Clinical microbiology of early-onset and late-onset neonatal sepsis, particularly among preterm babies

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 21-51

  Kristóf, Katalin ^a   Kocsis, Erika ^a   Nagy, K ^a  

^a SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Early onset sepsis; Late onset sepsis; Neonatal sepsis; Nosocomial infection; Preterm newborn

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMOXICILLIN; AMPHOTERICIN; AMPICILLIN; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCYTOSINE; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; PENICILLIN G; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ACINETOBACTER; BACTEREMIA; BLOOD CULTURE; CITROBACTER; CLINICAL FEATURE; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE; ENTEROBACTER; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES CULTURE; FUNGEMIA; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; KLEBSIELLA; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; NEWBORN MORBIDITY; NEWBORN MORTALITY; NEWBORN SEPSIS; NONHUMAN; PREMATURITY; PSEUDOMONAS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SERRATIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP C; URINE CULTURE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CANDIDA; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 63449098593     PISSN: 12178950     EISSN: 15882640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1556/AMicr.56.2009.1.2     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Andersen, B. M., Lindemann, R., Bergh, K. et al.: Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. aureus in a neonatal intensive unit associated with understaffing, overcrowding and mixing of patients. J Hosp Infect 50, 18-24 (2002).
2. Archibald, L. K., Manning, M. L., Bell, L. M. et al.: Patient density, nurse-to-patient ratio and nosocomial infection risk in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16, 1045-1048 (1997).
3. Aziz, K., McMillan, D. D., Andrews, W. et al.: Variations in rates of nosocomial infection among Canadian neonatal intensive care units may be practice-related. BMC Pediatr 5, 22 (2005).
4. Baltimore, R. S.: Neonatal sepsis. Epidemiology and management. Pediatr Drugs 5, 723-740 (2003).
5. Benitz, W. E., Gould, J. B., Druzin, M. L.: Antimicrobial prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimates of risk reduction based on a critical literature review. Pediatrics 103, e78 (1999).
6. Benjamin, D. K. Jr., DeLong, E., Cotton, C. M. et al.: Mortality following blood culture in premature infants: increased with gram-negative bacteremia and candidemia, but not gram-positive bacteremia. J Perinatol 24, 175-180 (2004).
7. Benjamin, D. K. Jr., Ross, K., McKinney, R. E. Jr. et al.: When to suspect fungal infection in neonates: a clinical comparison of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis fungemia with coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Pediatrics 106, 712-718 (2000).
8. Benjamin, D. K. Jr., Miller, W., Garges, H. et al.: Bacteremia, central catheters, and neonates: when to pull the line. Pediatrics 107, 1272-1276 (2001).
9. Berger, A., Salzer, H. R., Weninger, M. et al.: Septicaemia in an Austrian neonatal intensive care unit: a 7-year analysis. Acta Paediatr 87, 1066-1069 (1998).
10. Bindayna, K. M., Jamsheer, A., Farid, E., Botta, G. A.: Neonatal sepsis 1991-2001: Prevalent bacterial agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities in Bahrain. Med Princ Pract 15, 131-136 (2006).
11. Bizzarro, M. J., Raskind, C., Baltimore, R. S. et al.: Seventy-five years of neonatal sepsis at Yale: 1928-2003. Pediatrics 116, 595-602 (2005).
12. Brady, M. T.: Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 33, 268-275 (2005).
13. Brodie, S. B., Sands, K. E., Gray, J. E. et al.: Occurrence of nosocomial bloodstream infection in six neonatal intensive care units. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9, 56-65 (2000).
14. Bromiker, R., Arad, I., Peleg, O., Engelhard, D.: Neonatal bacteremia: patterns of antibiotic resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22, 767-770 (2001).
15. Chapman, R. L., Faix, R. G.: Persistent bacteremia and outcome in late onset infection among infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22, 17-21 (2003).
16. Colardyn, F.: Appropriate and timely empirical antimicrobial treatment of ICU infections - a role for carbapenems. Acta Clinica Belgica 60, 2 (2005).
17. Couto, R. C., Carvalho, E. A. A., Pedrosa, T. M. et al.: A 10-year prospective surveillance of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units. Am J Infect Control 35, 183-189 (2007).
18. Crivaro, V., Bagattini, M., Salza, M. F. et al.: Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27, 571-575 (2006).
19. Crump, J. A., Collingnon, P. J.: Risk factors for extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 67, 135-141 (2007).
20. Crump, J. A., Collingnon, P. J.: Intravascular catheter-associated infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19, 1-8 (2000).
21. de Man, P., Verhoeven, B. A. N., Verbrugh, H. A. et al.: An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli. Lancet 355, 973-978 (2000).
22. Fahey, J. O.: Clinical management of intra-amniotic infection and chorioamnionitis: A review of the literature. J Midwifery Womens Health 53, 227-235 (2008).
23. Fanos, V., Dall'Agnola, A.: Antibiotics in neonatal infections. Drugs 58, 405-427 (1999).
24. Foca, M., Jakob, K., Whittier, S. et al.: Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 343, 695-700 (2000).
25. Galanakis, E., Krallis, N., Levidiotou, S. et al.: Neonatal bacteremia: a population based study. Scand J Infect Dis 34, 598-601 (2002).
26. Garcia-Prats, J. A., Cooper, T. R., Schneider, V. F. et al.: Rapid detection of microorganisms in blood cultures of newborn infants utilizing an automated blood culture system. Pediatrics 105, 523-527 (2000).
27. Gastmeier, P., Hentschel, J., De Veer, I. et al.: Device-associated nosocomial infection surveillance in neonatal intensive care using specified criteria for neonates. J Hosp Infect 38, 51-60 (1998).
28. Gastmeier, P., Loui, A., Stamm-Balderjahn, S. et al.: Outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units - They are not like others. Am J Infect Control 35, 172-176 (2007).
29. Goldmann, D. A.: The bacterial flora of neonates in intensive care-monitoring and manipulation. J Hosp Infect 11, 340-351 (1988).
30. Gupta, C., Briski, L. E.: Comparison of two culture media and three sampling techniques for sensitive and rapid screening of vaginal colonization by Group B Streptococcus in pregnant women. J Clin Microbiol 42, 3975-3977 (2004).
31. Haque, K. N., Khan, M. A., Kerry, S. et al.: Pattern of culture-proven neonatal sepsis in a district general hospital in the United Kingdom. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25, 759-764 (2004).
32. Harbarth, S., Sudre, P., Dharan, S. et al.: Outbreak of Enterobacter cloaceae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20, 598-603 (1999).
33. Hervass, J. A., Ballesteros, F., Alomar, A. et al.: Increase of Enterobacter in neonatal sepsis: a twenty-two-year study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19, 319-324 (2001).
34. Horan, T. C., Gaynes, R. P.: Surveillance of nosocomial infcetions. In: Mayhall, C. G. (ed.): Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2004, pp. 1659-1702.
35. Huang, Y. C., Su, L. H., Wu, T. L., Lin, T. Y.: Genotyping analysis of colonizing candidal isolates from very-low-birthweight infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 58, 200-203 (2004).
36. Jaballah, N. B., Bouziri, A., Mnif, K. et al.: Epidemiology of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in a Tunisian pediatric intensive care unit: A 2-year prospective study. Am J Infect Control 35, 613-618 (2007).
37. Jeong, I. S., Jeong, J. S., Choi, E. O.: Nosocomial infection in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU), South Korea. BMC Infect Dis 6, 103 (2006).
38. Jiang, J. H., Chiu, N. C., Huang, F. Y. et al.: Neonatal sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit: characteristics of early versus late onset. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 37, 301-306 (2004).
39. Jolley, A. E.: The value of surveillance cultures on neonatal intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 25, 153-159 (1993).
40. Karlowitz, M. G., Buescher, E. S., Surka, A. E.: Fulminant late-onset sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit, 1988-1997, and the impact of avoiding empiric vancomycin therapy. Pediatrics 106, 1387-1390 (2000).
41. Kaufman, D., Fairchild, K. D.: Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 17, 638-680 (2004).
42. Kawagoe, J. Y., Segre, C. A. M., Pereira, C. R. et al.: Risk factors for nosocomial infections in critically ill newborns: a 5-year prospective cohort study. Am J Infect Control 29, 109-114 (2001).
43. Keyserling, H. L., Sinkowitz-Cochran, R. L., Harris, J. M. et al.: Vancomycin use in hospitalized pediatric patients. Pediatrics 112, 104-111 (2003).
44. Kim, S. D., McDonald, L. C., Jarvis, W. R. et al.: Determining the significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures at a community hospital: a role for species and strain identification. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21, 213-217 (2000).
45. Kollef, M. H.: The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Eng J Med 340, 627-633 (1999).
46. Kollef, M. H.: Appropriate empirical antibacterial therapy for nosocomial infections. Getting it right the first time. Drugs 63, 2157-2168 (2003).
47. Kristóf, K., Barcs, I., Cziniel, M. et al.: Connatal listeriosis - a case report and the possibilities of microbiological diagnosis. Acta Microbiol Hung 55, 63-72 (2008).
48. Kristóf, K., Szabo, D., Marsh, J. W. et al.: Extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. in a neonatal intensive care unit: risk factors for the infection and the dynamics of the molecular epidemiology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26, 563-570 (2007).
49. Ladhani, S., Grandsen, W.: Septicaemia due to glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children. Acta Paediatr 91, 303-306 (2002).
50. Larsen, J. W., Sever, J. L.: Group B Streptococcus and pregnancy: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198, 440-450 (2008).
51. Lau, Y. L., Hey, E.: Sensitivity and specificity of daily tracheal aspirate cultures in predicting organisms causing bacteremia in ventilated neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10, 290-294 (1991).
52. Mahieu, L. M., Buitenweg, N., Beutels, P., De Dooy, J. J.: Additional hospital stay and charges due to hospital-aquired infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 47, 223-229 (2001).
53. Prediction of nosocomial sepsis in neonates by means of a computer-weighted bedside scoring system (NOSEP score). Crit Care Med 28, 2026-2033 (2000).
54. Makhoul, I. R., Sujov, P., Smolkin, T. et al.: Pathogen-specific early mortality in very low birth weight infants with late-onset sepsis: a national survey. CID 40, 218-224 (2005).
55. Makhoul, I. R., Sujov, P., Smolkin, T. et al.: Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of late-onset sepsis among very low birth weight infants in Israel: a national survey. Pediatrics 109, 34-39 (2002).
56. Manzoni, P., Farina, D., Galletto, P. et al.: Type and number of sites colonized by fungi and risk of progression to invasive fungal infection in preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinat Med 35, 220-226 (2007).
57. Mireya, U. A., Marti, P. O., Xavier, K. V. et al.: Nosocomial infections in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units. J Infect 54, 212-220 (2007).
58. Nagata, E., Brito, A., Matsuo, T.: Nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit: incidence and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 30, 26-31 (2002).
59. Nambiar, S., Singh, N.: Change in epidemiology of health care-associated infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21, 839-842 (2002).
60. Ng, P. C., Lam, H. S.: Diagnostic markers for neonatal sepsis. Curr Opin Pediatr 18, 125-131 (2006).
61. Park, C. H., Seo, J. H., Lim, J. Y. et al.: Changing trend of neonatal infection: Experience at a newly established regional medical center in Korea. Pediatrics International 49, 24-30 (2007).
62. Patrick, C. C., Kaplan, S. L., Baker, C. J. et al.: Persistent bacteremia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci in low birth weight neonates. Pediatrics 84, 977-985 (1989).
63. Persson, E., Trollfors, B., Brandberg, L. L., Tessin, I.: Septicaemia and meningitis in neonates and during early infancy in the Göteborg area of Sweden. Acta Paediatr 91, 1087-1092 (2002).
64. Pessoa-Silva, C. L., Moreira, B. M., Almeida, V. C. et al.: Extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit: risk factors for infection and colonization. J Hosp Infect 53, 198-206 (2003).
65. Phares, C. R., Lynfield, R., Farley, M. M. et al.: Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA 299, 2056-2065 (2008).
66. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guideline from CDC. MMWR Recomm Rep 51(RR-11), 1-22 (2002).
67. Quinn, J. P., Rodvold, K. A.: Antibiotic policies in neonatal intensive-care units. Lancet 355, 946-947 (2000).
68. Rallu, F., Barriga, P., Scrivo, C. et al.: Sensitivities of antigen detection and PCR assays greatly increased compared to that of the standard culture method for screening for group B Streptococcus carriage in pregnant woman. J Clin Microbiol 44, 725-728 (2006).
69. Raymond, J., Aujard, Y., The European Study Group: Nosocomial infections in paediatric patients: a European, multicenter prospective study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21, 260-263 (2000).
70. Rubin, L. G., Sanchez, P. J., Siegel, J. et al.: Evaluation and treatment of neonates with suspected late-onset sepsis: a survey of neonatologists' practices. Pediatrics 110, e42 (2002).
71. Sabui, T., Tudehope, D., Tilse, M.: Clinical significance of quantitative blood cultures in newborn infants. J Pediatr Child Health 35, 578-581 (1999).
72. Saiman, L., Ludington, E., Pfaller, M. et al.: Risk factors for candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20, 134-140 (2001).
73. Saiman, L.: Strategies for prevention of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pediatr 18, 101-106 (2006).
74. Saiman, L.: Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Seminars in Perinatology 26, 315-321 (2002).
75. Schrag, S. J., Zell, E. R., Lynfield, R. et al.: A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Eng J Med 347, 233-239 (2002).
76. Schrag, S. J., Zywicki, S., Farley, M. M. et al.: Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Eng J Med 342, 15-20 (2000).
77. Schuchat, A., Zywicki, S. S., Dinsmoor, M. J. et al.: Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatrics 105, 21-26 (2000).
78. Shah, S., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Gallagher, P. G.: Increasing incidence of Gram-negative rod bacteremia in a newborn intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18, 591-595 (1999).
79. Silva, G. D. I., Kantzanou, M., Justice, A. et al.: The ica operon and biofilm production in coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with carriage and disease in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 40, 382-388 (2002).
80. Singh-Naz, N., Rakowsky, A., Cantwell, E. et al.: Nosocomial enterococcal infections in children. J Infect 40, 145-149 (2000).
81. Slagle, T. A., Bifano, E. M., Wolf, J. W., Gross, S. J.: Routine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64, 34-38 (1989).
82. Sohn, A. H., Garrett, D. O., Sinkowitz-Cochran, R. L. et al.: Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units patients: results from the first national point-prevalence survey. J Pediatr 139, 821-827 (2001).
83. Stoll, B. J., Gordon, T., Korones, S. B. et al.: Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: a report from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 129, 63-71 (1996).
84. Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A. et al.: Changes in pathogens causing early-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. N Eng J Med 347, 240-247 (2002).
85. Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A. et al.: Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 110, 285-291 (2002).
86. Stover, B. H., Shulman, S. T., Bratcher, D. F. et al.: Nosocomial infection rates in US children's hospitals' neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Am J Infect Control 29, 152-157 (2001).
87. Szabo, D., Filetoth, Z., Szentandrassy, J. et al.: Molecular epidemiology of a cluster of cases due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-5 extended-spectrum B-lactamase in the premature intensive care unit of a Hungarian hospital. J Clin Microbiol 37, 4167-4169 (1999).
88. Szabo, D., Silveira, F., Fujitani, S., Paterson, D. L.: Mechanisms of resistance of bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 26, 75-79 (2005).
89. The International Neonatal Network: The CRIB (clinical risk index for babies) score: a tool for assessing initial neonatal risk and comparing performance of neonatal intensive care units. Lancet 342, 193-198 (1993).
90. Tseng, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., Wang, J. H. et al.: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in a neonatal intensive care unit of a medical center: a three-year review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 35, 168-172 (2002).
91. Tullu, M. S., Deshmukh, C. T., Baveja, S. M.: Bacterial nosocomial pneumonia in paediatric intensive care unit. J Postgrad Med 46, 18-22 (2000).
92. Usukara, Y., Igarashi, T.: Examination of severe, hospital acquired infcetions affecting extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants. Pediatrics International 45, 230-232 (2003).
93. van der Zwet, W. C., Kaiser, A. M., van Elburg, R. M. et al.: Nosocomial infections in a Dutch neonatal intensive care unit: surveillance study with definitions for infection specifically adapted for neonates. J Hosp Infect 61, 300-311 (2005).
94. Vesikari, T., Janas, M., Gröngroos, P. et al.: Neonatal septicemia. Arch Dis Child 60, 542-546 (1985).
95. Vidyasagar, D.: A new score to detect neonatal nosocomial infection: a rule of 14'. Crit Care Med 28, 2166-2167 (2000).
96. Villari, P., Sarnatoro, C., Lacuzio, L.: Molecular epidemiology of a Staphylococcus epidermidis in a neonatal intensive care unit over a three year period. J Clin Microbiol 38, 1740-1746 (2000).
97. von Baum, H., Lin, D., Wendt, C.: Prevalence of colonisation with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriacae in ICU patients of Heidelberg University Hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 10, 436-440 (2004).
98. Von Dolinger de Brito, D., de Almeida Silva, H., Jose Oliveira, E. et al.: Effect of neonatal intensive care unit environment on the incidence of hospital-acquired infection in neonates. J Hosp Infect 65, 314-318 (2007).
99. Wei, S. H., Chiu, H. H., Hung, K. C. et al.: Epidemiologic trends in nosocomial bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 38, 283-288 (200).
100. Weinstein, R. A.: Laboratory role in the management of hospital acquired infections. Review Emerg Infect Dis 7, 188-192 (2001).
101. Wilson, M. P., Spencer, R. C.: Predominance of Gram-negative bacilli and increasing antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial bloodstream infections at a university hospital in southern Taiwan, 1996-2003. J Hosp Infect 42, 1-6 (1999).
102. Wu, C. J., Lee, H. C., Lee, N. Y. et al.: Controlling antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: infection control and use of antibiotics. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 39, 135-143 (2006).
103. Yu, W., Cheng, H., Lin, H. et al.: Outbreak investigation of nosocomial Enterobacter cloaceae bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Scand J Infect Dis 32, 293-298 (2000).
104. Zaidi, A. K., Huskins, W. C., Thaver, D. et al.: Hospital-aquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet 365, 1175-1188 (2005).