health index. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7:286-295.
84. Zaroban DW, Mulvey MP, Maret TR, Hughes RM, Merritt GD. 1999. Classification of species attributes for Pacific Northwest freshwater fishes. Northwest Sci 73:81-93.