Techniques of quotation in Clement of Alexandria: A view of ancient literary working methods

Vigiliae Christianae

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 223-243

  Van Den Hoek, Annewies ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

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EID: 63849137147     PISSN: 00426032     EISSN: 15700720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157007296X00184     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. see Jaap Mansfeld, Prolegomena. Questions to be settled before the study of an author, or a text, (Leiden, 1994), 155-161.
2. See, for example, Str. I 2, 2; 20, 4; 56, 2.
3. See, for example, Str. VI 2, 3-4; 96, 4.
4. On the meaning of the word see, André Méhat, Étude sur les "Stromates" de Clément d'Alexandnd (Patristica Sorbonensia 7, Pans 1966), 96-98.
5. For a historical survey, see Otto Stählin, Clemens von Alexandria, Bibliothek der Kirchenväter Bd VII/1 (Münchcn, 1938), Introduction 47ff.
6. See A. Elter, De gnomologiorum Graecorum historia atque origins (Bonn, 1893-1895);
7. H. Diels, Doxographi Craecc (Berlin, 1897), Others argued that Clement copied one particular source
8. see, P. Wendland, Quaestiones Musonianae (Berlin, 1886)
9. J. Gabrielsson, Über die Quellen des Clemens Akxandrinus, 2 vols. (Upsala, 1907 and 1909).
10. See W. Bousset, Jüdisch-Christlicher Schulbetrieb in Alexandria und Rom (Göttingen, 1915)
11. For a bibliography, see my Clement of Alexandria and his Use of Philo in the Stromateis (Leiden, 1988), 3-4.
12. For some examples, see Henry Chadwick, art. "Florilegium", RAC 7(1969), 1131-1160, esp. 1144.
13. First half of the third century C. E. For his working technique, see Jørgen Mejer, Diogenes Laertius and His Hellenistic Background (Hermes Einzelschriften 40, Wiesbaden, 1978), 16-29.
14. see Robert Devreesse, Introduction a l'étude des manuscrits grecs (Paris, 1954), 76;
15. André Méhat, Étude, 106-112.
16. see T. Dorandi, "Den Autoren über die Schulter geschaut", in ZPE 87(1991), 11-33;
17. Idem., "Zwischen Autographic und Diktat: Momente der Textualität in der antiken Welt", Vermittlung und Tradierung von Wissee in der griechischen Kultur (Wolfgang Kullmann und Jochen Althof eds., Tübingen, 1993), 71-83.
18. Cf. Plutarch, De Tranquillitata Animi (Mor. 464 F);
19. See Str. I 182, 3 (end of book I);
20. see, E. G. Turner, Greee Manuscripts of the Ancient Worrd (Oxford, 1971), 16.
21. Horst Blanck, Das Buch in der Antike (München, 1992), 85.
22. See Clement, Str. I 11, 1: "Now this work is not a writing artfully composed for display, but notes treasured for my old age, a medicine against forgetfulness, a mere reflection and a sketch of those distinct and animated words which I was privileged to hear of blessed and truly remarkable men. " Similarly Plutarch writes in De Tranquillitata Animi (Mm. 464 F): "... I selected passages on the tranquility of mind from my notes, which I happened to have made for myself, thinking that you for your part requested this discourse, not in order to listen to elegant style but for beneficial use"
23. Cf. Str. I 16, 1.
24. For all the ramifications of the genre see André Méhat, Etude, 106-112;
25. see also George Kennedy, "Classical and Christian Source Criticism", in The Relationships Among the Gospels. An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, William O. Walker ed., (San Antonio, 1978), 125-155.
26. Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, III 5, 7 ff.
27. see also Colin H. Roberts, "The Codex", Proceedings of the British Academy vol. XL (1954), 169-204;
28. Colin H. Roberts and T. C. Skeat, The Birth of the Codee (London, 1983).
29. Small enough to hold in the hand, see the word "pugillus": "what can be held in the fist." For a discussion of the use, see Joseph van Haelst, "Les origines du codex", in Les débuts du codee (Alain Blanchard, ed., Turnhout 1989), 13-35;
30. Horst Blanck, Das Buck, 48-52.
31. Tiziano Dorandi, "Die Authoren", 14. 32.
32. Early seventh century, see Jean Scherer, Extraits, 1-2.
33. Jean Scherer, Extraits, 26-27.
34. Lucian, Quomodo historia conscrihenda sit, 47-48.
35. Eusebius, HE III 39, 15-16
36. cited by Wayne Meeks, "Hypomnemata from an Untamed Sceptic: A Response to George Kennedy", in The Relationships Among the Gospels. An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, William O. Walker ed. (San Antonio, 1978), 157-172.
37. Clement, Letter to Theodorus, GCS Clement IV/1, XVII-XVIII.
38. For the preview of books by friends, see also Horst Blanck, Das Buck, 118 ff.
39. Robert Devreesse, Introduction à l'étude des manuscrits grecs (Paris, 1954), 77. There are various reports about authors whose writings circulated without their consent;
40. see Cicero, Utter to Atticus (3, 12, 2). Origen received a request from alarmed friends to publish the "authentic" version of some debates he had had with opponents, since inaccurate reports apparently were in circulation;
41. see Jean Scherer, Entretiens d'Origène avec Héraclide et les évêques, ses collègues sur le Père, le Fils et l'âme (Cairo, 1949), 50-51. H. Marrou calls attention to a case concerning Augustin (Retractatwnes II 13 [39]) in which his personal notes had been surreptitiously brought out against his wishes
42. see H. I. Marrou, "La technique de l'édition à l'époque patnstique", VigChr 3(1949), 208-224, 209.
43. Marcel Richard, Byzantion 20(1950), 191-222.
44. See Eusebius, HE VI 36. Earlier in Origen's career we also hear about shorthand writers, but, that was slightly different, since he intentionally dictated to them
45. see Eusebius, HE VI 23.
46. At times this was not possible since the author had died, see Epictetus, Dissertationes 5 (ed. Schenkl, Teubner, 1894).
47. Epictetus, Dissertationes 5.
48. Porphyry, Vita Plotini 3, 46-47; 4, 5;
49. see also, Marie-Odille Goulet-Cazé, "L'école dc Plotin", in Porphyre, la vie de Plotin I (Luc Brisson, Marie-Odille Goulet-Cazé, Richard Goulet and Denis O'Brien eds., Paris, 1982), 231-257.
50. Lucian, Hermotimus 2.
51. See Robert Devreesse, Introduction, 78, who refers to Pamphila (Photius, cod. 175).
52. In the indices of Stählin (BKV 7 and 20) 462 sources are listed: O. T. (42);
53. N. T. (25);
54. see R. B. Tollinton, Clement of Alexandria. A study in Christian Liberalism, 2 vols. (London, 1914), 157;
55. he refers to a study of P. A. Schcck, De Fontibus dementis Alexandrini (Augsburg, 1889), 15.
56. Tollinton was unable to consult the index by Stählin, which appeared only in 1936 (GCS); 1933-36 (BKV).
57. 279 putative references; 9 columns in the BKV editions, which are more complete than Stahlin's original Index in the GCS;
58. one column in the BKV contains an average of 40 quotations.
59. e sièele (Louvain, 1972), 31-44.
60. For further bibliography, see Antoine Compagnon, La seconde main ou le travail de la citation (Paris, 1979);
61. also Wilhelm Krause, Die Stellung der frühchristlichen Autoren zur heidnischee Literatur (Wien, 1958), 51-58, esp. note 1, in which (primarily German) literature is cited.
62. William C. Helmbold and Edward N. O'Neil, Plutarch's Quotations (Philological Monographs XIX, APA, 1959).
63. Cf. P. J. G. Gussen, Het levee in Alexandrië volgens cultuurhistorische gegeens in de Paedagogus (boee I en III) van Clemens Alxandrinus (Assen, 1955);
64. Wilhelm Krause, Die Stellung (see note 53 above).
65. André Méhat, Kephalala;
66. Recherches sur les matériaux des "Stromates" de Clément d'Alexandrie et leur utilisation (thèse dact., 1966).
67. Nicole Zeegers-vander Vorst, Les citations (see note 52 above);
68. F. Castincaud, Les citations d'auteurs grecc profanee dans le Pédagogue de Clément d'Alexandrie (mémoire pour la maîtrise, Poitiers, 1976).
69. See my Clement of Alexandria, 20-21.
70. See my Clement of Alexandria, 22.
71. The claim that Plato's philosophy originates from the teachings of the Hebrews and in particular of Moses fits into a general apologetic argument; for an extensive documentation of this subject, see Heinrich Döme, der hellenislische Rahmee des kaiserzeitlichen Platonismus (Der Platonismus in der Antike, Bd. II H. Dörrie and M. Baltes eds., Stuttgart, 1990), 190-219, nos. 69-71 (texts), 480-505 (commentary).
72. On only one occasion was a reference to the Odyssey found, see Protr. II 35, 2.
73. For a discussion of the issue, see Eric Osborn, "Philo and Clement", Prudentia 19(1987), 35-49;
74. most recently David T. Runia, Philo in Early Christian Literature. A Survey, Assen, 1993.
75. e siècles, 2 vols. (Paris, 1985), II 346-348.
76. See Pierre Nautin, "Pantène", Tome commémoratif du Millénaire de la Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie (Alexandria, 1953), 145-152.
77. In connection with a quotation, see Ecl. 56, 2.
78. In Str. I 11, 2 (the true Sicilian bee).
79. Protr. 13, 1;
80. Ecl. 50, 1;
81. Fragm. 22 (III 201, 26);
82. Fr. in I Joh. 1, 1 (III 210, 1).
83. Eusebius, HE V 11, 2;
84. VI 13, 2.
85. Pierre Nautin, "Fin", 296. 281, suggests that the Eclogae Propheticae (and also the Excerpta) are a part of the Hypotyposes, and that Eusebius is actually referring to
86. Eel. 56, 2. Nautin maintains that a scribe excerpted and abbreviated the writings that occur after book VII of the Stromateis as preserved in the Codex Laurentianus V 3; these writings are: book VIII of the Stromateis, the Excerpta, and the Eclogae. A majority of scholars, such as J. Munck, R. P. Casey, G. I azzati, Cl. Mondésert, F. Sagnard, O. Stählin and A. Méhat consider these writings, however, as Clement's reading notes for later works. Since the character of these writings seems to correspond with his technique of note-taking, there is ample reason to attribute them to Clement himself and not. to a later scribe.
87. Denise Kimber Buell, Procrealiue Language in Clement of Alexandria (Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1995), 108-109.
88. see Str. II 18, 2.
89. Str. III 8, 3 in a large quotation from Epiphanes.
90. On the accuracy of these quotations, see also William C. Helmbold and Edward N. O'Neill, Plutarch's Quotations, p. IX;
91. See my Clement of Alexandria, 214-217.
92. The most clear example of this technique can be observed in Str. II 78-100 where Clement quotes extensively from Philo's De Virtutibus. Similar patterns have been observed in the working techniques of Diogenes Laertius
93. see Jørgen Mejer, Diogenes, 18.
94. See Claude Mondésert, Clément d'Alexandrie; introduction à l'étude de sa penseé religieuse à partir de l'Écriture (Paris 1944)
95. also André Méhat, Kephalala;
96. Recherches sur les matériaux des "Stromates" de Clément d'Alexandrie et leur utilisation (thèse dactyl.), 1966.
97. Str. IV 105-119.
98. See, for example, Str. II 78, 2-3 and 81, 1-2; V 32, 2 and 32, 3; I 29, 10 and 30, 3; II 51, 3 and 51, 4.
99. See Str. II 5, 3-6, 4.
100. See, for example, for Philo, Str. II 5-6;
101. for Hermas, Paed. II 83, 4-5
102. for Barnabas, Str. II 67, 2-3;
103. also Annewies van den Hoek, "Clement and Origen as Sources on 'Noncanonical' Scriptural Traditions", Origeniana Sexta (Gilles Dorival and Alain Le Boulluec eds., Leuven, 1995), 100-101.
104. See Str. II 5-6; 94, 1; 96, 3.
105. -. Especially the quotations from Philo's De Virtutibus fall into this category (Str. II 81, 3; 83, 3; 85, 3; 94, 3; 95, 1). Philo had already offered disconnected precepts from the Pentateuch, which become even more chunky through Clement's treatment; for a detailed description
106. see my Clement of Alexandria, 69-115.
107. For example, when Clement mistakenly or absent-mindedly takes one word from a following sentence of his source and connects it with the previous sentence, see, for example Str. II 90, 2 (in a quotation from Philo);
108. Str. VI 131, 2 (in a quotation from Hermas).
109. See, for example, in Str. II 81, 1-3 where two disconnected sentences are used to project a different viewpoint. Philo had stated that a "true" man has to behave in a manly fashion. Clement alters: the man who devotes himself to the "truth" behaves in a manly way;
110. also Str. II 97, 2 where two fragmentary sentences are combined ingeniously.
111. See, for example, Str. II 78, 2-3; 80-81; 94, 3-5.
112. See, for example, in borrowings from Philo Str. II 81, 3; 92, 2; 94, 4.
113. On occasion he also rejects the interpretation of his source, as in Paed. II 83, 4-5 (in a quotation from Barnabas).