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Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 76-108

On the materiality of risk: Paper tigers and panaceas

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; INFORMED CONSENT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LEGAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 63549116248     PISSN: 09670742     EISSN: 14643790     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwn024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (215)
  • 1
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    • Chatterton v. Gerson [1981] 1 All E.R. 257. As long as the former is complied with, any action against a doctor should be in negligence rather than trespass. This point and its implications are considered in the next section.
    • Chatterton v. Gerson [1981] 1 All E.R. 257. As long as the former is complied with, any action against a doctor should be in negligence rather than trespass. This point and its implications are considered in the next section.
  • 2
    • 84924201369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whether it is actually so is more open to question. See, for example, Cambridge University Press, for what might be termed a revisionist view
    • Whether it is actually so is more open to question. See, for example, N. Manson and O. O'Neill, Rethinking Informed Consent in Bioethics (Cambridge University Press 2007) for what might be termed a revisionist view,
    • (2007) Rethinking Informed Consent in Bioethics
    • Manson, N.1    O'Neill, O.2
  • 3
    • 84899288919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ashgate, who argues convincingly that the form of autonomy assumed by academics to be practised by the courts is different to the reality of judicial decisions, and rest on a misinterpretation of Kant
    • and K. Veitch, The Jurisdiction of Medical Law (Ashgate 2007), who argues convincingly that the form of autonomy assumed by academics to be practised by the courts is different to the reality of judicial decisions, and rest on a misinterpretation of Kant.
    • (2007) The Jurisdiction of Medical Law
    • Veitch, K.1
  • 4
    • 63549124821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See J.K. Mason and G.T. Laurie, Mason and McCall Smith's Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edn (Oxford University Press 2006) at paras 10.106-10.110.
    • See J.K. Mason and G.T. Laurie, Mason and McCall Smith's Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edn (Oxford University Press 2006) at paras 10.106-10.110.
  • 5
    • 33748472274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See s.III(B)). In recent years, New Zealand law, which did not overtly espouse the subjective part of the Australian test, has moved towards doing so (see J. Manning, 'Informed Consent to Medical Treatment: The Common Law and New Zealand's Code of Patients' Rights' (2004) 12 Med. L. Rev. 181).
    • See s.III(B)). In recent years, New Zealand law, which did not overtly espouse the subjective part of the Australian test, has moved towards doing so (see J. Manning, 'Informed Consent to Medical Treatment: The Common Law and New Zealand's Code of Patients' Rights' (2004) 12 Med. L. Rev. 181).
  • 6
    • 63549148822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Sidaway v. Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors [1985] 1 All E.R. 643, 654, H.L. per Lord Scarman.
    • See Sidaway v. Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors [1985] 1 All E.R. 643, 654, H.L. per Lord Scarman.
  • 7
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    • Patient Autonomy and Consent to Treatment: The Role of the Law
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, M. Brazier, 'Patient Autonomy and Consent to Treatment: The Role of the Law' (1987) 7 Legal Studies 149
    • (1987) Legal Studies , vol.7 , pp. 149
    • Brazier, M.1
  • 8
    • 63549090209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Jones, 'Informed Consent and Other Fairy Stories' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 135
    • M. Jones, 'Informed Consent and Other Fairy Stories' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 135
  • 9
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    • The Patient on the Clapham Omnibus
    • I. Kennedy ed, Oxford University Press
    • I. Kennedy, 'The Patient on the Clapham Omnibus' in I. Kennedy (ed.), Treat Me Right: Essays on Medical Law and Ethics (Oxford University Press, 1991)
    • (1991) Treat Me Right: Essays on Medical Law and Ethics
    • Kennedy, I.1
  • 10
    • 63549096592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Brazier and J. Miola, 'Bye-Bye Bolam: A Medical Litigation Revolution?' (2000) 8 Med. L. Rev. 85.
    • M. Brazier and J. Miola, 'Bye-Bye Bolam: A Medical Litigation Revolution?' (2000) 8 Med. L. Rev. 85.
  • 12
    • 0033151073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P.D.G. Skegg, 'English Medical Law and 'Informed Consent': An Antipodean Assessment and Alternative' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 135.
    • P.D.G. Skegg, 'English Medical Law and 'Informed Consent': An Antipodean Assessment and Alternative' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 135.
  • 13
    • 63549135107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also I. Kennedy and A. Grubb, Medical Law, 3rd edn (Butterworths, 2000), who argue that the prudent patient test's failure to have 'endeared itself to the English courts' was a result of the latter's 'obvious deference to the medical profession' (at 695)
    • See also I. Kennedy and A. Grubb, Medical Law, 3rd edn (Butterworths, 2000), who argue that the prudent patient test's failure to have 'endeared itself to the English courts' was a result of the latter's 'obvious deference to the medical profession' (at 695)
  • 14
    • 0027621515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and D. Chalmers and R. Schwartz, 'Rogers v. Whitaker and Informed Consent in Australia: A Fair Dinkum Duty of Disclosure' (1993) 1 Med. L. Rev. 139, who describe the two approaches as the 'doctor-oriented' British rule and the 'patient-oriented' Australian alternative.
    • and D. Chalmers and R. Schwartz, 'Rogers v. Whitaker and Informed Consent in Australia: A Fair Dinkum Duty of Disclosure' (1993) 1 Med. L. Rev. 139, who describe the two approaches as the 'doctor-oriented' British rule and the 'patient-oriented' Australian alternative.
  • 15
    • 63549105657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Op. cit. n. 1.
    • Op. cit. n. 1.
  • 18
    • 0019395975 scopus 로고
    • Informed Consent to Medical Treatment
    • See
    • See G. Robertson, 'Informed Consent to Medical Treatment' (1981) 97 Law Quarterly Review 102
    • (1981) Law Quarterly Review , vol.97 , pp. 102
    • Robertson, G.1
  • 19
    • 84985406761 scopus 로고
    • Failure of Medical Advice: Trespass or Negligence
    • T.K. Feng, 'Failure of Medical Advice: Trespass or Negligence' (1987) 7 Legal Studies 149
    • (1987) Legal Studies , vol.7 , pp. 149
    • Feng, T.K.1
  • 20
    • 84900068094 scopus 로고
    • The Role of the Tort of Battery in Medical Law
    • G. Seabourne, 'The Role of the Tort of Battery in Medical Law' (1995) 24 Anglo-American Law Review 265
    • (1995) Anglo-American Law Review , vol.24 , pp. 265
    • Seabourne, G.1
  • 21
    • 0003097615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Privileging the Medical Norm: Liberalism, Self-Determination and Refusal of Treatment
    • and J. Harrington, 'Privileging the Medical Norm: Liberalism, Self-Determination and Refusal of Treatment' (1996) 16 Legal Studies 348.
    • (1996) Legal Studies , vol.16 , pp. 348
    • Harrington, J.1
  • 22
    • 63549133347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 W.L.R. 582.
    • Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 W.L.R. 582.
  • 23
    • 63549092408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Brazier and Miola, op. cit. n. 6
    • See, for example, Brazier and Miola, op. cit. n. 6
  • 24
    • 0344581989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lord Woolf, 'Are the Courts Excessively Deferential to the Medical Profession?' (2001) 9 Med. L. Rev. 1
    • Lord Woolf, 'Are the Courts Excessively Deferential to the Medical Profession?' (2001) 9 Med. L. Rev. 1
  • 25
    • 63549142626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Teff, 'The Standard of Care in Medical Negligence - Moving on from Bolam' (1998) 18 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 473
    • H. Teff, 'The Standard of Care in Medical Negligence - Moving on from Bolam' (1998) 18 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 473
  • 26
    • 84928308197 scopus 로고
    • Common Practice and the Standard of Care in Medical Negligence
    • K. Norrie, 'Common Practice and the Standard of Care in Medical Negligence' (1985) 97 Juridical Review 145
    • (1985) Juridical Review , vol.97 , pp. 145
    • Norrie, K.1
  • 27
    • 4143125124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bolam Test and the Responsible Expert
    • 226
    • and M. Jones, 'The Bolam Test and the Responsible Expert' (1999) 7 Tort Law Review 226.
    • (1999) Tort Law Review , vol.7
    • Jones, M.1
  • 28
    • 63549129938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bolam, op. cit. n. 12, at 586. Emphasis added.
    • Bolam, op. cit. n. 12, at 586. Emphasis added.
  • 29
    • 63549149967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, in particular, Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 All E.R. 267, H.L.
    • See, in particular, Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 All E.R. 267, H.L.
  • 30
    • 63549116186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Maynard v. West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All E.R. 635 H.L.
    • and Maynard v. West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All E.R. 635 H.L.
  • 31
    • 63549105268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 15, at
    • Maynard, op. Cit. n. 15, at 639.
    • Maynard1    op2    Cit3
  • 32
    • 63549083529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brazier and Miola, op. cit. n.6 at 88.
    • Brazier and Miola, op. cit. n.6 at 88.
  • 33
    • 63549094708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, for example, J. Montgomery, Health Care Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press 2003), who notes that the law relating to medical negligence 'seems to be rather more favourable to the doctors' than the way in which the courts treat other professions (at 170).
    • See also, for example, J. Montgomery, Health Care Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press 2003), who notes that the law relating to medical negligence 'seems to be rather more favourable to the doctors' than the way in which the courts treat other professions (at 170).
  • 34
    • 63549122747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5.
    • Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5.
  • 36
    • 63549124109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kennedy describes this situation as 'less than ideal' (I. Kennedy, 'Consent: The Capable Person' in C. Dyer (ed.), Doctors, Patients and the Law (Blackwell 1992) at 65)
    • Kennedy describes this situation as 'less than ideal' (I. Kennedy, 'Consent: The Capable Person' in C. Dyer (ed.), Doctors, Patients and the Law (Blackwell 1992) at 65)
  • 37
    • 63549133703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montgomery notes that 'the outcome of the case was not matched by agreement on the legal tests to be applied' (J. Montgomery, Health Care Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press 2002) at 243
    • Montgomery notes that 'the outcome of the case was not matched by agreement on the legal tests to be applied' (J. Montgomery, Health Care Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press 2002) at 243
  • 38
    • 63549101358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McHale and Fox state that the diversity of the speeches means that 'to provide a coherent statement of the law is... difficult' (J. McHale and M. Fox, Health Care Law: Text and Materials, 2nd edn (Sweet and Maxwell 2006) at 372)
    • McHale and Fox state that the diversity of the speeches means that 'to provide a coherent statement of the law is... difficult' (J. McHale and M. Fox, Health Care Law: Text and Materials, 2nd edn (Sweet and Maxwell 2006) at 372)
  • 39
    • 63549120005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Jackson refers to the case as 'by no means clear' (Jackson, op. cit. n. 6, at 269)
    • and Jackson refers to the case as 'by no means clear' (Jackson, op. cit. n. 6, at 269)
  • 40
    • 63549088340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kennedy called Lord Diplock's approach 'conservative', Lord Bridge and Templeman's 'the middle way', and Lord Scarman's judgment a 'radical shift' in the law I. Kennedy, 'Consent: The Capable Person', op. cit. n. 20, at 65.
    • Kennedy called Lord Diplock's approach 'conservative', Lord Bridge and Templeman's 'the middle way', and Lord Scarman's judgment a 'radical shift' in the law (I. Kennedy, 'Consent: The Capable Person', op. cit. n. 20, at 65.
  • 48
    • 63549121499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., at 787, in Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5, at 653. Emphasis added by Lord Scarman in Sidaway.
    • Ibid., at 787, in Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5, at 653. Emphasis added by Lord Scarman in Sidaway.
  • 54
    • 63549110622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See A. Grubb, 'Commentary' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 58, at 62
    • See A. Grubb, 'Commentary' (1999) 7 Med. L. Rev. 58, at 62
  • 55
    • 63549098090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kennedy and Grubb, op. cit. n. 7 at 691
    • Kennedy and Grubb, op. cit. n. 7 at 691
  • 56
    • 63549090565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Meyers, 'Chester v. Afshar: Sayonara, Sub Silentio, Sidaway?' in S.A.M. McLean (ed.), First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare (Ashgate, 2006) at 259.
    • D. Meyers, 'Chester v. Afshar: Sayonara, Sub Silentio, Sidaway?' in S.A.M. McLean (ed.), First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare (Ashgate, 2006) at 259.
  • 57
    • 63549083134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blyth v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med. L. Rep. 151. Although reported in 1993, the case was actually decided in February 1987.
    • Blyth v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med. L. Rep. 151. Although reported in 1993, the case was actually decided in February 1987.
  • 58
    • 63549087870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., at 160. Per Neill L.J.
    • Ibid., at 160. Per Neill L.J.
  • 59
    • 63549131006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Kerr L.J. at 157.
    • See also Kerr L.J. at 157.
  • 60
    • 63549086599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gold v. Haringey Health Authority [1988] Q.B. 481,491.
    • Gold v. Haringey Health Authority [1988] Q.B. 481,491.
  • 62
    • 63549094511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. Kerridge and K. Mitchell, 'Missing the Point: Rogers v. Whitaker and the Ethical Ideal of Informed and Shared Decision-Making' (1994) 1 Journal of Law and Medicine 239 at 239.
    • I. Kerridge and K. Mitchell, 'Missing the Point: Rogers v. Whitaker and the Ethical Ideal of Informed and Shared Decision-Making' (1994) 1 Journal of Law and Medicine 239 at 239.
  • 63
    • 63549106643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also N. Olbourne, 'The Influence of Rogers v. Whitaker on the Practice of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery' (1998) 5 Journal of Law and Medicine 334 at 335-341, who states that the evolution from Bolam to Rogers in Australia was influenced by a variety of factors, while arguing that that the latter imposes unreasonably high standards on physicians. From a different perspective, Skene argued that the English courts had taken Bolam 'too far' (L. Skene, Law and Medical Practice: Rights, Duties, Claims and Defences (Butterworths 1998)).
    • See also N. Olbourne, 'The Influence of Rogers v. Whitaker on the Practice of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery' (1998) 5 Journal of Law and Medicine 334 at 335-341, who states that the evolution from Bolam to Rogers in Australia was influenced by a variety of factors, while arguing that that the latter imposes unreasonably high standards on physicians. From a different perspective, Skene argued that the English courts had taken Bolam 'too far' (L. Skene, Law and Medical Practice: Rights, Duties, Claims and Defences (Butterworths 1998)).
  • 64
    • 63549101355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an overview, see J. Devereux, Medical Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Cavendish 1997) at 134 (who cites F v. R (1983) 33 S.A.S.R. 189 and Battersby v. Trottman (1985) 37 S.A.S.R. 524 as signifying a general dissatisfaction with Bolam)
    • For an overview, see J. Devereux, Medical Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Cavendish 1997) at 134 (who cites F v. R (1983) 33 S.A.S.R. 189 and Battersby v. Trottman (1985) 37 S.A.S.R. 524 as signifying a general dissatisfaction with Bolam)
  • 65
    • 63549124817 scopus 로고
    • Malpractice - Medical Negligence in Australia
    • D.I. Cassidy, 'Malpractice - Medical Negligence in Australia' (1992) 66 Australian Law Journal 67
    • (1992) Australian Law Journal , vol.66 , pp. 67
    • Cassidy, D.I.1
  • 68
    • 63549121701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F v. R, op. cit. n. 40
    • F v. R, op. cit. n. 40
  • 69
    • 63549096260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers v. Whitaker (1992) 175 C.L.R. 479.
    • Rogers v. Whitaker (1992) 175 C.L.R. 479.
  • 80
    • 63549151148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. Interestingly, this facet of the doctor's duty is defined as a clinical judgment (and thus governed by Bolam), as is the provision of unsought information about risks, although the answering of questions does not appear to leave the doctor with a 'clinical' or any other sort of judgment to make - it is legally required that the question be answered fully.
    • Ibid. Interestingly, this facet of the doctor's duty is defined as a clinical judgment (and thus governed by Bolam), as is the provision of unsought information about risks, although the answering of questions does not appear to leave the doctor with a 'clinical' or any other sort of judgment to make - it is legally required that the question be answered fully.
  • 86
    • 63549106645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In support, he provided a quote from Reibl v. Hughes [1980] 2 S.C.R. 280, which states that to 'allow expert evidence to determine what risks are material... is to hand over to the medical profession the entire scope of the duty of disclosure', and that this was unacceptable because the issue was 'the patient's right to know' (ibid., at 193-194).
    • In support, he provided a quote from Reibl v. Hughes [1980] 2 S.C.R. 280, which states that to 'allow expert evidence to determine what risks are material... is to hand over to the medical profession the entire scope of the duty of disclosure', and that this was unacceptable because the issue was 'the patient's right to know' (ibid., at 193-194).
  • 89
    • 63549083863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He further held that if it were to do so the court would 'abdicate its duty to decide... whether in law a duty existed and had not been discharged' (ibid).
    • He further held that if it were to do so the court would 'abdicate its duty to decide... whether in law a duty existed and had not been discharged' (ibid).
  • 91
    • 63549110278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Anderson v. Chasney [1949] 4 D.L.R. 71
    • See Anderson v. Chasney [1949] 4 D.L.R. 71
  • 92
    • 63549143066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goode v. Nash (1979) 21 S.A.S.R. 419
    • Goode v. Nash (1979) 21 S.A.S.R. 419
  • 93
    • 63549136981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giurelli v. Girgis (1980) 24 S.A.S.R. 264
    • Giurelli v. Girgis (1980) 24 S.A.S.R. 264
  • 94
    • 63549147847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albrighton v. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital [1979] 2 N.S.W. L.R. 165 (all Australia)
    • Albrighton v. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital [1979] 2 N.S.W. L.R. 165 (all Australia)
  • 96
    • 63549105266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith v. Auckland Hospital Board [1965] N.Z.L.R. 191 (New Zealand)
    • Smith v. Auckland Hospital Board [1965] N.Z.L.R. 191 (New Zealand)
  • 97
    • 63549124445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mahon v. Osbourne [1939] 2 K.B. 14
    • Mahon v. Osbourne [1939] 2 K.B. 14
  • 99
  • 101
    • 63549094174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and, most surprisingly (albeit absolutely correctly), Bolam itself (op. cit. n. 13)
    • and, most surprisingly (albeit absolutely correctly), Bolam itself (op. cit. n. 13)
  • 102
    • 63549125202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and the infamous Hatcher v. Black, The Times, 2 July 1954 (England).
    • and the infamous Hatcher v. Black, The Times, 2 July 1954 (England).
  • 103
    • 63549132664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, op. cit. n. 52, at 480. Emphasis added.
    • Rogers, op. cit. n. 52, at 480. Emphasis added.
  • 104
    • 63549124818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the submission also notes that Bolam 'does not abdicate... determination of the standard of care' to the medical profession, and that it is 'ultimately for the court to decide' if medical conduct is reasonable. Furthermore, the court can find negligence in matters involving expertise if 'the practice is obviously wrong' (ibid). How these are consistent with the main submission quoted in the main text is not explained.
    • For example, the submission also notes that Bolam 'does not abdicate... determination of the standard of care' to the medical profession, and that it is 'ultimately for the court to decide' if medical conduct is reasonable. Furthermore, the court can find negligence in matters involving expertise if 'the practice is obviously wrong' (ibid). How these are consistent with the main submission quoted in the main text is not explained.
  • 109
    • 63549112512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at, Emphasis added
    • Ibid., at 486-487. Emphasis added.
    • Ibid , pp. 486-487
  • 110
    • 63549098952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 487.
  • 111
    • 63549105656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The court cited Albrighton v. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (op. cit., n. 71)
    • The court cited Albrighton v. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (op. cit., n. 71)
  • 112
    • 63549144827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and E. v. Australian Red Cross (1991) 27 F.C.R. 310 in support of this proposition.
    • and E. v. Australian Red Cross (1991) 27 F.C.R. 310 in support of this proposition.
  • 113
    • 63549124819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, op. cit. n. 41 at 487,
    • Rogers, op. cit. n. 41 at 487,
  • 114
    • 63549084566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • citing F v. R and Battersby v. Trottman (both op. cit. n. 40) as examples.
    • citing F v. R and Battersby v. Trottman (both op. cit. n. 40) as examples.
  • 115
    • 63549122056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It also quoted with approval King C.J. in F stating that the court must give effect to 'the paramount consideration that a person is entitled to make his own decisions about his life' (ibid).
    • It also quoted with approval King C.J. in F stating that the court must give effect to 'the paramount consideration that a person is entitled to make his own decisions about his life' (ibid).
  • 116
    • 63549111127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 488.
  • 117
    • 63549123756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 489.
  • 118
    • 63549126489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 119
    • 63549124108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 121
    • 63549096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosenberg v. Percival (2001) 205 C.L.R. 434 at 435.
    • Rosenberg v. Percival (2001) 205 C.L.R. 434 at 435.
  • 122
    • 63549146926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. Arndt v. Smith [1997] 2 S.C.R. 539.
    • Ibid. Arndt v. Smith [1997] 2 S.C.R. 539.
  • 123
    • 63549099311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers at 491
    • Rogers at 491.
  • 128
    • 63549132663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4, at 181. The Code is set out in the Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996, Statutory Regulations 1996, Number 78.
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4, at 181. The Code is set out in the Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996, Statutory Regulations 1996, Number 78.
  • 130
    • 63549104717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ibid.,
    • See Ibid.,
  • 131
    • 63549095105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Skegg, op. cit. n. 7.
    • and Skegg, op. cit. n. 7.
  • 132
    • 63549098951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Code in its entirety can be found on the Health and Disability Commissioner's website at http://www.hdc.org.nz. Accessed on 22 August 2007.
    • The Code in its entirety can be found on the Health and Disability Commissioner's website at http://www.hdc.org.nz. Accessed on 22 August 2007.
  • 134
    • 63549140548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Clause 4 of the Code and, more generally, R. Paterson and P.D.G. Skegg, 'The Code of Patients' Rights' in P.D.G. Skegg and R. Paterson (eds), Medical Law in New Zealand (Thomson 2006) at 29.
    • See Clause 4 of the Code and, more generally, R. Paterson and P.D.G. Skegg, 'The Code of Patients' Rights' in P.D.G. Skegg and R. Paterson (eds), Medical Law in New Zealand (Thomson 2006) at 29.
  • 137
    • 84979743204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Duty to Inform and Legally Effective Consent
    • See, P.D.G. Skegg and R. Paterson eds, Thomson, at
    • See P.D.G. Skegg, 'The Duty to Inform and Legally Effective Consent' in P.D.G. Skegg and R. Paterson (eds), Medical Law In New Zealand (Thomson 2006) at 212.
    • (2006) Medical Law In New Zealand , pp. 212
    • Skegg, P.D.G.1
  • 138
    • 63549121497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4 at 193, citing a paper given by Skegg.
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4 at 193, citing a paper given by Skegg.
  • 141
    • 63549086223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Case 98HDC199009 Obstetrician and Gynaecologist 19.1.01
    • See Case 98HDC199009 Obstetrician and Gynaecologist (19.1.01)
  • 142
    • 63549093801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case 98HDC13693 Neurosurgeon/Hospital and Health Service 6.12.00, Manning at 193 n. 61
    • and Case 98HDC13693 Neurosurgeon/Hospital and Health Service (6.12.00), Manning at 193 n. 61.
  • 143
    • 63549130291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4 at 215.
    • Manning, op. cit. n. 4 at 215.
  • 144
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    • Skegg, op. cit. n. 7 at 156.
    • Skegg, op. cit. n. 7 at 156.
  • 146
    • 0035428093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. Freckleton, 'Rogers v. Whitaker Reconsidered' (2001) 9 Journal of Law and Medicine 5, at 10.
    • I. Freckleton, 'Rogers v. Whitaker Reconsidered' (2001) 9 Journal of Law and Medicine 5, at 10.
  • 147
    • 63549098949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, previous cases in lower courts had supported Rogers, whose authority was never in doubt. See, for example, Breen v. Williams (1996) 186 C.L.R. 71, where it was held that Rogers 'took away from the medical profession... the right to determine, in proceedings for negligence... what mounts to acceptable medical standards' (at 114).
    • Indeed, previous cases in lower courts had supported Rogers, whose authority was never in doubt. See, for example, Breen v. Williams (1996) 186 C.L.R. 71, where it was held that Rogers 'took away from the medical profession... the right to determine, in proceedings for negligence... what mounts to acceptable medical standards' (at 114).
  • 148
  • 149
    • 63549111849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McAllister v. Lewisham and North Southwark HA [1994] 5 Med. L. Rep.343
    • McAllister v. Lewisham and North Southwark HA [1994] 5 Med. L. Rep.343
  • 150
    • 63549145913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith v. Tunbridge Wells HA [1994] 5 Med. L. Rep. 334
    • Smith v. Tunbridge Wells HA [1994] 5 Med. L. Rep. 334
  • 151
    • 63549123172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pearce v. United Bristol Healthcare N.H.S. Trust [1999] P.I.Q.R 53.
    • Pearce v. United Bristol Healthcare N.H.S. Trust [1999] P.I.Q.R 53.
  • 152
    • 63549093111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McAllister at 351
    • McAllister at 351
  • 153
    • 63549088694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith at 336-337.
    • Smith at 336-337.
  • 154
    • 63549117308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, having quoted, Lord Templeman stating that a patient deprived of adequate information may make an 'unbalanced judgment', Morland J. made a point of emphasising the point: 'I interpose to say in this case that that sentence is of importance' (ibid at 337).
    • Indeed, having quoted, Lord Templeman stating that a patient deprived of adequate information may make an 'unbalanced judgment', Morland J. made a point of emphasising the point: 'I interpose to say in this case that that sentence is of importance' (ibid at 337).
  • 156
    • 63549121136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the comment at the end of the report, Margaret Puxon QC states that despite rejecting Rogers, the court 'reached the same result by substituting the court's view of what was reasonable for the objective test' (ibid at 342).
    • In the comment at the end of the report, Margaret Puxon QC states that despite rejecting Rogers, the court 'reached the same result by substituting the court's view of what was reasonable for the objective test' (ibid at 342).
  • 157
    • 63549138327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pearce at 56
    • Pearce at 56.
  • 158
    • 63549140900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 59.
  • 159
    • 20344390534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See A. Maclean, 'Giving the Reasonable Patient a Voice: Information Disclosure and the Relevance of Empirical Evidence' (2005) 7 Medical Law International 1. See, in particular, pages 7-10.
    • See A. Maclean, 'Giving the Reasonable Patient a Voice: Information Disclosure and the Relevance of Empirical Evidence' (2005) 7 Medical Law International 1. See, in particular, pages 7-10.
  • 160
    • 63549106390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pearce at 59
    • Pearce at 59.
  • 161
    • 63549131987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wyatt v. Curtis [2003] E.W.C.A. Civ 1779
    • Wyatt v. Curtis [2003] E.W.C.A. Civ 1779
  • 162
    • 63549112896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitzpatrick v. White [2007] I.E.S.C. 51.
    • Fitzpatrick v. White [2007] I.E.S.C. 51.
  • 163
    • 63549107307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 164
    • 63549103599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olbourne, op. cit. n. 40 at 343.
    • Olbourne, op. cit. n. 40 at 343.
  • 165
    • 63549087263 scopus 로고
    • High Court Rules on Informed Consent
    • See also
    • See also R. Milstein, 'High Court Rules on Informed Consent' (1992) 1(4) Australian Health Law Bulletin 37.
    • (1992) Australian Health Law Bulletin , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 1
    • Milstein, R.1
  • 166
    • 63549130290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. n. 40, at 346. He cites a 'personal communication' from the Medical Defence Union Secretariat as authority for this
    • Olbourne, op. cit. n. 40, at 346. He cites a 'personal communication' from the Medical Defence Union Secretariat as authority for this.
    • Olbourne1
  • 168
    • 63549142287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defensive Doctors Put Fear to Test
    • 3 January
    • B. Hickman, 'Defensive Doctors Put Fear to Test', The Australian, 3 January 1998, page 6
    • (1998) The Australian , pp. 6
    • Hickman, B.1
  • 169
    • 63549149156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted in D. Mendelson, 'The Breach of the Medical Duty to Warn and Causation: Chappel v. Hart and the Necessity to Reconsider some Aspects of Rogers v. Whitaker' (1998) 5 Journal of Law and Medicine 312 at 317.
    • quoted in D. Mendelson, 'The Breach of the Medical Duty to Warn and Causation: Chappel v. Hart and the Necessity to Reconsider some Aspects of Rogers v. Whitaker' (1998) 5 Journal of Law and Medicine 312 at 317.
  • 172
    • 63549118054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The grounds are summarised by Freckelton, op. cit. n. 97 at 5-6.
    • The grounds are summarised by Freckelton, op. cit. n. 97 at 5-6).
  • 173
    • 0028252630 scopus 로고
    • Rethinking Informed Consent
    • See also
    • See also P.M. Schuck, 'Rethinking Informed Consent' (1994) 103 Yale Law Journal 899.
    • (1994) Yale Law Journal , vol.103 , pp. 899
    • Schuck, P.M.1
  • 174
    • 63549084221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freckleton, op. cit. n. 97 at 5.
    • Freckleton, op. cit. n. 97 at 5.
  • 175
    • 63549083527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Kerridge and Mitchell, op. cit. n. 40
    • See also Kerridge and Mitchell, op. cit. n. 40
  • 176
    • 63549088338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and, in the context of Canadian law, a similar point is identified in Robertson, op. cit. n. 11.
    • and, in the context of Canadian law, a similar point is identified in Robertson, op. cit. n. 11.
  • 177
    • 63549121699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freckelton, op. cit. n. 97 at 6.
    • Freckelton, op. cit. n. 97 at 6.
  • 178
    • 63549114128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Schuck, op. cit. n. 117.
    • See also Schuck, op. cit. n. 117.
  • 179
    • 0000437330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Courts Expect the Impossible: Medico-Legal Issues as Perceived by New South Wales Medical Practitioners
    • See
    • See S. Girgis, C. Thomson and J. Ward, "'The Courts Expect the Impossible": Medico-Legal Issues as Perceived by New South Wales Medical Practitioners' (2000) 7 Journal of Law and Medicine 273.
    • (2000) Journal of Law and Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 273
    • Girgis, S.1    Thomson, C.2    Ward, J.3
  • 181
    • 63549107784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donoghue v. Stephenson [1932] A.C. 562 is a landmark case where the House established the 'neighbour principle' in the law of tort. The plaintiff had allegedly found a dead snail in a bottle of ginger beer.
    • Donoghue v. Stephenson [1932] A.C. 562 is a landmark case where the House established the 'neighbour principle' in the law of tort. The plaintiff had allegedly found a dead snail in a bottle of ginger beer.
  • 183
    • 63549140901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F v. R, op. cit. n. 40 at 194.
    • F v. R, op. cit. n. 40 at 194.
  • 185
    • 63549105653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., per Bollen J.
    • Ibid., per Bollen J.
  • 186
    • 63549141266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, op. cit., n. 41 at 481.
    • Rogers, op. cit., n. 41 at 481.
  • 188
    • 63549138328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reibl v. Hughes, op. cit. n. 57
    • Reibl v. Hughes, op. cit. n. 57
  • 189
    • 63549149965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted in Rogers at 488.
    • quoted in Rogers at 488.
  • 192
    • 63549118771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. Emphasis added. He added that '[w]hat is required is reasonable care on the part of the doctor in exercising a judgment as to the real wishes of the patient... If a reasonable exercise of that judgment is against volunteering information he will not be negligent' (at 193. Emphasis added).
    • Ibid. Emphasis added. He added that '[w]hat is required is reasonable care on the part of the doctor in exercising a judgment as to the real wishes of the patient... If a reasonable exercise of that judgment is against volunteering information he will not be negligent' (at 193. Emphasis added).
  • 196
    • 63549146599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5 at 663.
    • Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5 at 663.
  • 197
  • 198
    • 63549091928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 41, at
    • Rogers, op. cit. n. 41, at 491.
    • Rogers1    op2    cit3
  • 199
    • 63549084565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 5, at
    • Sidaway, op. cit. n. 5, at 661.
    • Sidaway1    op2    cit3
  • 203
    • 63549116761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 204
    • 63549098434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., at paras 2(a) and (b).
    • Ibid., at paras 2(a) and (b).
  • 205
    • 63549107306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., at para 7.
    • Ibid., at para 7.
  • 206
    • 63549107646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., at para 10.
    • Ibid., at para 10.
  • 209
    • 33750503620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Clinical Guidelines in Medical Negligence Litigation: A Shift from the Bolam
    • Med. L. Rev. 321
    • and A. Samanta, M. Mello, C. Foster, J. Tingle and J. Samanta, 'The Role of Clinical Guidelines in Medical Negligence Litigation: A Shift from the Bolam Standard' (2006) 14 Med. L. Rev. 321.
    • (2006) Standard , pp. 14
    • Samanta, A.1    Mello, M.2    Foster, C.3    Tingle, J.4    Samanta, J.5
  • 213
    • 33644968490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See J. Miola, 'Autonomy Rued OK?' (2006) 14 Med. L. Rev. 108.
    • See J. Miola, 'Autonomy Rued OK?' (2006) 14 Med. L. Rev. 108.
  • 214
    • 63549135473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 150, para 69
    • Al Hamwi, op. cit. n. 150, para 69.
    • Hamwi, A.1    op2    cit3
  • 215
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    • Maclean, op. cit. n. 149, 326.
    • Maclean, op. cit. n. 149, 326.


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