Defining and labelling 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' food

Public Health Nutrition

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 331-340

  Lobstein, T ^a,b   Davies, S ^c  

^a International Association for the Study of Obesity   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

^c Which   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Advertising; Consumer information; Food labelling; Market regulation; Nutrient profiling; Nutrition policy

Indexed keywords

FAT; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SUGAR;

ADVERTIZING; CHILD; CONSUMER; ENERGY; FAT CONTENT; FOOD PACKAGING; FOOD QUALITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; NUTRIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; CLASSIFICATION; DECISION MAKING; EUROPEAN UNION; FOOD; FOOD ANALYSIS; HEALTH FOOD; HEALTH PROMOTION; LAW; METHODOLOGY; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; QUALITY CONTROL; STANDARD;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; BENCHMARKING; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; EUROPEAN UNION; FOOD; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD LABELING; HEALTH FOOD; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; LEGISLATION, FOOD; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITIVE VALUE; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 63849112899     PISSN: 13689800     EISSN: 14752727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980008002541     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Coronary Prevention Group (1988) Nutritional Labelling of Foods: A Rational Approach to Banding. London: CPG.
2. Black A & Rayner M (1992) Just Read the Label: Understanding Nutrition Information in Numeric, Verbal and Graphical Formats. London: The Coronary Prevention Group and HMSO.
3. Cole-Hamilton I (1986) Star Rated Menus. London: London Food Commission.
4. World Health Organization (2006) Marketing of Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children: Report of a WHO Forum and Technical Meeting. Geneva: WHO; available at http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/ Oslo%20meeting%20layout%2027%20NOVEMBER.pdf (accessed May 2007).
5. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2004) Guidelines for use of Nutrition and Health Claims. CAC/GL 23-1997, Rev. 1-2004. Rome: CAC; available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/351/CXG-023e.pdf (accessed May 2007).
6. European Commission (2007) Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. Official Journal of the European Union, L 12/3, 18.1.2007; available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2007/l-012/l- 01220070118en00030018.pdf (accessed May 2007).
7. Anonymous 2006. A healthier way to score food. The Grocer 10 March 2007, pp. 37-42. http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/grt-article.aspx?articleid=100283 (accessed May 2007).
8. Wheelock V & Ham E (1993) A system for assessing the nutrition score of foods. Br Food J 95, 45-48.
9. Institute of Grocery Distribution (2005) Report of the IGD/PIC Industry Nutrition Strategy Group Technical Working Group on Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs). Watford: IGD.
10. Institute of Grocery Distribution (2006) Best Practice Guidance on the Presentation of Guideline Daily Amounts. Watford: IGD.
11. Food Standards Agency (2006) Board Agrees Principles for Front of Pack Labelling. Press Release 9 March 2006. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/signpostnewsmarch (accessed July 2007).
12. Food Standards Agency (2006) Annex 2: Summary Report of the Review of the Sugar GDA for use in "Signposting", in Update Following Agency Board Discussion on Front of Pack Signpost Labelling. Document CPD10, issued 16 March 2006. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/ multimedia/pdfs/sugarreportletter.pdf (accessed July 2007).
13. Bureau Europeen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC) (2006) Discussion Group on Simplified Labelling: Final Report. BEUC/X/044/2006. Brussels: BEUC; available at http://docshare.beuc.org/Common/GetFile.asp?ID=20687 (accessed July 2007).
14. Consommation Logement et Cadre de Vie (CLCV) (2006) Presentation to the BEUC Discussion Group on simplified labelling. In Additional Documents: Presentations given to the Discussion Group on Simplified Labelling. Additional documents to BEUC/X044/2006. BEUC/X/044/2006. Brussels: BEUC; available at http://docshare.beuc.org/Common/GetFile. asp?DocID=8633&ID= 20760&Version=1 (accessed July 2007).
15. Nestle (2006) UK: Leading Food Manufacturers Unite On Common Front-Of-Pack Nutrition Labels. Food Industry News, 13/02.2006; available at http://www.flexnews.com/pages/1897/Danone/Kellogg/Kraft/Labelling/Nestle/UK/ uk-leading-food-manufacturers-unite-common-front-pack-nutrition-labels.html (accessed July 2007).
16. Which? (2006) Healthy Signs? London: Which?; available at http://www.which.co.uk/files/application/pdf/HealthysignsfinalJuly06-445-88449. pdf (accessed May 2007).
17. Lobstein T, Landon J & Lincoln P (2007) Misconceptions and Misinformation: The Problems with Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs). A Review of GDAs and Their Use for Signalling Nutritional Information on Food and Drink Labels. London: National Heart Forum.
18. Food Standards Agency (2007) Front-of-pack Traffic Light Signpost Labelling Technical Guidance. Issue 2, November 2007. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ frontofpackguidance2.pdf (accessed March 2008).
19. Kraft (2007) Sensible Solutions websites. http://www.kraftcanada.com/en/ ProductsPromotions/SensibleSolution/SensibleSolution.htm (accessed May 2007); http://www.kraft.com/responsibility/nhw-sensiblesolution.aspx (accessed May 2007); http://www.tacd.org/events/ge2/j-scott.ppt (accessed May 2007).
20. Nijman CA, Zijp IM, Sierksma A, Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van den Kerkhoff C, Weststrate JA & Meijer GW (2007) A method to improve the nutritional quality of foods and beverages based on dietary recommendations. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 461-471. (Pubitemid 46605216)
21. Delhaize Group (2006) Hannaford makes nutritious shopping simple. Delhaize Group News 17, 2; available at http://www.delhaizegroup.com/linkclick. aspx?fileticket=R5Lv098qmrI%3d&tabid=135&mid=668 (accessed May 2007).
22. Hannaford Rolls Out Nutrition Shelf Labels (2006) Supermarket News, 6 September 2006. Marketing Management Incorporated online news service; available at http://www.mmistorebrands.com/opencms/export/whats-new51.html (accessed May 2007).
23. Scarborough P, Boxer A, Rayner M & Stockley L (2007) Testing nutrient profile models using data from a survey of nutrition professionals. Public Health Nutr 10, 337-345. (Pubitemid 46456864)
24. Rayner M, Scarborough P & Stockley L (2004) Nutrient Profiles: Options for Definitions for Use in Relation to Food Promotion and Children's Diets. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/ foodlabelling/researchandreports/nutrientprofiles (accessed May 2007).
25. Rayner M, Scarborough P & Stockley L (2005) Nutrient Profiles: Applicability of Currently Proposed Model for Uses in Relation to Promotion of Food to Children Aged 5-10 and Adults. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/nutprofmodelforadults.pdf (accessed May 2007).
26. Azais-Braesco V, Goffi C & Labouze E (2006) Nutrient profiling: comparison and critical analysis of existing systems. Public Health Nutr 9, 613-622. (Pubitemid 46211771)
27. Ofcom (2007) Television Advertising of Food and Drink Products to Children. London: Ofcom; available at http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/ foodads-new/statement/ (accessed May 2007).
28. Food Standards Agency (2005) Nutrient profiles: Further refinement and testing of Model SSCg3d. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/npreportsept05.pdf (accessed July 2007).
29. European Equity Research Food Manufacturing (2003) Obesity: The Big Issue. Geneva: JP Morgan.
30. Global Equity Research (2002) Absolute Risk of Obesity: Food and Drink Companies not so Defensive? London: UBS Warburg.
31. Palmer D (2005) Expanding Waistlines/Contracting Multiples? London: UBS Investment Research.
32. United States District Court, Southern District Of New York (2005) Pelman vs McDonald's, 396, F3d 508; available at http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw. com/cnn/docs/mcdonalds/plmnmcd12203opn.pdf (accessed May 2007).
33. Ofcom (2007) Impact Assessment: Food Advertising to Children. London: Ofcom; available at http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/foodads-new/ statement/ia.pdf (accessed May 2007).
34. World Health Organization (2007) Second WHO European Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy 2007-2012. EUR/RC57/10. Copenhagen: WHOAdopted at the World Health Organization Regional Committee for Europe, 57th session, Belgrade, 17-20 September 2007; available at http://www.euro.who.int/RC/20030729-1 (accessed September 2007).
35. Livsmedelsverket (National Food Administration) (not dated) The Keyhole symbol. http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV-Page.aspx?id=12220&epslanguage=EN-GB (accessed May 2007).
36. Livsmedelsverket (National Food Administration) (2005) National Food Administration's Regulations on the Use of a Particular Symbol. Document LIVSFS 2005:9. Stockholm: NFA; available at http://www.slv.se/upload/nfa/documents/ food-regulations/Keyhole-2005-9.pdf (accessed May 2007).
37. von Haartman F (2006) Statement to the Meeting on Marketing to Children held in Lysebu, Oslo, May 2006. In World Health Organization (WHO) Marketing of Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children: Report of a WHO Forum and Technical Meeting. Geneva: WHO; available at http://www.who.int/ dietphysicalactivity/publications/Oslo%20meeting%20layout%2027%20NOVEMBER.pdf (accessed May 2007).
38. Food Standards Agency (2006) The Nutrient Profiling Model. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/healthiereating/ advertisingtochildren/nutlab/nutprofmod (accessed July 2007).
39. Scarborough P, Rayner M, Boxer A & Stockley L (2005) Application of the Nutrient Profiling Model: Definition of 'Fruit, Vegetables and Nuts' and Guidance on Quantifying the Fruit, Vegetable and Nut Content of a Processed Product. London: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.foodstandards. gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/nutprofpguide.pdf (accessed May 2007).