메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 353-379

Respiratory failure: An overview

Author keywords

Hypercapnia; Hypoxemia; Mechanical; Respiratory failure; Ventilation; Ventilatory failure

Indexed keywords

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; ARTERIAL GAS; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE; GAS EXCHANGE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; LUNG INSUFFICIENCY; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW;

EID: 6344275809     PISSN: 08879303     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002727-200410000-00006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (18)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0004547078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory failure: An overview
    • Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Grippi MA. Respiratory failure: an overview. In: Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, eds. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:2525-2535.
    • (1998) Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd Ed. , pp. 2525-2535
    • Grippi, M.A.1
  • 2
    • 0007546095 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory failure
    • Campbell FJM. Respiratory failure. BMJ. 1965; 1:1451-1460.
    • (1965) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 1451-1460
    • Campbell, F.J.M.1
  • 3
    • 0015504336 scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure in the adult
    • Pontopidan H, Geffin B, Lowenstein E. Acute respiratory failure in the adult. N Engl J Med. 1972;287 (pt 1):690-698.
    • (1972) N Engl J Med , vol.287 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 690-698
    • Pontopidan, H.1    Geffin, B.2    Lowenstein, E.3
  • 5
    • 0006801144 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion and alveolar/capillary permeability
    • Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Nunn JF. Diffusion and alveolar/capillary permeability. In: Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993:198-218.
    • (1993) Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th Ed. , pp. 198-218
    • Nunn, J.F.1
  • 6
    • 0028269983 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure
    • Greene KE, Peters JI. Pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure. Clin Chest Med. 1994;15:1-12.
    • (1994) Clin Chest Med , vol.15 , pp. 1-12
    • Greene, K.E.1    Peters, J.I.2
  • 7
    • 6344239312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood gas analysis
    • Civetta JM, Taylor RW, Kirby RR, eds. Philadelphia: Lipincott-Raven
    • Shapiro BA, Peruzzi WT. Blood gas analysis. In: Civetta JM, Taylor RW, Kirby RR, eds. Critical Care. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lipincott-Raven; 1996:921-939.
    • (1996) Critical Care. 3rd Ed. , pp. 921-939
    • Shapiro, B.A.1    Peruzzi, W.T.2
  • 8
    • 0014237605 scopus 로고
    • Arterial oxygen tension in relation to age in healthy subjects
    • Sorbini CA, Grassi V, Solinas E, et al. Arterial oxygen tension in relation to age in healthy subjects. Respiration. 1968;25:3-13.
    • (1968) Respiration , vol.25 , pp. 3-13
    • Sorbini, C.A.1    Grassi, V.2    Solinas, E.3
  • 9
    • 0013905086 scopus 로고
    • The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference: Its size and components in normal man
    • Mellemgaard K. The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference: its size and components in normal man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1966;67:10-20.
    • (1966) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.67 , pp. 10-20
    • Mellemgaard, K.1
  • 10
    • 0343989502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure
    • Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LDH, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Wood LDH. The pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LDH, eds. Principles of Critical Care. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998;449-508.
    • (1998) Principles of Critical Care , pp. 449-508
    • Wood, L.D.H.1
  • 11
    • 0032991626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland
    • The ARF Study Group
    • Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;15:1849-1861.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 1849-1861
    • Luhr, O.R.1    Antonsen, K.2    Karlsson, M.3
  • 12
    • 0028930282 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, severity, and mortality of acute respiratory failure in Berlin, Germany
    • Lewandowski K, Metz J, Deutschmann C, et al. Incidence, severity, and mortality of acute respiratory failure in Berlin, Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1121-1125.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1121-1125
    • Lewandowski, K.1    Metz, J.2    Deutschmann, C.3
  • 13
    • 0033791159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure in the United States. Incidence and 31-day survival
    • Behrendt CE. Acute respiratory failure in the United States. Incidence and 31-day survival. Chest. 2000;118:1100-1105.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1100-1105
    • Behrendt, C.E.1
  • 14
    • 0027428930 scopus 로고
    • Survival following mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure in adult men
    • Stauffer JL, Fayter NA, Graves B, Cromb M, Lynch JC, Goebel P. Survival following mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure in adult men. Chest. 1993;104:1222-1229.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1222-1229
    • Stauffer, J.L.1    Fayter, N.A.2    Graves, B.3    Cromb, M.4    Lynch, J.C.5    Goebel, P.6
  • 15
    • 0027280171 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory failure in the elderly. Analysis of outcome after treatment with mechanical ventilation
    • Swinburne AJ, Fedullo AJ, Bixby K, Lee DK, Wahl GW. Respiratory failure in the elderly. Analysis of outcome after treatment with mechanical ventilation. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1657-1662.
    • (1993) Arch Intern Med , vol.153 , pp. 1657-1662
    • Swinburne, A.J.1    Fedullo, A.J.2    Bixby, K.3    Lee, D.K.4    Wahl, G.W.5
  • 16
    • 0028934982 scopus 로고
    • Hospital survival rates of patients with acute respiratory failure in modern respiratory intensive care units. An international, multicenter, prospective survey
    • Vasilyev S, Schaap RN, Mortensen JD. Hospital survival rates of patients with acute respiratory failure in modern respiratory intensive care units. An international, multicenter, prospective survey. Chest. 1995;107:1083-1088.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 1083-1088
    • Vasilyev, S.1    Schaap, R.N.2    Mortensen, J.D.3
  • 17
    • 0028801916 scopus 로고
    • Magnitude of usage and cost of home oxygen therapy in the United States
    • O'Donohue WJ Jr, Plummer AL. Magnitude of usage and cost of home oxygen therapy in the United States. Chest. 1995;107:301-312.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 301-312
    • O'Donohue Jr., W.J.1    Plummer, A.L.2
  • 18
    • 0029929285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of survival in patients receiving domiciliary oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. A 10-year analysis of ANTADIR Observatory
    • Chailleux E, Fauroux B, Binet F, et al. Predictors of survival in patients receiving domiciliary oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. A 10-year analysis of ANTADIR Observatory. Chest. 1996;109:741-749.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 741-749
    • Chailleux, E.1    Fauroux, B.2    Binet, F.3
  • 19
    • 0011942077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization of long-term mechanical ventilation in Europe
    • Simonds AK, ed. London: Arnold
    • Leger P. Organization of long-term mechanical ventilation in Europe. In: Simonds AK, ed. Non-invasive Respiratory Support. A Practical Handbook. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001:271-281.
    • (2001) Non-invasive Respiratory Support. A Practical Handbook. 2nd Ed. , pp. 271-281
    • Leger, P.1
  • 20
    • 6344222138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial management of acute hypoxemia
    • Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Marini JJ. Initial management of acute hypoxemia. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, eds. Textbook of Critical Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:1404-1419.
    • (2000) Textbook of Critical Care. 4th Ed. , pp. 1404-1419
    • Marini, J.J.1
  • 21
    • 0002338544 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of alveolar ventilation and perfusion
    • Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Nunn JF. Distribution of alveolar ventilation and perfusion. In: Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1993:156-197.
    • (1993) Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th Ed. , pp. 156-197
    • Nunn, J.F.1
  • 22
    • 0026017362 scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in patients with hypercapnia
    • Gray BA, Blalock JM. Interpretation of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in patients with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:4-8.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 4-8
    • Gray, B.A.1    Blalock, J.M.2
  • 25
    • 0017551182 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation-perfusion relationships
    • West JB. Ventilation-perfusion relationships. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977;116:919-943.
    • (1977) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.116 , pp. 919-943
    • West, J.B.1
  • 26
    • 80053523172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of gas exchange
    • Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Rocca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Principles of gas exchange. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, eds. Textbook of Critical Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:1195-1203.
    • (2000) Textbook of Critical Care. 4th Ed. , pp. 1195-1203
    • Rocca, J.1    Rodriguez-Roisin, R.2
  • 28
    • 6344289517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring oxygenation
    • Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Morgan TJ, Venkatesh B. Monitoring oxygenation. In: Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003:95-106.
    • (2003) Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th Ed. , pp. 95-106
    • Morgan, T.J.1    Venkatesh, B.2
  • 30
    • 0031030601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of indices of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome
    • Gowda MS, Klocke RA. Variability of indices of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:41-45.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 41-45
    • Gowda, M.S.1    Klocke, R.A.2
  • 32
    • 0022628456 scopus 로고
    • Arterial-alveolar oxygen partial pressure ratio: A theoretical reappraisal
    • Viale J, Percival CJ, Annat G, et al. Arterial-alveolar oxygen partial pressure ratio: a theoretical reappraisal. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:153-164.
    • (1986) Crit Care Med , vol.14 , pp. 153-164
    • Viale, J.1    Percival, C.J.2    Annat, G.3
  • 34
    • 0025651572 scopus 로고
    • The oxygen status algorithm: A computer program for calculating and displaying pH and blood gas data
    • Siggaard-Andersen O, Siggaard-Andersen M. The oxygen status algorithm: a computer program for calculating and displaying pH and blood gas data. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1990;50(suppl 203):29-45.
    • (1990) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.50 , Issue.SUPPL. 203 , pp. 29-45
    • Siggaard-Andersen, O.1    Siggaard-Andersen, M.2
  • 35
    • 4243318668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxie hypoxia
    • Sibbald WJ, Messmer K, Fink MP, eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Walley KR. Hypoxie hypoxia. In: Sibbald WJ, Messmer K, Fink MP, eds. Tissue Oxygenation in Acute Medicine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1998:81-97.
    • (1998) Tissue Oxygenation in Acute Medicine , pp. 81-97
    • Walley, K.R.1
  • 37
    • 0013608076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue hypoxia. How to detect, how to correct, how to prevent
    • 3rd European Consensus Conference in Intensive Care Medicine. Tissue hypoxia. How to detect, how to correct, how to prevent. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1573-1588.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1573-1588
  • 38
    • 1642356175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen therapy and pulmonary oxygen toxicity
    • Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Beers MF. Oxygen therapy and pulmonary oxygen toxicity. In: Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, ed. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:1627-1642.
    • (1998) Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd Ed. , pp. 1627-1642
    • Beers, M.F.1
  • 41
    • 6344262281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilatory failure
    • Murray JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Schmidt GA, Hall JB, Wood LDH. Ventilatory failure. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:2443-2470.
    • (2000) Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd Ed. , pp. 2443-2470
    • Schmidt, G.A.1    Hall, J.B.2    Wood, L.D.H.3
  • 42
    • 6344243639 scopus 로고
    • The effects of changes in the carbon dioxide tension
    • Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Nunn JF. The effects of changes in the carbon dioxide tension. In: Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993:518-528.
    • (1993) Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 4th Ed. , pp. 518-528
    • Nunn, J.F.1
  • 43
    • 6344257058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of critical care of respiratory failure
    • Murray JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Wood LDH, Schmidt GA, Hall JB. Principles of critical care of respiratory failure. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:2377-2411.
    • (2000) Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd Ed. , pp. 2377-2411
    • Wood, L.D.H.1    Schmidt, G.A.2    Hall, J.B.3
  • 44
    • 0018840790 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory failure revisited: Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis between 1961-1968 and 1970-1976
    • Warren PM, Fenley DC, Millar JC, et al. Respiratory failure revisited: acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis between 1961-1968 and 1970-1976. Lancet. 1980;1(8166):467-470.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8166 , pp. 467-470
    • Warren, P.M.1    Fenley, D.C.2    Millar, J.C.3
  • 45
    • 0026499999 scopus 로고
    • Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with obstructive lung disease: Risk factors and use of guidelines for management
    • Jeffrey AA, Warren PM, Flenley DC. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with obstructive lung disease: risk factors and use of guidelines for management. Thorax. 1992;47:34-40.
    • (1992) Thorax , vol.47 , pp. 34-40
    • Jeffrey, A.A.1    Warren, P.M.2    Flenley, D.C.3
  • 46
    • 0034088189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One year prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbation of COPD: Implications for the provision of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen administration
    • Plant PK, Owen J, Elliott MW. One year prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbation of COPD: implications for the provision of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen administration. Thorax. 2000;55:550-554.
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , pp. 550-554
    • Plant, P.K.1    Owen, J.2    Elliott, M.W.3
  • 51
    • 0023581678 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic alkalosis and hypoventilation in humans
    • Jahaveri S, Kazemi H. Metabolic alkalosis and hypoventilation in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:1011-1016.
    • (1987) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.136 , pp. 1011-1016
    • Jahaveri, S.1    Kazemi, H.2
  • 52
  • 53
    • 0018263894 scopus 로고
    • Hypoventilation in obstructive lung disease
    • Mountain R, Zwillich C, Weil J. Hypoventilation in obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:52-55.
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.298 , pp. 52-55
    • Mountain, R.1    Zwillich, C.2    Weil, J.3
  • 54
    • 0034520213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle function and drive in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Marchand E, Decramer M. Respiratory muscle function and drive in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin in Chest Med. 2000;21:679-692.
    • (2000) Clin in Chest Med , vol.21 , pp. 679-692
    • Marchand, E.1    Decramer, M.2
  • 55
    • 0025780037 scopus 로고
    • Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Begin P, Grassino A. Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:905-912.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 905-912
    • Begin, P.1    Grassino, A.2
  • 56
    • 0021889762 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Rochester DF, Braun NM. Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:42-47.
    • (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.132 , pp. 42-47
    • Rochester, D.F.1    Braun, N.M.2
  • 57
    • 0021673542 scopus 로고
    • Breathing patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Loveridge B, West P, Anthonisen N, et al. Breathing patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:730-733.
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.130 , pp. 730-733
    • Loveridge, B.1    West, P.2    Anthonisen, N.3
  • 58
    • 0020381034 scopus 로고
    • Hypoxemia, hypercapnia and breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Parot S, Miara B, Milic-Emily J, et al. Hypoxemia, hypercapnia and breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126:822-826.
    • (1982) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.126 , pp. 822-826
    • Parot, S.1    Miara, B.2    Milic-Emily, J.3
  • 59
    • 0038151785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pump failure: The pathogenesis of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with lung and chest wall disease
    • Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Kelsen SG, Criner GJ. Pump failure: the pathogenesis of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with lung and chest wall disease. In: Fishman PA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM, eds. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:2605-2625.
    • (1998) Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd Ed. , pp. 2605-2625
    • Kelsen, S.G.1    Criner, G.J.2
  • 60
    • 0020427705 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue
    • Bellemare F, Grassino A. Effects of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 1982;53:1190-1195.
    • (1982) J Appl Physiol , vol.53 , pp. 1190-1195
    • Bellemare, F.1    Grassino, A.2
  • 62
    • 0019452483 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of ventilation in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
    • Garay SM, Rapoport D, Sorkin B, et al. Regulation of ventilation in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;124:451-457.
    • (1981) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.124 , pp. 451-457
    • Garay, S.M.1    Rapoport, D.2    Sorkin, B.3
  • 63
    • 0028132701 scopus 로고
    • Chronic hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
    • Jahaveri S, Colangelo G, Lacey W, Gartside P. Chronic hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 1994;17:416-423.
    • (1994) Sleep , vol.17 , pp. 416-423
    • Jahaveri, S.1    Colangelo, G.2    Lacey, W.3    Gartside, P.4
  • 65
    • 0002021263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure
    • Murry JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LDH. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. In: Murry JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ, Boushey HA Jr, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:2413-2442.
    • (2000) Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd Ed. , pp. 2413-2442
    • Hall, J.B.1    Schmidt, G.A.2    Wood, L.D.H.3
  • 67
    • 0028267785 scopus 로고
    • The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination
    • Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:818-824.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 818-824
    • Bernard, G.R.1    Artigas, A.2    Brigham, K.L.3
  • 68
    • 0028873282 scopus 로고
    • The acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Kollef MH, Schuster DP. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:27-37.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 27-37
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Schuster, D.P.2
  • 69
    • 0034604129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1334-1349.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1334-1349
    • Ware, L.B.1    Matthay, M.A.2
  • 70
    • 1542703122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Calverley PMA. Respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22:26S-30S.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22
    • Calverley, P.M.A.1
  • 71
    • 0021635506 scopus 로고
    • American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)-National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) conference on oxygen therapy
    • Fulmer JD, Snider GL. American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)-National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) conference on oxygen therapy. Chest. 1984;86:234-247.
    • (1984) Chest , vol.86 , pp. 234-247
    • Fulmer, J.D.1    Snider, G.L.2
  • 72
    • 0018224178 scopus 로고
    • Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A reappraisal
    • Bone RC, Pierce AK, Johnson RL. Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A reappraisal. Am J Med. 1978;65:896-902.
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.65 , pp. 896-902
    • Bone, R.C.1    Pierce, A.K.2    Johnson, R.L.3
  • 73
    • 0036152673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen therapy for hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure: A randomized controlled pilot study
    • Gomersall CD, Joynt GM, Freebairn RC, et al. Oxygen therapy for hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:113-116.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 113-116
    • Gomersall, C.D.1    Joynt, G.M.2    Freebairn, R.C.3
  • 74
    • 0037190082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure
    • Brochard L. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. JAMA. 2002;288:932-935.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 932-935
    • Brochard, L.1
  • 75
    • 0035148778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure
    • International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:283-291.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 283-291
  • 76
    • 6344222137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical ventilation
    • Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Bersten AD. Mechanical ventilation. In: Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003:309-319.
    • (2003) Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th Ed. , pp. 309-319
    • Bersten, A.D.1
  • 77
    • 0035963554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in mechanical ventilation
    • Tobin MJ. Advances in mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1986-1996.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1986-1996
    • Tobin, M.J.1
  • 78
    • 0028330006 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical ventilation
    • Tobin MJ. Mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1056-1061.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1056-1061
    • Tobin, M.J.1
  • 79
    • 0036511369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indications for mechanical ventilation in adults with acute respiratory failure
    • Pierson DJ. Indications for mechanical ventilation in adults with acute respiratory failure. Respir Care. 2002;47:249-262.
    • (2002) Respir Care , vol.47 , pp. 249-262
    • Pierson, D.J.1
  • 80
    • 6344290008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Naughton MT, Tuxen DV. Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Bersten AD, Soni A, eds. Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003:297-308.
    • (2003) Ob's Intensive Care Manual. 5th Ed. , pp. 297-308
    • Naughton, M.T.1    Tuxen, D.V.2
  • 83
    • 0032791230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation - A consensus conference report
    • NAMDRC. Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation-a consensus conference report. Chest. 1999;116:521-534.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 521-534
  • 84
    • 6344287913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discharging the ventilator-dependent patient and the home ventilatory care network
    • Simonds AK, ed. London: Arnold
    • Simonds AK. Discharging the ventilator-dependent patient and the home ventilatory care network. In: Simonds AK, ed. Non-invasive Respiratory Support. A Practical Handbook. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001;255-270.
    • (2001) Non-invasive Respiratory Support. A Practical Handbook. 2nd Ed. , pp. 255-270
    • Simonds, A.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.